Drugs - ihe bụ nke a? Ha nhazi ọkwa site iche iche

Pharmacology - na sayensị nke na-amụrụ mmetụta nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na ahụ mmadụ, ụzọ nke na-amị ọhụrụ ọgwụ ọjọọ. Ọbụna na Gris oge ochie na India, na tundra na na n'ebe ndịda onu nke Africa, ndị mmadụ na-agbalị ịchọta ụzọ na-alụ ọgụ ka ọrịa. Ọ bụ na a echiche nke ibu, na nrọ nke na-eri na-agbalị.

pharmacological ala

Ọgwụgwọ - ndị bekee ma ọ bụ n'ịgwa ya-na-emeso ọrịa ma ọ bụ dị ka mgbochi.

The ọgwụ - a ọgwụ nke bụ ugbua njikere maka ojiji.

E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ọgwụ. Nke a na-eme maka ala nke iji na-ekwe omume nke onye obibia nke ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa. Ke adianade do, ekele na dịgasị iche iche nke tọhapụ forms pụrụ ịnapụta ọgwụ ọjọọ n'ime ahu na ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ọ bụ mfe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrịa na-amaghị ihe ọ bụla ala, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị mmadụ bụ ndị natara unan na Burns.

List A na B

All ọgwụ na-ekewa atọ dị iche iche:

- List A (nsị);

- List B (nke nwere ike n'aka, gụnyere analgesics);

- ọgwụ na dị enweghị a ọgwụ.

Ọgwụ ọjọọ nke klas A na B achọ ukwuu anya, ya mere, iji nweta ha na-ere ọgwụ na netwọk na-achọ a pụrụ iche Ntụziaka. Ọzọkwa, i kwesịrị ịma ebe na otú na-echekwa ọgwụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịkparị na ìhè anyanwụ ma ọ bụ zụrụ nsí Njirimara. Ụfọdụ ogbenye, dị ka morphine, bụ isiokwu siri ike-aza ajụjụ. Ya mere, onye ọ bụla mkpọ ga ara na ilekọta na njedebe nke na-arụ ọrụ mgbanwe na kwekọrọ ekwekọ ntinye ke log. Na-etinye na ndekọ ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ ọgwụ: antipsychotics, ọgwụ ọjọọ maka ná Nkụnwụ Ahụ, vaccines.

Ezi ntụziaka

Ntụziaka - a dere mkpesa na nke dọkịta ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọgwụ na a arịrịọ ere ọgwụ na-enwe ndidi, na-egosi na ụdị, onunu ogwu na usoro ma ugboro nke ngwa. Oghere ọrụ kpere ozugbo ọgwụ, iwu, na nke akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-e nyere onye ọrịa na a preferential ndabere, ma ọ bụ enweghị ego.

E nwere iwu na-achịkwakwa iwu maka prescribing dọkịta nke iche iche specialties, na na ọnọdụ ha.

Drug - ọ bụghị nanị umi na ike kpochapụ ọrịa ma ọ bụ ya mgbaàmà, ma nsi, ya mere, dọkịta ga n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosi na onunu ogwu nke a ọgwụ na-agbapụta n'ahụ.

doses

N'ụdị ọgwụ e dere site Arabic numerals ego nke ọgwụ na uka ma ọ bụ olu nkeji nke ntụpọ usoro. Dum grams iche site na a rikoma ka ihe atụ, 1.0. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mejupụtara nke ọgwụ na-agụnye tụlee, ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-họpụtara Roman n'ọnụ ọgụgụ. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje na-gbakọọ mba na mba (IU) ma ọ bụ ndu nkeji (IU).

Ọgwụgwọ - bekee nwere ike na ihe siri ike, mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ gaseous ụdị. Mmiri na ikuku ndi na Ezi ntụziaka na-gosiri na milliliters, na ikpe nke inhalation, dọkịta nwere ike ịhụ naanị dose of akọrọ ọgwụ.

Ná ngwụsị nke ọgwụ ga-aka site dọkịta na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ. Ke adianade do, kpọmkwem paspọtụ data onye ọrịa, dị ka aha, mkpịrịsị, ụbọchị ọmụmụ. Jide n'aka na-tinyere ala ụbọchị nke ọgwụ na ya oge. E nwere ihe pụrụ iche iche na-ede prescriptions maka inye nkwado ego ọgwụ, ọgwụ ọjọọ, hypnotics, antipsychotics na ihe mgbu. Ha ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụghị nanị ndị dibịa ma ndi-isi-dọkịta nke ụlọ ọgwụ, na-emesi ya akara, na n'elu ebe gburugburu akara n'ụlọ ọgwụ.

Aju dee Ester na outpatient ná Nkụnwụ Ahụ, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine na ndị ọzọ na soporific n'ụlọnga. Na ọtụtụ ná mba na Latin nye iwu Ezi ntụziaka na ndụmọdụ na ẹkenọde naanị dere na a asụsụ bụ ihe kwere nghọta na ndidi. N'ihi na ọgwụ ọjọọ na nsị ndaba nke ikike maka ire dị nanị ụbọchị ise, ọgwụ mmanya - iri, ndị ọzọ nwere ike zụrụ n'ime ọnwa abụọ site na ụbọchị nke ọgwụ.

General nhazi ọkwa

Na nke ugbu a ọnọdụ, bụ ebe e nwere ihe ndị kasị ọhụrụ ọgwụ, a nhazi ọkwa dị oké mkpa iji na-eduzi ha di iche iche. N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ ot ndu:

1. Therapeutic were - etolite a ìgwè nke ọgwụ ọjọọ eme iji na-emeso otu ọrịa.
2. Pharmacological edinam - mmetụta na ọgwụ na-arụpụta ke idem.
3. Chemical Ọdịdị.
4. Nosological edumbet. Ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ndị ọgwụgwọ, ma ihe dị iche na ọbụna ihe warara.

Nhazi ọkwa na otu

Ná mmalite nke nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ndị dọkịta na-agbalị iji hazie onwe ha ọgwụ ọjọọ. Nhazi ọkwa dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ bịara site ná mgbalị nke chemists na druggists, weere na ndabere nke n'ókè nke ngwa. Ọ gụnyere ndị dị otú ahụ na ige:

1. Psychotropic ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eme na Central ụjọ usoro elekọta mmadụ (anxiolytics, antipsychotics, sedatives, antidepressants, antiepileptics, mgbochi mkpali).

2. Drugs eme na elu ụjọ usoro (ganglioplegic, anticholinergics)

3. anestetiiki.

4. formulations mejupụtara vaskụla ụda.

5. mamịrị na cholagogue.

6. Drugs emetụta akụkụ nke esịtidem secretion na metabolism.

7. Ọgwụ nje na antiseptics.

8. Anticancer ọgwụ ọjọọ.

9. Pụtara maka nchọpụta nsogbu (dyes, iche mmadụ, radionuclides).

Nke a na yiri nkewa-eto eto ka ndị dọkịta na-amụta ihe banyere ẹdude ọgwụ ọjọọ. Nhazi ọkwa na iche iche na-enyere aka mmuo ịghọta usoro nke ihe nke a ọgwụ onunu ogwu na-echeta.

Nhazi ọkwa nke chemical Ọdịdị

Nke a na atụmatụ kacha adabara nhazi ọkwa nke antiseptik na antimicrobial mmadụ. Ịmata Ọdịiche bactericidal na bacteriostatic ọgwụ ọjọọ. Nhazi ọkwa nke chemical Ọdịdị na-ekpuchi ma ndị a dị iche iche. The chemical Ọdịdị nke ahụ umi-egosiputa usoro nke iji ọgwụ edinam na aha ya.

1. Halides. Na ya isi, nwere a chemical mmewere nke halogen otu: chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo. Ka ihe atụ, antiformin, chloramine, pantotsid, iodoform na ndị ọzọ.
2. Oxidants. Ọ bụghị ike na-eche na ha usoro nke edinam iji na e guzobere a nnukwu ego nke free oxygen. Ndị a gụnyere hydrogen peroxide, gidroperit kristal nke potassium permanganate.
3. Acid. Ha na-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ na nnukwu quantities. The kasị ama nke ha - salicylic acid na boric.
4. Alkali: sodium borate, bikarmint, amonia.
5. Aldehydes. Ndabere nke usoro nke edinam - ike wepụ mmiri si anụ ahụ, na-eme ka ha ọzọ isiike. Representatives - formalin Formidron, Lizoform, methenamine, urosal ethyl mmanya.
6. Salts nke arọ ọla: mercuric chloride, mercury ude, calomel, nkume lapis, colloid silver, ọla kọpa sulfate, ụzọ kwachie, zinc oxide mado Lassara et al.
7. Phenols. Na-iwe na cauterizing mmetụta. Kacha nkịtị nke ha - carbolic acid, Lysol.
8. E ji esiji ákwà. Ji-achọpụta ọrịa na usoro dị ka a obodo irritant na antibacterial n'ụlọnga. Ndị a gụnyere methylene acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-ghar green, fukortsin.
9. Tars na resins, e.g., Wisniewski balm, ude Wilkinson, ichthyol, paraffin, naphthalene, Soultz. Mma obodo ọbara ekesa.

Solid ọgwụgwọ

Ndị a formulations ndị nnọchiteanya nke na-esonụ: mbadamba, ọgwụ, ntụ, capsules na nsogbu dị iche iche na ndị ọzọ na ọgwụ ọjọọ. Mkpebi siri ike nke na ntọhapụ ụdị bụ bụghị ike, ebe ọ bụ na o kwere omume na gba ọtọ anya iji chọpụta ihe dị n'ihu gị.

Mbadamba na-enwetara site n'ịkpụzi a powder esịnede n'ọrụ mgwa na inyeaka. Na-emekarị a mere nrụgide.

Dragees - na-emi odude n'ígwé-arụ ọrụ bekee na excipients, ot obi tara mmiri gburugburu nsogbu dị iche iche.

Powders nwere ọtụtụ ojiji. Ha nwere ike na-aṅụ, fesa ha ọnyá, itughari na saline na ịma intramuscularly ma ọ bụ intravenously. Ịmata Ọdịiche undosed na onunu ogwu ntụ nke, n'aka, e nwere mfe ma dikwa mgbagwojuanya.

The capsules bụ gelatin shei nwere mmiri mmiri, granular, powdery ma ọ bụ pasty na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Nsogbu dị iche iche bụ ndị kasị ahụkarị homeopathic preparations nwere ụdị obere ahụ (na-erughị ọkara a millimeter).

mmiri mmiri forms

Site usoro a nke na-akwadebe a nkwadebe na-agụnye ihe ngwọta, na novogalenovyh galenic formulations, salves, collodion, na ndị ọzọ na mmiri mmiri na ọkara siri ike embodiments.

The ngwọta e guzobere mgbe agwakọta ọgwụ na a mgbaze, ndị dị ka mmiri ma ọ bụ mmanya.

Galenic preparations iso naanị nke osisi extracts nwetara site kpo oku.

Infusions na decoctions na-kwadebere si akọrọ osisi. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a ihe ịrịba ama na Ntụziaka, gụnyere ego nke mgbaze na-eji ọgwụ.

Infusion na wepụ - on Kama nke ahụ, na mmanya-nwere mmiri mmiri. Ha nwere ike ịbụ ma ndị dị ọcha na spirtovodnymi ma ọ bụ spirtoefirnymi. Novogalenovyh formulations si dị iche na ot galenic, a elu ogo ọcha nke akụrụngwa na okokụre ngwaahịa.

Special iche nke ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe

Conditioners bụ mmanu mmanu mmiri mmiri na-enwe a deodorising na antiseptik Njirimara. Collodion - a ngwọta nke cellulose nitrate na mmanya na ether jikọtara otu isii. Nanị externally. Creams nwere semifluid anọgidesi ma nwere osisi extracts, weere na a isi, dị ka glycerol, wax, paraffin, wdg Lemonades na syrups na-iji hụ na ụmụ mfe ile ọgwụ. Ọ na-enyere dịghị imekwu mgbalị mmasị na-eto eto ndidi n'oge ọgwụgwọ.

akpali mmasị okenye na mmanu mmanu ngwọta na-adabara ogwu ogbugba. Ha nwere ike ịbụ dị mfe dị ka mgbagwoju anya. Mgbe prescribing mgbe niile na-egosi na dose nke umi na olu na otu mkpọ, nakwa dị ka na-atụ aro, ebe a ga-ọgwụ.

adụ shapes

Ọ bụrụ na-eji dị ka ihe ndabere maka ọdụdụ ma ọ bụ abụba-ka umi na bụ adụ ọgwụ ọjọọ. Definition, nhazi ọkwa, n'ichepụta usoro tinye - niile ajụjụ ndị a n'ụzọ zuru okè maara chemists na pharmacists, dọkịta na-kwesịrị ịma naanị dose na-egosi.

N'ihi ya, manu-otite kwesịrị dịkarịa ala iri-na-ise percent nke akọrọ okwu. The kwesịrị ekwesị anọgidesi nwere ike na-enweta site agwakọta ntụ na abụba anụmanụ, wax, akwukwo nri mmanụ, petrolatum ma ọ bụ polyethylene glycol. Otu ibiere emetụta na pastas, ma ha kwesịrị viscous. Liniments, on Kama nke ahụ, ga-enwe mmiri mmiri, na n'iru were ha ga-maa jijiji ka okodu ntụ ntụ bụ evenly ekesa na mgbaze. Kandụl ma ọ bụ suppositories bụ siri ike, ma, mgbe ingested ngwa ngwa gbazee ma na-mmiri mmiri. The patches nwekwara siri ike na ụlọ okpomọkụ, ma ha ịlọ arapara anụ ahụ, na-akpụ a nso kọntaktị.

Ọgwụgwọ - bekee bụ advantageously nke osisi, nke undergone chemical ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ahụ mma karịa ha gbara.