Collectivization of agriculture: ihe mgbaru ọsọ, ọdịdị zuru oke nke na-arụpụta

Na oge nke e guzobere na mmepe nke Soviet steeti, na mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akara mmeri nke Bolsheviks n'oge October mgbanwe, e nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ aku oru nke na-rụrụ tiri mmanye jikoro. Otu n'ime ha bụ collectivization nke ugbo, na ebumnobi, ọdịdị, results, na ụzọ nke bụ isiokwu nke isiokwu a.

Gịnị bụ collectivization na ihe bụ nzube ya?

Collectivization agriculture nwere ike nkenke ike kọwaa dị ka a eluigwe na ala usoro nke-asọkọta ọnụ nke obere onye ugbo ugbo na nnukwu mkpokọta mkpakọrịta, kwuru na dị ka mkpokọta abbreviated. Na 1927 mere esote XV Congress nke CPSU (b), nke malitere mmejuputa ihe omume a, na mgbe ahụ mere isi akụkụ nke ókèala nke obodo site na 1933.

Collectivization, dị ka ndị ọzọ na-edu ndú, ga-ekwe ka onye mba lebara nnukwu n'oge nri nsogbu site nhazigharị nke ugbo nta nke n'etiti nkịtị na ndị ogbenye, n'ime nnukwu mkpokọta ugbo okụre. N'otu oge ahụ, na-atụ anya na ngụkọta mkpochapu ime obodo kulaks kwuru iro nke socialist mgbanwe.

Akpata collectivization

The initiators nke collectivization hụrụ isi nsogbu nke agriculture ya fragmentation. Ọtụtụ obere-ọnụ ọgụgụ na-emepụta, napụ ohere inwe ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ukwuu n'ime na-eji na ubi nke ala-na-arụpụtaghị na adighi ike ntuziaka oru, nke ekweghị ka ha iji nweta elu zaa. Ihe nwere kemgbe ihe-ebi-amụba ụkọ nri na ulo oru ngwaọrụ.

Iji lebara iseokwu a dị mkpa ma gbapụ zuru collectivization of agriculture. Ụbọchị nke malitere ya, mmejuputa iwu, ọ na-atụle ga-December 19, 1927 - ụbọchị nke ẹkụre XV Congress nke CPSU (b) e a gbanwere ndụ nke obodo. Ọ malitere a-eme ihe ike okpukpu-elu nke mbụ ọtụtụ narị afọ okodu ụzọ ndụ.

Ọ na ọ na - amaghị ihe

N'adịghị ka ndị na mbụ agrarian mgbanwe na Russia, dị ka emejuputa atumatu 1861 site Alexander II na Stolypin na 1906, collectivization chua site ndị Kọmunist, enweghị a doro anya na e mere ihe omume, ma matara kpọmkwem ụzọ nke ya na mmezu.

Party Congress ntụziaka na a oké mgbanwe nke iwu na mmekọrita ugbo, na n'ihu obodo isi nwere onwe ha, na ha onwe ha n'ihe ize ndụ, iji mejuputa ya. Ọbụna mebiwo ha mgbalị ịrịọ ndị gọọmenti etiti maka nkọwa.

The usoro malitere

O sina dị, usoro, nke e butere site na Party Congress, je na-esonụ afọ weghaara a ịrịba òkè nke mba. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị ukara banye ugbo e kwuru afọ ofufo, ọtụtụ mgbe, ha kere eke nke ndutịm na ndị mmanye jikoro.

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1929 na USSR e agroupolnomochennye - isi gara na saịtị ma dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya nke kasị elu ala ọchịchị nyochaa ọganihu nke collectivization. E nyere ha na-enyere ndị ọtụtụ Komsomol iche iche nwekwara chịkọtara maka nwughari nke obodo ndụ.

Stalin bụ a "akwa gbanwere" ná ndụ nke ndị nkịtị

N'echi, nke 12 ncheta nke mgbanwe - November 7, 1928, akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ "Pravda" Stalin bipụtara otu isiokwu bụ nke o kwuru na nke a bụ "oké gbanwere" ná ndụ nke ndị obodo ahụ. Dị ka ya, na mba-jisiri ka a akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbanwe site obere-ọnụ ọgụgụ ugbo ka elu ugbo, na-etinye on a mkpokọta ndabere.

Ọ na-enye ọtụtụ kpọmkwem egosi (ukwuu n'ime ikwubiga okwu ókè), nke gosiri na collectivization n'ebe nile me tangible aku uru. Site ụbọchị editorials kasị Soviet akwụkwọ akụkọ na-jupụtara na otuto "na-emeri ijeụkwụ collectivization."

The mmeghachi omume nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amanye collectivization

The ezigbo picture bụ radically dị iche iche site na onye na-agbalị na-ewetara nduhie akụkụ. Nchụpụ n'ike mwepụ ọka si nkịtị, Bilie nile njide na mbibi nke ugbo, n'ezie, ka adara na mba n'ime ọhụrụ agha obodo. N'oge mgbe a na Stalin kwuru banyere mmeri nke socialist nwughari nke obodo, na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mba dị ọkụ oru ugbo nnupụisi, site na njedebe nke 1929 na otu narị otu narị.

N'otu oge ahụ, kpọmkwem mmepụta nke ugbo na ngwaahịa, nke bụ ihe megidere okwu mere site party na-edu ndú na-adịghị na-amụba, na-ada n'ụzọ dị nnọọ oké. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi na egwu nke ịbụ agukọta ya ọkpọ, achọghị inye ya ihe onwunwe na ugbo, na-ama ụma belata kụrụ n'ubi na-egbu anụ ụlọ. N'ihi ya, zuru collectivization - bụ isi a na-egbu mgbu usoro, jụrụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ime obodo bi, ma etinye ụzọ nke ndutịm mmanye.

Mgbalị na adị usoro

Mgbe ahụ, na November 1929, e kpebiri nditetịm usoro malitere nhazigharị agriculture izipu n'ime obodo nke 25 puku. The kasị maara na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-arụ ọrụ e na-eduzi kere mkpokọta ugbo. Nke a merenụ wee n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba dị ka a ije nke "iri abụọ na ise-Thousander". Mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ndị collectivization were buru ibu ọbụna karị akporo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu na-ozi amụbawo fọrọ nke nta atọ-n'ogige atụrụ.

Ihe ọzọ kwalite usoro nke socialization nke ugbo e nyere mkpebi nke Central Committee nke CPSU (b) on January 5, 1930. Ọ ezipụta a kpọmkwem oge etiti na nke collectivization e ga-agwụ agwụ na isi arable ebe nke obodo. The ntụziaka edepụta ikpeazụ nyefee ha a mkpokọta ụdị management ọdịda nke 1932.

N'agbanyeghị categorical mkpebi, na ya, dị ka iso, na-enyeghị ihe ọ bụla kpọmkwem nkọwa nke ụzọ na-agụnye mkpokọta ugbo nke oru ugbo pụta na ọbụna nyere a kpọmkwem definition nke ihe na ọgwụgwụ ahụ ga-a mkpokọta ugbo. N'ihi ya, onye ọ bụla obodo isi nke eduzi ya echiche banyere nke a, mgbe hụrụ tupu, ọdịdị nke nzukọ nke na-arụ ọrụ, na ndụ.

The arbitrariness ndị ọchịchị obodo

Nke a ọnọdụ emewo ka ọtụtụ ikpe nke obodo arbitrariness. Otu onye dị otú atụ bụ Siberia, ebe obodo kama nke mkpokọta ugbo malitere ike ụfọdụ communes na socialization bụghị naanị ehi, achụ nta na arable ala, ma n'ozuzu dum onwunwe, gụnyere onye nwere.

N'otu oge ahụ, obodo ndú, mpi na onye ọ bụla ọzọ iji nweta ihe kasị elu percent collectivization, alaghị azụ iji obi ọjọọ repressive jikoro megide ndị gbalịrị ize eze na-ekere òkè na abụrụ usoro. Nke a mere ka a ọhụrụ mgbawa nke discontent na ọtụtụ ebe na-ewe n'ụdị oghe nnupụisi.

Agụụ, nke ghọọ a N'ihi ya nke ọhụrụ agrarian iwu

O sina dị, onye ọ bụla district natara a kpọmkwem atụmatụ maka collection of ugbo ngwaahịa zubere maka anụ ụlọ ahịa na n'ihi na mbupụ, maka mmezu nke nke ọchịchị obodo ndị ụta dịịrị. Onye ọ bụla obere nnyefe hụrụ ka a pụta ìhè nke sabotaji na ike nwere oké ọdachi.

N'ihi nke a onodu mepụtara na nke ndị isi nke distrikti, egwu nke ibu ọrụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amanye nyefee na steeti niile dị ka ọka, gụnyere nkpuru enweta ego. The otu ụkpụrụ chọpụtara na anụmanụ husbandry, ebe okwu e zigara egbu anu-ulo nile ozuzu. Na-nọrọkwa na mgbagwoju na oké incompetence nke mkpokọta ndú, ọtụtụ n'ime ha wee obodo na otu si na oku na-aga na enweghị echiche nke ugbo.

N'ihi ya, rụrụ ihe dị otú zuru collectivization of agriculture emewo ka disruptions na nri nke obodo na n'obodo ntà - na ebe nile ụnwụ. Karịsịa na-agbawa obi bụ oyi 1932 na spring 1933. N'otu oge ahụ, n'agbanyeghị ndị doro anya miscalculations management, ndị ọchịchị ata ụta na ihe na-eme ụfọdụ ndị iro na-agbalị igbochi mmepe nke akụ na ụba mba.

Mkpochapu akụkụ kasị mma nke peasantry

A ịrịba ama ọrụ ahụ n'ezie ọdịda nke iwu na-achụ na-egwuri mkpochapu na-akpọ klas nke kulaks - bara ọgaranya ọrụ ugbo bụ ndị enwe ike ike a siri ike oge nke NEP aku na uba na-emepụta a ịrịba akụkụ nke ihe niile na-akọ ugbo na ngwaahịa. Kwesịrị ịdị, n'ihi na ha ekweghi ka ihe ezi uche na-esonyere ndị mkpokọta na afọ ofufo agọ enwetara site na ọrụ ha akụ.

Ebe ọ bụ na ihe atụ a na-adịghị dabara n'ime n'ozuzu echiche nke resettlement nke ime obodo ndụ, na ha, na echiche nke ndị ọzọ na-edu ndú nke mba ahụ, ka itinye aka na mkpokọta ogbenye na n'etiti nkịtị, ọ malitere ha mkpochapu.

Ozugbo kwekọrọ ekwekọ ntụziaka na ndabere nke kulak ugbo ndị liquidated, niile onwunwe ebe n'ime ndị nwe nke mkpokọta ugbo, ha na-forcibly chụpụrụ na Far North na Far East. N'ihi ya, zuru collectivization na ọka na-eto eto na mpaghara nke USSR weere ọnọdụ na ihe ikuku nke ngụkọta ụjọ megide ihe ịga nke ọma ndị nnọchiteanya nke peasantry mere isi oru nwere nke mba.

Mgbe e mesịrị, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke e ji merie ẹdude ọnọdụ, kwere na akụkụ ka normalize ọnọdụ n'obodo nta na otú ahụ na-amụba na-akọ ugbo mmepụta. Nke a nyeere Stalin na Plenum nke Party, ẹkenịmde ke January 1933, na-ekwusa zuru mmeri nke socialist mmekọahụ na mkpokọta mpaghara. Ọ na-kweere na a siri ike collectivization of agriculture e dechara.

Gịnị mesịrị collectivization?

-Agbasi-agba akaebe na mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ tọhapụrụ na afọ nke perestroika. Ha kụrụ ọbụna na ihe ndị yiri ka ezu ezu. N'ime ndị a, o doro anya na zuru ezu collectivization of agriculture e dechara esonụ na ya pụta: n'ihi na ya mgbe ụgbọ nwa mkpi karịa 2 nde ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke a usoro ihe ndekọ maka 1930-1931. mgbe doro amanye Ndahie nke fọrọ nke nta 1 nde 800 puku. obodo. Ha abụghị ya ọkpọ, ma n'ihi otu ihe ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-adịghị mma n'anya ya nwa afọ ala. Ke adianade do, e mesoro agụụ 6 nde ndị mmadụ nọ na obodo nta.

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, na iwu nke amanye collectivization nke ugbo emewo ka uka ngagharị iwe n'etiti obodo. Dị ka data ẹnịm ke edebe ihe ochie nke GPU, naanị na March 1930, e nwere banyere 6500 nnupụisi, na 800 na-ebelata ike nke ngwá agha ndị a na-eji.

Ke ofụri ofụri, ọ mara na n'afọ na mba e dere n'elu 14 puku. Folk arụmọrụ, nke na-gara site banyere 2 nde ndị ọrụ ugbo. Na nke a, anyị na-anụkarị ka na wires otú a collectivization nwere ike apụta na mgbukpọ nke agbụrụ nke ha onwe ha ndị mmadụ.