Ductile ígwè: Njirimara, markings na akporo

Iron - ike, corrosion na-eguzogide, ma na-emebi emebi ígwè-carbon alloy na a carbon ọdịnaya nke C ke nso site na 2,14 ka 6,67%. N'agbanyeghị na ịdị adị nke a kpọmkwem nsogbu, o nwere a dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị, Njirimara, ngwa. Ọtụtụ-eji bụ ductile nkedo ígwè.

akụkọ

Nke a ihe onwunwe a mara ebe ndị IV narị afọ BC. e. Ya Chinese mgbọrọgwụ nọ VI. BC. e. Na Europe, bụ onye mbụ e kwuru banyere ulo oru na mmepụta nke alloy na-dere XIV, na Russia - XVI na narị afọ. Ma ductile ígwè mmepụta technology na-patented na Russia na XIX narị afọ. Mgbe mmepe nke AD Annosovym.

Ebe ọ bụ na ndị isi awọ ịgà na-ejedebeghị na ojiji ruru ala n'ibu Njirimara, na ígwè - bụ oké ọnụ ma na-enwe a ala kpọrọ nkụ ma anwụ ngwa ngwa, ajụjụ bilie nke metal eke a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, inogide, siri ike, mgbe ọ na ụba ike na a ụfọdụ mgbanwe.

Ígwè na-adịghị, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na plastic e ji mara, na ọ lends onwe ya ụfọdụ ụdị nke plastic na-arụ ọrụ (e.g., ibe ya bụrụ).

mmepụta

Isi otú - agbaze na gbawara furnaces.

The amalite ihe maka n'ume nhazi:

• N'Aka - ígwè ore nwere metal oxide n'ụdị Ferum.
• Mmanụ ụgbọala - Coke na eke gas.
• Oxygen - na-agbara site pụrụ iche ube.
• Fluxes - chemical guzobere na ndabere nke manganese na (ma ọ bụ) sịlịkọn.

Nkebi nke gbawara ọkụ:

1. Mgbake nke dị ọcha ígwè site chemical mmeghachi omume nke ígwè ore na oxygen ọnọ site tuyeres.
2. Combustion nke Coke guzobere na carbon oxides.
3. Carburizing dị ọcha ígwè Jeremaya mere na CO na CO _2.
4. Saturation nke Fe ₃ C na manganese na sịlịkọn dabere chọrọ Njirimara nke mmepụta.
5. Agwụ okokụre metal n'ime Ebu site taphole; agwụ slag site a slag tap onu.

N'elu ẹkụre nke gbawara ọkụ ọrụ okirikiri nwetara ígwè, slag na flue, haruru.

Metal ngwaahịa n'ichepụta domain

Dabere na obi jụrụ ọnụego, na microstructure nke carbon saturation na nwekwara ike na-enweta ọtụtụ iche iche nke ígwè:

1. Ezi (ọcha) carbon na a ibikwa ụdị, ihe bụ isi ciment. Eji dị ka akụrụngwa maka n'oké nke ọzọ ígwè-carbon alloys nhazi. Ruo 80% nke na-emepụta alloy domain.
2. Foundry (ocha) carbon n'ụdị kpamkpam ma ọ bụ obere free graphite, ya bụ ya efere. Malootvetstvennyh eji maka mmepụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Ruo 19% na-emepụta site n'ume oku nkedo.
3. Special: ọgaranya ferroalloys. 1-2% ụdị atụle mmepụta.

Ductile ígwè na-akwadebe site okpomọkụ omume nke ezi.

Ozizi ígwè-owuwu

Carbon na Ferum nwere ike na-etolite ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke alloys maka crystal lattice ụdị dị ka e gosiri na n'onwe nke microstructure.

1. Penetration na ihe siri ike ngwọta α-ígwè - ferrite.
2. Penetration na ihe siri ike ngwọta γ-ígwè - austenite.
3. The chemical guzobere Fe ₃ C (agbụ ala) - cementite. The isi na-kpụrụ nke otutu jụrụ nke a wụrụ awụ mmiri mmiri. Secondary - a ngwa ngwa okpomọkụ ọnụ si austenite. Tertiary - nwayọọ nwayọọ jụrụ nke ferrite.
4. Mechanical ngwakọta nke ferrite na cementite mkpụrụ - perlite.
5. Mechanical ngwakọta nke austenite mkpụrụ na pearlite ma ọ bụ cementite - Ledebur.

N'ihi na nkedo ígwè e ji a pụrụ iche microstructure. The graphite nwere ike ịbụ na ụdị na ibikwa ụdị nke n'elu Ọdịdị, na ike na ndị free ala n'ụdị dị iche iche adịghị. On Njirimara emetụta ma isi mkpụrụ akụkụ, na ndị a formations. Graphite fractions bụ metal efere, flakes ma ọ bụ na ngalaba.

The akwukwo udi bụ ahụkarị awọ ígwè-carbon alloys. Ọ na-akpata ha fragility na unreliability.

Inclusions na N'ụbọchị nke abụọ ductile ígwè karịa a mmetụta dị mma na ha n'ibu arụmọrụ.

The * Tụkwasị graphite Ọdịdị n'ihu mma metal, na-emetụta ndị na-abawanye na ekweghị ekwe, anwụ ngwa ngwa, ntachi obi dị ịrịba ama ibu. Ndị dị otú ahụ e ji mara elu ike igba ígwè. Ductile ígwè Njirimara ya akpata ferrite ma ọ bụ pearlite isi nke ọnụnọ nke flake graphite inclusions.

Nkwadebe nke ferritic ductile ígwè

Ọ na-emepụta si a ọcha ezi proeutectoid ala-carbon alloy ingots site annealing na carbon content 2.4-2.8% na kwekọrọ ekwekọ ọnụnọ nke nwekwara (igwe, Si, S, P). The mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ annealed akụkụ ga-bụghị ihe karịrị 5 cm. Oge ọgbụgba bukwanu ọkpụrụkpụ graphite bụ n'ụdị efere na chọrọ Njirimara na-adịghị enweta.

Iji nweta nkedo ígwè na ferritic isi metal na-enịm ke pụrụ iche igbe na wụsa ájá. Tightly kaa akara akpa e debere na a kpo oku oku. Mepụta ndị na-esonụ mgbe annealing:

1. Rụrụ na-ewe iwe na ite-ọku uku ka okpomọkụ 1000? C na-ekwe ka-eguzo na a mgbe nile okpomọkụ 10 awa 24. Dị ka a n'ihi nke gbawara na isi cementite Ledebur.
2. The metal na-mma na 720? C na ọkụ.
3. Na okpomọkụ nke 720? C idi ogologo si 15 30 awa. Nke a okpomọkụ ana achi achi disintegration nke abụọ cementite.
4. Mgbe ikpeazụ nzọụkwụ ọzọ mma na-arụ ọrụ na oven 500? C, na mgbe ịdọrọ na ikuku.

Nke a annealing usoro a na-akpọ graphitizing.

Mgbe ọrụ microstructure bụ ferrite na mkpụrụ nke graphite flake. Nke a na ụdị a na-akpọ "chernoserdechnym" ebe a ezumike bụ nwa.

Nkwadebe nke pearlitic achọkarị ịna nkedo ígwè

Nke a na ụdị ígwè-carbon alloy, nke nwekwara sitere si proeutectoid ọcha, ma carbon content ya na-amụba: 3-3.6%. N'ihi na oge ọgbụgba na pearlitic ndabere, ha na-enịm ke igbe na wụsa gburu powder ígwè ore ma ọ bụ na nkume igwe nri ọnụ. Annealing usoro onwe ya bụ mfe.

1. Metal okpomọkụ A zụlitere 1000? C, nọ na-60-100 awa.
2. Chepụta jụụ na ọkụ.

N'ihi na yellowing n'okpuru edinam nke okpomọkụ na a dara gburugburu ebe obibi diffuses: releasable na cementite decomposition graphite kporo ikpe annealed n'elu oyi akwa akụkụ, edozi na ore ma ọ bụ slag n'elu. Kwadebere softer, siri ike na ductile topsheet "beloserdechnogo" ductile ígwè na a siri ike n'etiti.

Nke a annealing a na-akpọ na-ezughị ezu. Ọ na-enye disintegration cementite na pearlite ledeburite na efere na ihe kwesịrị ekwesị graphite. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa granular pearlitic ductile igba ígwè na elu ike na plasticity, iji ọzọ ihe onwunwe na-ewe iwe ka 720? C. N'ihi ya na-guzobere mkpụrụ nke perlite na flake graphite inclusions.

Properties, labeling na ngwa nke ferritic ductile ígwè

Ogologo okwu "mkpasu iwe" metal na oku na-arụpụta a zuru disintegration ledeburite na cementite na ferrite. N'ihi na nkà na ụzụ intricacies, na alloy na a elu carbon content - ferritic Ọdịdị e ji mara nke ala-na-carbon ígwè. Ma carbon site n'onwe ya na-agaghị pụọ - ọ na-aga si metụtara ala ígwè na free. Okpomọkụ mmetụta agbanwe udi nke graphite inclusions na flake.

Ferrite Ọdịdị-akpata a ọnụ ke ekweghị ekwe, dịkwuo ike ụkpụrụ, ọnụnọ nke ndị dị otú ahụ e ji mara dị ka ike na ductility.

Akara ígwè ferrite klas: KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 ebe:

CN - umu njirimara - nro;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _a, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm ² - kacha ibu na ya nwere ike idi-enweghị na-agbasa;

6, 8, 10, 12 - elongation, δ,% - plasticity index (elu uru, ndị ọzọ susceptible na metal mgbali ọgwụgwọ).

Ekweghị ekwe - banyere 100-160 HB.

Nke a ihe onwunwe onye arụmọrụ bụ n'etiti n'etiti ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ígwè na ígwè-carbon alloy bụ isi awọ. Ductile ígwè na ferritic pearlitic ndabere usụhọde na okwu nke na-eyi ndị na-eguzogide, corrosion-eguzogide ma na ike ọgwụgwụ na ike, ma elu n'ibu ntachi obi, ductility, nēfe e ji mara. Na ya ala price na ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ maka imewe nke akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ na ala ma na-ajụ ibu: Kwadobe, housings, n'azụ axles, Ịme Plọmba.

Properties, labeling na ngwa nke pearlitic achọkarị ịna nkedo ígwè

N'ihi ezughị ezu annealing isi, sekọndrị na cementite Ledebur oge zuru ezu igbari ke austenite, nke na okpomọkụ nke 720? C ghọọ perlite. Nke ikpeazụ bụ a n'ibu ngwakọta nke ferrite na cementite mkpụrụ tertiary. N'ezie, akụkụ nke carbon na-anọgide na ibikwa ụdị, na-akpata a Ọdịdị, a akụkụ - "tọhapụrụ" na flake graphite. Mgbe a perlite nwere ike ịbụ a efere ma ọ bụ grainy. N'ihi ya kpụrụ pearlitic achọkarị ịna nkedo ígwè. Ya Njirimara bụ n'ihi jupụta ike na obere pliable Ọdịdị.

Ndị a, mgbe e jiri ya tụnyere ferritic nwere elu corrosion, eyi na-eguzogide Njirimara, ha anwụ ngwa ngwa bụ nke ukwu elu, ma ala ductility na castability e ji mara. Susceptibility ka n'ibu nchegbu ụba n'elu mgbe retaining ndị ekweghị ekwe na ike nke isi ngwaahịa.

Akara ígwè pearlitic: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

First ọbula - designation ike: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 na 800 N / mm ^2, karị.

Nke abụọ - ductility notation elongation δ,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 na 1.5.

Pearlite ductile ígwè ngwa dị na n'ibu injinịa na ngwá aghụghọ na-arụ ọrụ na elu ibu - ma static na ike: camshafts, crankshafts, ipigide akụkụ, pistons, ejikọta mkpara.

okpomọkụ omume

The ihe onwunwe nwetara n'ihi na okpomọkụ omume, ya bụ, annealing nwere ike doro ugboro ugboro okpomọkụ mmetụta ụzọ. Ha isi nzube - ọbụna karị ike, anwụ ngwa ngwa, iguzogide corrosion na ịka nká.

1. Tempering na-eji maka owuwu nke chọrọ ka elu ekweghị ekwe na ike; emepụta site kpo oku ka 900? C, akụkụ na-mma na nkezi ọnụego nke banyere 100? C / sec iji engine mmanụ. Mgbe ọ ga-abụ a elu ezumike na kpo oku ka 650˚S na ikuku jụrụ.
2. Normalisation na-eji maka na-ajụ-sized mfe akụkụ na a oku site kpo oku ka 900? C, hapụrụ guzo a okpomọkụ maka oge nke 1 na 1.5 awa na ụdi jụrụ ikuku. Troostite enye granular perlite, ya ịkwụsi ike na ntụkwasị obi nke esemokwu na-eyi. Ọ na-eji maka mgbochi esemokwu achọkarị ịna nkedo ígwè na a pearlitic ndabere.
3. Annealing a rụrụ ugboro ugboro ke imewe nke antifriction: kpo oku - ka 900? C, na-ejide a ogologo oge okpomọkụ, obi jụrụ na ọkụ. Nyere ferritic ma ọ bụ ferritic-pearlitic Ọdịdị antifriction ductile ígwè.

Kpo oku na nkedo ígwè ngwaahịa nwere ike rụrụ na mpaghara ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju. N'ihi Nde etinyere elu ugboro okwukwo ma ọ bụ acetylene ire (ejide quenching). N'ihi mgbagwoju - kpo oku oku. Mgbe ndị obodo ahụ kpo oku nke naanị elu oyi akwa a obi tara mmiri, ọ enwekwu ya ekweghị ekwe na ike, ma nọgidere ductility na viscosity indices nke isi.

Ọ dị mkpa ka na-ekwu na ígwè ibe ya bụrụ-agaghị ekwe omume, ọ bụghị nanị n'ihi na nke ezughi oke n'ibu àgwà, kamakwa n'ihi na ya elu uche na mberede okpomọkụ mgbanwe, nke bụ apụghị izere ezere mgbe quenching na mmiri jụrụ.

Anti-esemokwu achọkarị ịna nkedo ígwè

Nke a dịgasị iche iche na-emetụta nro, na doped, ha na-isi awọ (ASF), ibe ya bụrụ (APC) na elu ike (ACHV). APC na-eji maka mmepụta ductile nkedo ígwè, nke na-doro annealing ma ọ bụ normalisation. The Filiks na-rụrụ iji mma ya n'ibu Njirimara na e guzobere ọhụrụ e ji mara - eyi ndị na-eguzogide na esemokwu na n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ.

Kpọrọ: 1-APC, APC-2. Eji maka mmepụta nke crankshafts, Kwadobe, biarin.

Mmetụta nke nwekwara on Njirimara

E wezụga ígwè-graphite isi na ha nwere ha mejupụtara, na ndị ọzọ mmiri, nke na-eme ka Njirimara nke nkedo ígwè: manganese, sịlịkọn, site, sọlfọ, ụfọdụ alloying ọcha.

Mangan mma flowability ji ígwè wụọ, corrosion na-eguzogide ma na-eyi ndị na-eguzogide. Ọ na-eme ka ekweghị ekwe na ike nke nkịtị nke carbon na ígwè na chemical usoro Fe ₃ C, guzobe granular perlite.

Silicon nwekwara a nti utịp ke fluidity nke wụrụ awụ alloy, ọ na-eme ka disintegration cementite na graphite inclusions oke.

Sọlfọ - ọjọọ, ma-apụghị izere ezere akụrụngwa. Ọ na-ebelata n'ibu na chemical Njirimara, akpali guzobere cracks. Otú ọ dị, ò mmekọrịta ya ọdịnaya nke ndị ọzọ ọcha (e.g., manganese) agbaziri microstructural Filiks. N'ihi ya, mgbe ruru igwe-S 0,8-1,2 perlite na-echekwara na bụla okpomọkụ mmetụta oge. Site na ịba ụba ruru 3 ọ bụ omume na-enweta ọ bụla chọrọ Ọdịdị dabere preset kwa.

Site na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na mma fluidity-emetụta ike, lowers ike na ductility, mmetụta na oge nke graphitization.

Chromium na molybdenum gbochie guzobere graphite flakes, na ụfọdụ n'ime akwalite guzobe granular perlite.

Tungsten enwekwu ndị na-eguzogide ga-eyi mgbe ọrụ na ebe nke okpomọkụ.

Níle Önwa, nickel na ọla kọpa na-eme ka graphitization.

Site n'ịgbanwe ego nke chemical ọcha na-eme ka ígwè-carbon alloy, nakwa dị ka ha ruru, ọ pụrụ imetụta ndị ikpeazụ Njirimara nke nkedo ígwè.

Uru na ụkọ ihe ụfọdụ

Ductile chugun- ihe onwunwe na-enwe nile iji na art. Ya isi uru bụ:

• elu-etoju nke ekweghị ekwe, na-eyi ndị na-eguzogide, ike, na ndị fluidity;
• nkịtị e ji mara ike na ductility;
• processability site mgbali ọgwụgwọ, na iche ndị isi awọ nkedo ígwè;
• Njirimara nke dị iche iche embodiments mgbazi item n'okpuru ụfọdụ ụzọ nke kwes na chemical-thermal ọgwụgwọ;
• ala na-eri.

The ọghọm bụ onye e ji mara:

• fragility;
• ọnụnọ nke inclusions nke graphite;
• ogbenye arụmọrụ ọnwụ;
• ịrịba ibu oge ọgbụgba.

N'agbanyeghị na nke ugbu a na-emezighị, ductile ígwè na-ewe ụgwọ na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè na n'ibu injinịa. Site na ọ na-emepụta dị mkpa dị nkọwa dị ka crankshafts, breeki pad akụkụ, Kwadobe, pistons, ejikọta mkpara. Inwe a obere dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị, onye niche na ndị ụlọ ọrụ enyene a ductile ígwè. Ya ngwa-ahụkarị nke ibu n'okpuru nke ojiji nke ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ bụ eleghi anya.