China: The mmiri nke tupu revolutionary Crisis

Okoloburzhuaznye n'usoro iwu ochichi obodo onyeeze na bourgeois okirikiri, edu Chzhan Tszyanem choro bụghị flashy, ma a n'ezie modernization nke China na mmụọ nke n'ógbè advisory kọmitii chọrọ 1909- 1911 biennium. Egwu maka akara aka nke na-emesapụ aka okirikiri n'ala nna, Russian-Japanese agha nke 1904-1905., Na-ewe ebe Chinese ala, a mwute atụ nke Korea, na 1910 weghaara Japan, na ogologo guzo esemokwu n'etiti iwu mmegide na-adịghị na-achọ inye ha ọkwá Manchu despotism kere mbụ akụrụngwa nke tupu revolutionary nsogbu.

Ọ bụ nke abụọ akụrụngwa nke revolutionary onye kwuo uche ije edu a ma ama Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen. Ha na 1894, e kere "revival nke China Union" kwatuo Manchu na-achị. Site 1905, China ama ọtụtụ revolutionary òtù. N'okpuru nduzi nke mbụ Russian mgbanwe nke 1905 na-emeghe ya na oge nke "edemede nke Asia" malitere na-eto ngwa ngwa nke revolutionary mgbochi Manchu mmetụta. The mba ntọhapụ ije na China banyere a ọhụrụ ogbo. Na 1905, n'okpuru idu ndú nke Sun Yat-sen na Huang Sina merged iche iche revolutionary òtù na "Association nke Union." China mmiri prerevolutionary nsogbu ...

The atọ akụrụngwa nke tupu revolutionary nsogbu bụ nkọ abawanye na "ochie Chinese riots", ie. E. Natural na gbasasịa mgbochi Manchu, antinalogovyh nnupụisi na agụụ na-agụ (osikapa) riots, mgbe mgbe, na-edu nzuzo ọha mmadụ. A oke na niile na-eto eto ije budata kwara na Qing ọchịchị.

The anọ akụrụngwa nke maturing nke a revolutionary ọnọdụ ndị "aku" ije bourgeoisified gentry, nwe ala na bourgeoisie onwe ya megide achị ndị mba ọzọ na isi obodo. Site 1905 na 1911, na mba gafere a usoro nke boycotts antiinostrannyh (1905-1908), na-alụ maka "laghachi ikike" ka weghaara mba ọzọ Ngwuputa ohere (1906- 1910), megide mba ọzọ mgbazinye ego maka ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-ewu na maka zuo nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè ohere (1907-1908 ). E nwere uka mkpọsa na nkwado nke anụ ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ, karịsịa maka ndị na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ maka Chinese Huguanskih ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na mgbe ahụ - "Protection of ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè" (1911). Nationalization nke Qing ọchịchị nke onwe ụgbọ okporo ígwè ụlọ ọrụ Huguanskih ụzọ mere na September-October 1911 nsogbu ke Sichuan - akpa adọ nke Xinhai mgbanwe. October 10, 1911, e nwere ọgba aghara na Wuchang akụkụ "ọhụrụ agha" edu okpuru. The obodo e kere site agha ọchịchị, nke kwusara nkwatu nke Qing onyeeze na oruru nke na Republic of China.

Mgbe nke a gasịrị, 14 anāchi achi kwuru onwe ha site na Beijing. Ebe dara na suppression nke revolutionary ije, Ch'ing nyere ezigbo ike na isi obodo na General Yuan Shikai - protege nke esịtidem mmeghachi omume na imperialist ike. Na December, ndị bịara mgbakọ nke onwe ha anāchi achi gbakọtara na Nanjing, Sun Yat-sen a họpụtara president na isi nke Nanking ọchịchị. Na njedebe, ọ na-"sọrọ ike" - a mmeghachi omume na-emegide revolutionary North South. The iro nke obodo mmeghachi omume na ike na Nanking ọchịchị, nakwa dị ka ntughari liberals con stitutsionalistov n'akụkụ Yuan Shikai kere uru na ihu ọma nke North. Sun Yat-sen nwere inye elu etieibuot a n'ozuzu n'ọnọdụ a renunciation nke Manchu usoro ndị eze na 1912. Mgbe ọdịda nke Qing onyeeze President Yuan Shikai natara site na-akpọ ike .zaem reorganization ka ọchịchị ya sikwuo ike. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1913 na o rie n'ime ọbara eduzi megide ya ije na Central na n'ebe ndịda anāchi achi.

China: The mmiri tupu revolutionary nsogbu