Chloroform - ihe ọ bụ? Nkwadebe na ngwa edinam nke chloroform

The chọpụtara nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ bụghị kpachaara anya na mberede, n'oge njikọ, ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ nke Njirimara nke a umi. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na mberede chọpụtara umi na-aghọ nnọọ mkpa, ha na-eji ọ bụghị nanị na onwu, ma na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ubi. Dị nnọọ na oge maka ndị bekee na yiri chloroform, nke a ga-atụle n'ihu.

aha

Aha nke umi nwere ọtụtụ iche. N'ezie, dị ka ihe niile organic ogige, ọ na-erube isi n'iwu nke nkịtị nomenclature ụmụ irighiri ihe na-enweghị aha na utu aha, dabeere na mejupụtara nke molekul.

Ya mere, na chloroform e nwere ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke aha:

• carbon trichloride;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: ihe ọ bụ? I nwere ike ịgwa si aha compound, na ike tụlee geometric Ọdịdị nke a molekul.

molekụla Ọdịdị

chloroform molekul mejupụtara atọ atọm nke chlorine na otu hydrogen atọm, onye ọ bụla atọm na-ejikọrọ na a Central carbon. Nnoo, trichloromethane molekul - a ngwaahịa buu nnọchi nke hydrogen atọm site chlorine atọm na methane molekul mgbe ọ gụrụ ụfọdụ ọnọdụ.

Na nke a, ihe niile nke C-cl kpamkpam hà, ike pola. C-H nkekọ tụnyere ndị ọzọ agbụ pụtara na molekul-aghọ ọbụna ihe polarization-aghọ nnọọ ngwangwa. Ya mere, na ihe ọzọ nhazi nke molekul P-H nkekọ na-adị mfe adọwa, hydrogen na-anọchi ọzọ atọm (e.g., chlorine, kwa, na e guzobere carbon tetrachloride).

Tụlee otú anya chloroform. The usoro bụ: CHCL _3. The bughi usoro ndị na-esonụ ụdị:

Ma owuwu na-anọchi anya a chemical umi na-eburu chloroform. The usoro na-egosi na molekul bụ mụ na-eme eme na nlezianya ọnọdụ ga-etinyere.

nkịtị Njirimara

Physical Njirimara nwere ike ji dị ka ndị a: trichloromethane:

1. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ (ụlọ okpomọkụ, nkịtị ikuku mgbali nke 100 kPa, iru mmiri bụghị elu karịa 80%) nke umi bụ ike odorous mmiri mmiri na-adịghị agba. The isi nke chloroform nkọ ezu arọ, kpuchiri, ka ísì utọ nke ether. The uto nke sweet stof, ma i nwere ike na-agbalị ya, n'ihi na ọ bụ oké na-egbu egbu.
2. The mmiri unyi anaghị agbasa, ike nke na dissolving naanị na dị iche iche nke organic solvents. Ebe ọ bụ na mmiri nwekwara ike na-etolite a ala-ịta (0.23%) ngwọta.
3. Esi ebe a compound bụ obere karịa nke mmiri bụ banyere 62 ⁰ C.
4. Agbaze ebe sharply ọjọọ, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. Chloroform njupụta ukwuu karịa ndị njupụta nke mmiri na ana 1,483 g / cm ^3.
6. Strong akpọ nsí ọdịdị nke umi na mmetụta na organism, na-ezo aka a ìgwè nke narcotic ogige.

Mgbe etisasịwo mmiri trehloristy carbon ike nke na-akpụ azeotropic mixtures. Na nke a chloroform ngwọta bụ 97,5% na naanị 2.5% mmiri. Esi ebe nke ngwọta na-ebelata tụnyere nke dị ọcha trichloromethane na bụ 52 ⁰ C.

chemical Njirimara

Dị ka ihe niile chlorinated methane, chloroform egosi dịghị reactivity. Ya mere, e nwere obere mmeghachi omume, ahụkarị ya. Ka ihe atụ, ọgwụgwọ nke chlorine ụmụ irighiri n'oge usoro nke nkwadebe nke nkwekọrịta nke methane chlorination. A mmiri mmiri a na-e chloroform, Jeremaya mere ime dị ka ụdị nke buu usoro achọ ultraviolet radieshon dị ka a mkpa na ìhè quanta.

CHCL ₃ + cl ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL

Dị ka mmeghachi omume akụkụ na-egosi na ngwaahịa bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu chlorinated methane - carbon tetrachloride. Omume dị otú ahụ bụ otu ụzọ nke inweta carbon tetrachloride na njem.

Ọzọkwa chemical Njirimara na-agụnye azeotropic ngwakọta na mmiri, nke bụ ike nke na-enye chloroform. Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Nke ahụ bụ, ngwọta dị otú ahụ na esi mmiri na-adịghị na-ata ọ bụla mgbanwe. Site esi a ngwakọta na-apụghị kewara ụmụ irighiri ihe.

Ọzọ ụdị ndị Jeremaya mere, nke nwere ike tinye chloroform bụ nnọchi nke halogen atọm ọzọ atọm ma ọ bụ ọtọ iche iche. Ka ihe atụ, site na mmeghachi omume na-okenye sodium hydroxide , ọ Nleta sodium acetate:

chloroform + NaOH (aq) = sodium acetate + sodium chloride + mmiri

Ọzọkwa, ihe fọrọ ịrịba mmeghachi omume bụ mmeghachi omume nke chloroform na amonia na potassium hydroxide (lekwasị ngwọta) dị ka a n'ihi nke ndị dị otú ahụ na mmekọrịta, a cyanide.

Chloroform + amonia + potassium hydroxide = KCN + potassium chloride + mmiri

nchekwa chloroform

Na ìhè trichloromethane na-akadiahade na guzobere ize ndụ, na-egbu egbu na ngwaahịa:

Chloroform phosgene = + hydrochloric acid + chlorine + molekụla carbon dioxide

Ya mere, ọnọdụ nke nchekwa nke chloroform kwesịrị pụrụ iche - vials nke ọchịchịrị iko na a uko stoppered. Ekpuchighị onwe ya kwesịrị echekwara n'ebe ìhè anyanwụ.

n'ikuku

Nkwadebe nke chloroform e rụrụ na ọtụtụ ụzọ.

1. A multistage usoro ndị chlorination nke methane na emee site a buu usoro n'okpuru nduzi nke ultraviolet ìhè na okpomọkụ. Na nke a n'ihi bụ bụghị naanị chloroform, ma ndị ọzọ na atọ na ngwaahịa: chloromethane, dichloromethane na carbon tetrachloride. The mmeghachi omume bụ dị ka ndị a:

Kra ₄ + cl ₃ = Kra ₂ cl + HCL - chloromethane kpụrụ na hydrogen chloride

Cl + Kra ₃ = Kra ₂ cl ₂ cl ₂ + HCL - dichloromethane na hydrogen chloride kpụrụ

Kra ₂ cl ₂ + cl ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCL - kpụrụ trichloromethane (chloroform), na hydrogen chloride

CHCL ₃ + cl ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL - forms carbon tetrachloride na hydrogen chloride

A n'ụzọ a, ihe njikọ trichloromethane ụlọ ọrụ.

2. The mmekọrịta n'etiti bleaching ntụ ntụ na ethyl mmanya. Nke a laabu usoro.

3. Nkwadebe nke electrolytic chloroform (eletrik) na alkali metal chlorides na ikuku nke acetone ma ọ bụ ethyl mmanya. Ọzọkwa a laabu usoro amị trichloromethane.

ihicha

Mgbe chloroform na-natara, ọ kwesịrị ka a kpochara. Mgbe niile, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eji maka ọgwụ na ahụ ike na nzube, na ọdịnaya nke adịghị na ọ bụ nanị adịghị anakwere. Ọ bụrụ na lekwasịrị ngwa nkọwa, ọdịnaya nke mba ọzọ bekee kwesịrị ịbụ nanị.

E nwere ike dị iche iche adịghị nke mejupụtara chloroform. Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Gịnị ka ha bụ?

• Ethyl mmanya.
• Hydrogen chloride.
• Phosgene.
• Chlorine.

E nwere isi ihe abụọ ụzọ ọcha ndị a adịghị si chloroform:

• oké mmiri ṅachasịrị na mmiri sochiri ihicha (ekwe ka kpamkpam Bibie nke ethanol);
• trichloromethane asa na ike acid, mgbe ahụ, na a siri ike alkali, sochiri mmiri. Ụdi ọgwụgwọ a na-Fikiere site na iji a dehydrating gị n'ụlọnga - calcium chloride. The ihe onwunwe na-ahụ fractionally distilled na a kọlụm.

History of chọpụtara

Ebe ọ bụ na mgbe mara maka chloroform? Gịnị ka ọ bụ ihe na ihe ọ na-eji tupu? Gbalịa ịghọta.

E kwuru banyere nke a umi emetụta 1831. Ọ bụ mgbe a mmiri ọgwụ si Guthrie Harbor natara trichloromethane. Otú ọ dị, nzube nke ọ bụghị umi, ọ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma site-ngwaahịa. The mmiri ọgwụ na-enyocha solvents maka roba, anwalewo na mmadụ na mberede nwetara chloroform.

N'otu afọ, na a afọ mgbe e mesịrị ọzọ abụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị onwe nwetara site nwere a umi. Ọ Yustas Libih (onye mere a oké onyinye mmepe nke onwu) na Eugen Subereyn. Ọrụ ha bụ ịchọta ihe mgbochi ụfụ, na ha hụrụ ya. Otú ọ dị, anyị chọpụtara banyere nke a mmetụta nke chloroform wee malite iji ya mgbe e mesịrị, naanị na 1840s.

The bughi usoro na na mmekọrịta nke atọm n'ime molekul ịmụta na ejisie rụọ mmiri ọgwụ Dumas na 1834 afọ. Ọ chọrọ na nwetara na chloroform aha ya, bụ nke e nyere na nsọpụrụ nke ndanda. Na Latin ndanda akpọ formiata, dị ka ọ dị ndị a na ụmụ ahụhụ formic acid bụ ike na-etolite site na chloroform. Dabere na nke a, na iji mata aha ya.

The ndu mmetụta ahụ mmadụ

Ọ di na ya iji dị ka ihe mgbochi ụfụ chloroform. Mmetụta ndị mmadụ bụ kpọmkwem, na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ isi ngwa usoro.

Ogo mmetụta na-adabere na ihe ndị dị ka:

• ịta kuru umi;
• oge nke na-eji;
• ụzọ nke na-n'ime.

Mgbe ọ na-abịa dị ọcha, ọgwụ chloroform, mgbe ahụ, na ya iji na-erube nnọọ dosed n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma na mpaghara. Ya mere, o kwere omume contraindications emejuputa dị nnọọ ole na ole. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere chloroform ka ikusi na ikuku na kuru akụkụ nke ya onye, ihe ebe a bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị oké njọ na-ebibi ihe.

N'ihi ya, inhalation nke trichloromethane n'oge 10 nkeji nwere ike ime airway edema, akpa ume spasm, ụkwara, akpịrị akpịrị. Ọ bụrụ na mmetụta na-adịghị kwụsị nsi emee ya ozugbo. Ọ ga-gburu site na ụjọ usoro (na isi na ọgidigi azụ), ikekwe na-egbu egbu.

Ọzọkwa detrimental utịp ke imeju, akụrụ na digestive akụkụ nwere chloroform. Mmetụta ya nke ọma karịsịa emebiri ma ọ bụrụ na e n'ime ihe ngwọta. Echeta eso organism si meghachi omume n'ikuku nke chloroform:

• dizziness;
• vomiting na ọgbụgbọ;
• persistent isi ọwụwa;
• Central ụjọ usoro ịda mbà n'obi na dị ka a N'ihi ya, ike ọgwụgwụ;
• fever;
• nfụkasị rashes, anụ nācha ọbara-ọbara.

Research na nwere dị iche iche ụmụ anụmanụ na-egosi ndị na-esonụ na ya pụta:

1. Ogologo oge eji chloroform n'ime a mmiri mmiri na-eme nkwụsị nke afọ ime, multiple daa ọrịa na mutagenesis nke ọgbọ.
2. Mgbe ikuku ndụ nke chloroform na ụmụ anụmanụ e dara mbà n'obi, umengwụ na oge nke ha ndụ na-budata belata.
3. Dabere na nnwale na ụmụ oke, ya e kwubiri carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

Ndị a pụta nọ na-enwetara chemists na ndị dọkịta nọ na-amụ ihe nke mmetụta na ndụ ntule nke chloroform.

Ji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ

E kwuru banyere ọgwụ na ahụ ike ojiji nke umi na-esite na afọ 1847. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ a ọkà mmụta sayensị, dọkịta, a mmiri ọgwụ Holmes Coote mbụ chọrọ ojiji nke chloroform dị ka ihe mgbochi ụfụ. Mmetụta ndị mmadụ na ọ nwere na-arụ ọrụ oge dị mma - a zuru ezu shutdown nke nsụhọ, enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla.

Ma mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe onye ọrịa nwetaghachiri, e kpughere na ọ dịghị akwụsị ọgbụgbọ, vomiting. Mgbe ama a guzosie ike ihe kpọmkwem iwu nke ngwa nke umi zere ndị dị otú ahụ pụta.

A nnọọ mkpa ọrụ ke mmeghe na nkà mmụta ọgwụ chloroform egwuri English obstetrician Dzheyms simpson. Ọ bụ ya na-egosi na mmetụta dị mma nke compound na n'oge ọmụmụ usoro.

Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe ọhụrụ, mma ma n'oge a ụzọ nke ná Nkụnwụ karịa chloroform karịrị oge. Ya iji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-fọrọ okụrede. Taa, ọ na-eji na ụdị:

• akụrụngwa ude maka mpụga ngwa;
• dị ka ndọtị nke anestetiiki na Nchikota na ndị ọzọ bekee, na na na nnọọ ala kasịnụ;
• dị ka tụlee ebelata ọgbụgbọ na vomiting.

Industrial Ngwa

The ụlọ ọrụ na-na-eji chloroform. Ya ngwa-akọ dị iche iche chemical syntheses, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke mgbaze degreaser, bụ isi ma ọ bụ nke abụọ akụrụngwa maka mkpa bekee eji na ebe niile nke ụmụ mmadụ anya.