Ebe protein njikọ etịbe? Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime usoro, na ọnọdụ nke protein njikọ na cell

The usoro nke protein biosynthesis dị oké mkpa maka cell. N'ihi na ndi na-edozi na-mgbagwoju bekee na-egwu a isi ọrụ ke anụ ahụ, ha na-irreplaceable. N'ihi nke a, na dum cell Filiks emejuputa yinye protein biosynthesis, nke na-esi na ọtụtụ organelles. Nke a ana achi achi na cell amụba na-ekwe omume ịdị adị.

Nchịkọta protein biosynthesis

The nanị ebe njikọ nke na-edozi - bụ a ike ike endoplasmic reticulum. Ebe a bụ nnukwu ribosomes, nke na-ahụ maka guzobe a polypeptide yinye. Otú ọ dị, tupu ogbo nke translation (protein njikọ), na-achọ ebighị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nke na-echekwa ihe ọmụma banyere ihe Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein amalite. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, akụkụ a na-chọrọ iṅomi DNA (ma ọ bụ RNA, mgbe anya nje biosynthesis).

Mgbe a DNA oyiri nke RNA chọrọ e kere eke nke ihe ọmụma usoro. Na ndabere nke ya protein njikọ ga-rụrụ nke yinye. Na niile nzọụkwụ na-erukwa metụtara nucleic asịd, ga-ebe na cell ntọala. Otú ọ dị, nke a abụghị a ebe protein njikọ emee. Nke a na ọnọdụ, nke na-akwadebe maka biosynthesis.

Ribosomal protein biosynthesis

Main ebe protein njikọ - ya ribosome, cell organelle, esịnede abụọ subunits. Ndị dị otú ahụ akụkụ na-na cell a nnukwu ego, ha na-tumadi emi odude ke membranes nke ike ike endoplasmic reticulum. biosynthesis onwe ya bụ dị ka ndị a: na cell ntọala kpụrụ ozi RNA aga site nuclear pores n'ime cytoplasm na osobo na ribosome. Mgbe ahụ mRNA na-kewapụrụ n'ime ọdịiche n'etiti ribosome subunits, whereupon ndị fixation nke mbụ amino acid.

Iji ebe protein njikọ, amino asịd na-ọnọ site nyefe RNA. One dị otú ahụ otu molekul pụrụ idi otu amino acid. Ha na-na a oge dabere na usoro nke-ozi RNA codons. Ọzọkwa, njikọ nwere ike kwụsịrị n'ihi na a mgbe.

Mgbe na-akpụ akpụ tinyere mRNA, na ribosome nwere ike nweta n'ime ohere (introns) na-adịghị encode amino asịd. Na ebe ndị a, a ribosome akpali tinyere mRNA, ma ọ dịghị amino acid mgbakwunye na yinye. Ozugbo ribosome esịmde exon ya bụ, site, nke-ebu ụzọ amata na acid, mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ọzọ mmasị ka polypeptide.

Postsynthetic mgbanwe nke na-edozi

Mgbe na-eru stop codon nke ribosome mRNA kpọmkwem njikọ usoro agwụ. Otú ọ dị n'ihi molekul nwere a bụ isi Ọdịdị ma agaghị arụ ọrụ debeere ya. Iji kwesịrị ekwesị na-arụ ọrụ, molekul ga-haziri na a ụfọdụ Ọdịdị: sekọndrị, tertiary ma ọ bụ ọbụna ihe mgbagwoju - quaternary.

The bughi nzukọ nke protein

Secondary Ọdịdị - mbụ ogbo bughi nzukọ. Iji nweta ihe ndị bụ isi polypeptide yinye kwesịrị spiralized (etolite Alfa-helix) ma ọ bụ kpebisiri (ike a beta-n'ígwé). Mgbe ahụ, iji weghara ọbụna obere ohere tinyere ogologo nke molekul ọzọ wetara ọnụ na-emerụ n'ime a bọl site hydrogen, covalent na ionic agbụ, nakwa dị ka interatomic interactions. N'ihi ya, a globular protein Ọdịdị.

Quaternary protein Ọdịdị

The quaternary Ọdịdị bụ hardest nke niile. Ọ mejupụtara ọtụtụ ngalaba na a globular Ọdịdị jikọrọ fibrillar polypeptide uzo. Ke adianade do, tertiary na quaternary Ọdịdị nwere ike nkejikotara a carbohydrate ma ọ bụ lipid fọduru, nke kọwakwuru nso nke protein ọrụ. Karịsịa, glycoproteins, mgbagwoju ogige nke a protein na a carbohydrate bụ immunoglobulins na ịrụ a na-echebe ọrụ. Ọzọkwa glycoproteins emi odude ke membranes nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-anabata ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị gbanwetụrụ molekul ebe protein njikọ etịbe, na na-eji ire ụtọ endoplasmic reticulum. Ebe ọ bụ na o kwere omume lipid mgbakwunye, ọla na carbohydrates na protein ngalaba.