Cell: ike na Ọdịdị. The uru nke ike mkpụrụ ndụ. Ihe Nlereanya nke ike mkpụrụ ndụ

Modern ibuo ọmụmụ achọpụtawo na cell bụ a mgbagwoju bughi na ọtọ unit nke fọrọ nke nta niile dị ndụ ntule, ma e wezụga nje, nke ndị na-abụghị cellular ndụ iche-iche. Cytology ọmụmụ ihe owuwu ma na cellular ọrụ: respiration, oriri na-edozi, mmeputakwa, ibu. Ndị a Filiks ga-atụle nke a akwụkwọ.

cell Ọdịdị

Site na iji ìhè na elektrọn microscope ọkà achọpụtala na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebu elu unit (nadmembrannye na submembrane okụre), cytoplasm na organelles. Na anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ bụ glycocalyx nwere enzymes na-enye cell ike n'èzí cytoplasm. Na osisi sel, prokaryotes (bacteria na cyanobacteria) na fungi n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ a kpụrụ na cell mgbidi, nke bụ cellulose, lignin ma ọ bụ murein.

The kernel bụ amanyere bụ iwu organelle nke eukaryotes. Ọ bụ a butere n'aka onwunwe - DNA, ọdịdị chromosomes. Nje bacteria na cyanobacteria nwere nucleoid, eme ka ụgbọelu nke deoxyribonucleic acid. Ha niile ịrụ nditịm kpọmkwem ọrụ, na-eme metabolic cellular Filiks.

Olee ihe anyị pụtara site na okwu bụ "cell nri"

Life ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ihe ọ bụla ma nyefe nke ike na n'ịtụgharị ya site n'otu ụdị ọzọ (dị ka ndị mbụ iwu nke thermodynamics). Energy, emi odude ke nri na zoro ezo, t. E. agbụ ala aga n'ime ATP ụmụ irighiri. On ajụjụ nke ihe ike na mkpụrụ ndụ na bayoloji, azịza na-elebara ndị na-esonụ postulates:

1. A cell dị ka ihe na-emeghe ndu usoro na-achọ a-abata mgbe niile nke ike si na gburugburu ebe obibi.
2. Organic bekee na-achọrọ maka ike, na cell nwere ike nwetara na ụzọ abụọ:

a) si extracellular ajụ, n'ụdị njikere ogige;

b) onwe synthesizing edozi, carbohydrates na abụba, si carbon dioxide, amonia, wdg

Ya mere, ihe niile ntule na-ekewa ndị heterotrophic na autotrophic metabolism nke atụmatụ ọmụmụ n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ.

Metabolism na Energy

Organic bekee abanye cell ata cleavage, adịru ume tọhapụrụ n'ụdị ATP ma ọ bụ NADP-H2. The dum set nke Jeremaya mere, nke assimilation na dissimilation - ya si metabolism. N'okpuru ebe anyị anya na nkebi nke ume metabolism, na-enye ihe oriri heterotrophic mkpụrụ ndụ. Akpa, na-edozi, carbohydrates, na lipids na-agbajikwa ala n'ime ha monomers: amino asịd, glucose, glycerol na ọdụdụ asịd. Mgbe ahụ, na oxygen-free mgbaze, ha nọ n'okpuru n'ihu ire ere (anaerobic mgbaze).

N'ụzọ dị otú a n'ebe a kwadoro intracellular nje rickettsia, chlamydia, na pathogenic bacteria dị ka Clostridium. Unicellular ero-yist gārapara n'aru glucose na ethanol, lactic acid nje bacteria na - na lactic acid. N'ihi ya, glycolysis, na mmanya, butyric, lactic acid gbaa ụka - a bụ ihe atụ nke ike na mkpụrụ ndụ dị ka a n'ihi nke anaerobic mgbaze na heterotrophs.

Autotrophic na atụmatụ nke metabolic Filiks

N'ihi na ntule bi Earth, isi ike isi iyi bụ anyanwụ. N'ihi ya, na-ezukọ na-egbo mkpa nke ndị bi na mbara ala anyị. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-synthesized nri n'ihi na ìhè ume, ha na-akpọ phototrophic. Ndị ọzọ na-- na-enyemaka nke ume nke redox Jeremaya mere, ha na-akpọ chemotroph. Na otu-celled algae cell oriri na-edozi, photos nke nke na-dị n'okpuru, na-photosynthetically.

Green osisi nwere chlorophyll, nke bụ akụkụ nke chloroplast. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na poolu, kpọọ quanta nke ìhè. The ìhè na ọchịchịrị n'ụzọ nke photosynthesis aa enzymatic mmeghachi omume (Calvin okirikiri), n'ihi nke bụ guzobere carbon dioxide nke organic bekee ji mee ihe maka nri. Ya mere, a cell onye ike bụ n'ihi na ojiji nke ìhè ike, zoro autotrophic ma ọ bụ phototrophic.

Unicellular ntule akpọ hemosintetikami, nke e guzobere organic bekee site na iji na ike chemical Jeremaya mere, e.g., ogige nke ígwè bacteria oxidize ferrous ígwè ka ferric, na tọhapụrụ ume-aga ka njikọ nke glucose ụmụ irighiri.

N'ihi ya, photo-sịntetik ntule weghara ìhè ike na tọghata ya ume covalent mono- na polysaccharides. Mgbe ahụ, tinyere njikọ nri n'agbụ ume na-agafere na mkpụrụ ndụ nke heterotrophic ntule. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, ekele photosynthesis, e nwere ihe nile bughi ihe nke Biosphere. Anyị nwere ike sị na mkpụrụ ndụ na ike na-abịa autotrophic ụzọ, "na-azụ" ọ bụghị naanị onwe ya, ma na-niile bi na mbara Ụwa.

Ka heterotrophic ntule na-eri nri

Sel nke nri na-adabere na nnata nime ya organic bekee site mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi, na-akpọ heterotrophic. Ntule dị ka dịkwa ka usoro ha, na ụmụ anụmanụ, ndị mmadụ, na parasitic bacteria gbarie carbohydrates, na-edozi na abụba na-enyemaka nke digestive enzymes.

Mgbe ahụ, na n'ihi monomers na-etinye obi gị dum site na cell na-eji ya na-ewu ya organelles na ndụ. Etisasịwo nri tinye cell site pinocytosis, na nri siri ike ahụ - phagocytosis. Heterotrophic ntule nwere ike kere n'ime saprotroph na nje ndị ọzọ. The mbụ (eg, ala bacteria, dịkwa ka usoro ha, ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ)-eri nri na nwụrụ anwụ organic okwu, nke ikpeazụ (bacteria, ikpuru, parasitic dịkwa ka usoro ha) - mkpụrụ ndụ na anụ ahụ nke ndu eme ntule.

Mixotrophy, ha na-ekesa na ọdịdị

Mixed nri na ọdịdị bụ nnọọ obere na-bụ ụdị ngwá ọrụ (idioadaptatsy) na dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi ihe. Isi ọnọdụ mixotrophic - bụ ọnụnọ sel organelles nwere chlorophyll maka photosynthesis na enzyme na sistemụ na-gbarie njikere nri na-abịa site na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka ihe atụ, a otu-celled anụmanụ euglena green nwere hyaloplasm chromatophores na chlorophyll.

Mgbe esite, achọ biri euglena, ọma udo, ọ na-azụ na osisi, ie. E. Autotrophically site photosynthesis. Dị ka a n'ihi nke carbon dioxide a na-synthesized glucose, nke bụ cell na-eji dị ka nri. euglena kwadoro n'abalị heterotrophically arapara organic bekee site enzymes emi odude ke digestive vacuoles. N'ihi ya, mixotrophic ike mkpụrụ ndụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na ihe àmà nke ịdị n'otu nke si malite osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ.

cell ibu na ya mmekọrịta na trophico

Ịba ogologo, uka, olu, dị ka ndị ahụ nile na-na ya na akụkụ na anụ ahụ, a na-akpọ ibu. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ na-enweghị a mgbe nile ọkọnọ nke nri na mkpụrụ ndụ na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ nkanka. Iji nweta azịza nke ajụjụ banyere otú na-eto eto na mkpụrụ ndụ na-adị autotrophic oriri na-edozi, ọ dị mkpa iji dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ otu nọọrọ onwe ha ahụ ma ọ bụ a akụkụ nke a bughi unit nke multicellular mmadu. Ke akpa idaha, uto ga-rụrụ n'oge interphase nke cell okirikiri. Ọ ngwa ngwa Filiks plastic metabolism ime. Power heterotrophic ntule correlatively metụtara na ọnụnọ nke nri na-abịa site mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi. Uto nke a multicellular organism emee N'ihi na ebighị nke biosynthetic izi anụ ahụ, dị ka nke ọma dị ka njupụta nke anabolic Filiks, catabolic Jeremaya mere n'elu.

Ọrụ nke oxygen na a nri heterotrophic mkpụrụ ndụ

Aerobic ntule: ụfọdụ bacteria, dịkwa ka usoro ha, ụmụ anụmanụ na ndị mmadụ na-eji oxygen zuru mgbaze nke nri ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka glucose na carbon dioxide na mmiri (Krebs okirikiri). Ọ na-adị na mitochondrial matriks nwere enzymatic usoro H + -ATP-ase, nke synthesizes a molekul nke ATP si ADP. Na prokaryotic ntule, dị ka aerobic bacteria na cyanobacteria, oxygen dissimilation nzọụkwụ n'akparamagwa na plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

Specificity ọkọnọ nke gametes

Na molekụla bayoloji na Cytology cell ike ike nkenke kọwara dị ka usoro wee nime ya nri, ha njikọ na cleavage ụfọdụ ichekwa ike na ụdị ATP ụmụ irighiri. Trophism gametes: ova na spam, ọ nwere ụfọdụ àgwà metụtara na a elu specificity nke ha ọrụ. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa nke nwanyi omumu mkpụrụ ndụ, na-amanye imubanye a nnukwu ọkọnọ nke nri, tumadi n'ụdị egg nkochi ime akwa.

Mgbe njikọta, ọ ga-eji ha maka ndinuak na guzobere nke ẹmbrayo na. The spermatozoa n'oge maturation (spermatogenesis) na-enwetara organic bekee site Sertoli mkpụrụ ndụ, emi odude ke seminiferous tubules. N'ihi ya, ma ụdị nke gametes nwere a elu metabolic ọnụego, nke bụ omume na n'ihi na-arụsi ọrụ ike cell trophic.

The ọrụ nke ịnweta oriri na-edozi

metabolic Filiks na-agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị mwubata nke cations na anions na-eme ka ịnweta salts. Ka ihe atụ, dị mkpa maka photosynthesis magnesium ion, maka enzymatic systems mitochondria - potassium ion na calcium, ịnọgide na-enwe buffering ikike hyaloplasm - ọnụnọ nke sodium ion nakwa dị ka carbonate anions acid. Solutions nke ịnweta salts tinye cell site pinocytosis ma ọ bụ mgbasa site cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Ịnweta oriri na-edozi pụta ụwa ma autotrophic na heterotrophic mkpụrụ ndụ.

Iji ichikota, anyị ahụwo na uru nke ike mkpụrụ ndụ n'ezie oké, ebe usoro a na-eduga ná guzobe a ewu ihe owuwu (carbohydrates, abụba na-edozi) nke carbon dioxide na autotrophic ntule. Heterotrophic mkpụrụ ndụ na-eri nri na organic bekee kpụrụ ruru autotrophs ọrụ. Ihe ume ha na-eji maka mmeputakwa, ibu, ngagharị, ndị ọzọ dị mkpa n'ibu.