Futurists - onye bụ nke a? Russian Futurists. Silver Age Futurist

Futurism (site na Latin futurum, nke pụtara "ga-eme n'ọdịnihu") - na avant-garde ije na art na Europe 1910-1920, tumadi na Russia na Italy .. Ọ chọrọ ka ike a na-akpọ "art nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu", dị ka ndị nnọchianya nke a kwuru na ìhè.

Na-arụ ọrụ nke Ft Marinetti, Italian na-ede uri, Russian Cubo-Futurists nke ọha mmadụ "Gilei", nakwa dị ka sonyere nke "Mezzanine abu", "Ego-Futurists Association", "atụ ogho" agọ omenala ọdịbendị dị ka a nketa nke "n'oge gara aga", mepụtara site na aesthetics nke igwe ụlọ ọrụ na urbanism .

e ji mara atụmatụ

N'ihi na egosipụta nke a ebe e ji nodules ụdị, na-enwe, otutu repetitions nke dị iche iche ebumnobi, dị ka ná nkwubi nke dapụtara ngwa-ngwa-ngagharị ahụmahụ. Na Italy, na Futurists -. Nke a John Severini, US Geological Boccioni. Na akwụkwọ, e bụ ngwakọta nke akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ ihe onwunwe, na uri - experimentation na asụsụ ( "ihe efu" ma ọ bụ "okwu na nnwere onwe"). Russian Futurist na-ede uri - bụ V. V. Mayakovsky, V. V. Hlebnikov, I. Ugwu, A. E. Kruchenyh.

iche iche

Nke a na-emekarị pụta ke afọ 1910-1912, ọnụ na acmeism. Acmeists, futurists na ndị nnọchiteanya ndị ọzọ okwukwo nke modernism n'ọrụ ya na otu nọkwa na-emegiderịta. The kasị dị ịrịba ama nke Futurists iche iche, mgbe e mesịrị na-akpọ Cubo-Futurism, n'otu dị iche iche na-ede uri nke Silver Age. The kasị ama nke ya Futurist na-ede uri - bụ V. V. Hlebnikov, D. D. Burlyuk, V. Kamensky, Kruchenykh, V. V. Mayakovsky na ndị ọzọ. Egofuturizm I. Severianin (ede uri I. V. Lotarev, afọ nke ndụ - 1887-1941) bụ otu n'ime iche a na-emekarị. Na otu "Centrifuge" malitere ọrụ ha mara Soviet na-ede uri B. L. Pasternak na N. N. Aseev.

Freedom of uri okwu

Russian Futurists kwusara onwe nke ụdị na ọdịnaya, ya mgbanwe, na-akparaghị ókè nnwere onwe nke uri okwu. Ha kpamkpam jụrụ edemede omenala. Na manifesto, na a nnọọ cocky akpọ "ụra na ihu ọha uto", bipụtara na otu collection of 1912, ndị nnọchiteanya nke a na-emekarị ume otutu kwụsịrị "ship nke modernity" ghọtara ọchịchị dị otú ahụ dị ka Dostoevsky, Pushkin na Tolstoy. Kruchenykh gbachiteere nri nke na-ede uri na ike ha, "abstruse" asụsụ, nke nwere dịghị akpan akpan uru. Ya amaokwu na-N'eziokwu dochie-apụghị ịghọta aghọta, efu set nke okwu. Ma VV Kamensky (afọ nke ndụ - 1884-1961) na V. Khlebnikov (afọ nke ndụ - 1885-1922) na-enwe ike na-ebu ya na-arụ ọrụ nnọọ na-akpali nwere na asụsụ na-amị mkpụrụ mmetụta na mba uri.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

Futurist na bụ a ma ama na-ede uri Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930). Ya mbụ poems e bipụtara na 1912. Vladimir Vladimirovich meworo ka a na mpaghara ya theme, nke site na mmalite-eme ka ọ na-eguzo n'etiti ndị ọzọ so. Mayakovsky, Futurist lobbied maka ihe e kere eke nke ndụ ọhụrụ na otu, ma ọ bụghị naanị megide dị iche iche "junk".

Na nke bu ya ụzọ mgbanwe nke 1917 mgbe ndị na-ede uri bụ a revolutionary ihunanya, onye katọrọ ndị na-akpọ alaeze "ọdụdụ", hụ ihe na-abịanụ revolutionary oké ifufe. Ịgọnahụ niile ẹdude ikeketeorie mmekọahụ usoro, ọ kpọsara humanist okwukwe na nwoke dị otú ahụ poems dị ka "Idé ọjà", "A Cloud na Uwe Ọkpa Ogologo", "mmadụ", "Agha na Udo". Topic bipụtara na 1915 (naanị na truncated ụdị nnyocha), na uri "A Cloud na Uwe Ọkpa Ogologo" na-ede uri onwe ya kọwaa n'ihu dị ka 4 mkpu "Down!" Down na ịhụnanya, nkà, iji na okpukpe. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ Russian na-ede uri gosiri na ha amaokwu eziokwu nke ọha mmadụ ọhụrụ.

nihilism

Na afọ ndị bu ụzọ mgbanwe ke Russian uri adị na-egbuke egbuke ahụ, nke bụ ike ịsị na a akpan akpan edemede ije. Ọ M. I. Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) na M. Voloshin (1877-1932). Mgbe 1910 e nwere ihe ọzọ ọhụrụ ntụziaka - futurism, emegide onwe ya na-niile e ji amụ, ọ bụghị nanị n'oge gara aga ma na-ugbu a. Ọ bịara n'ụwa na a ọchịchọ mebie niile ideals. Nihilism nwere ike hụrụ na mpụga imewe-ede abụ uri collections, nke e bipụtara na azụ nke akwụkwọ ahụaja afụchi akwụkwọ dị ka nke ọma dị ka ha na utu aha - "Nwụrụ Anwụ Ọnwa", "nne inyinya mmiri ara" na ndị ọzọ na-ahụkarị Futurist uri.

"Ụra n'Agbanyeghị Public Ire"

Na mbụ e bipụtara na 1912 n'akwụkwọ "ụra n'Agbanyeghị Public Ire" e bipụtara nkwupụta. Ọ na-e-aka site maara nke ọma na-ede uri-futurists. Ọ bụ Andrew Kruchenykh, David Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky na Velimir Khlebnikov. Na ya na ha na-ekwu ha nanị nri na ihe, na-ọnụ na-ekwuru ya oge. Ede uri agọ ka Dostoyevsky si ideals, Pushkin, Tolstoy, ma n'otu oge na Balmont, ya "senti ịkwa iko," Andreyev na ya "unyi slime", Maxim Gorky, Alexander Blok, Aleksandra Kuprina na ndị ọzọ.

Jụrụ niile futurists manifesto esetịpụrụ "àmụmà" onwe-bara uru okwu. Na-agba mbọ, n'adịghị Vladimira Vladimirovicha Mayakovskogo, ịkwatu ẹdude elekọta mmadụ iji, ha dị nnọọ chọrọ imelite ya iche-iche. Na Russian version nke slogan "agha - naanị ọcha nke ụwa", a na-ewere na ntọala nke Italian Futurism, e ebelatawo, Otú ọ dị, dị ka Valery Bryusov, a akụziri ka na "gbapụrụ n'etiti edoghi."

Dị ka e kwuru site Vadim Shershenevich, Silver Age Futurist mbụ akpọlite ndị kwesịrị ekwesị larịị ụdị, na-enye ya a uru nke isi, samotselevogo mmewere nke ọrụ ahụ. Ha haa jụrụ n'amaokwu ndị na-na-e dere nanị n'ihi na nke otu echiche. Ya mere, e nwere a set nke iwu kwuru ụkpụrụ.

The ọhụrụ asụsụ

Velimir Khlebnikov, ọzọ theorist nke Futurism, mara ọkwa a ọhụrụ "abstruse" asụsụ dị ka a asụsụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'ụwa nile. Ọ tụfuru ihe okwu, kama nke enweta a nke onye ọnụnụ. N'ihi ya, ụdaume na-ghọtara dị ka ohere na oge (aspirational), consonants - ụda, agba, isi. Ná mgbalị iji mụbaa ókèala nke asụsụ, ọ na-enye ike okwu na-adabere na nke na-akpata (mgbọrọgwụ: emere ọtụmọkpọ ..., uche ... - "anyị Charu na shied pụọ").

Aestheticism simvolisticheskoy na karịsịa uri Acmeist Futurists megide mata deestetizatsiyu. Ka ihe atụ, "uri - tattered Wench" David Burliuk. Valeriy Bryusov na nyochaa nke "The Year nke Russian abu" (1914) kwuru, na-ekwu adịghị ọnụ ọjọọ chụpụ Futurist uri, ọ bụ ezughị ịbara ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị ha gburugburu, ka na-ahụ ihe ọhụrụ. O kwuru na ihe niile ndị a innovations ostensibly chepụtara echepụta na-ede uri. Anyị izute ha na abụ uri nke narị afọ nke 18, na Virgil na Pushkin, na ụda na-agba ozizi a chọrọ Teofilem Gote.

mgbagwoju nke mmekọrịta

Ọ bụ na-akpali na, ihe niile na-agugo na nkà, na Futurists Silver Age ka na-eche na continuity nke atụ. Ya mere, Alexander Blok, nke lekọtara ọrụ Igorya Severyanina kwuru na nchegbu na ọ na-adịghị nwere a isiokwu na isiokwu 1915 Valeriy Bryusov kwuru na enweghi ike na-eche na enweghị ihe ọmụma eleda ya uri. Ọ blames Ugwu na vulgarity, ọjọọ uto, karịsịa akatọ ya poems banyere agha ahụ.

Ọbụna azụ na 1912, Alexander Blok kwuru na ọ na-atụ ụjọ ihe ndị modernists enweghị isi. N'oge na-adịghị, echiche nke "Futurist" na "emegbu" aghọwo agakọta ka agafeghị oke ọha na eze nke afọ ndị ahụ. Press ejiri anyaukwu soro "ịkpa" na creators nke ọhụrụ art. N'ihi nke a, ha bịara mara ka ọha na eze, dọtara a otutu anya. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a na-emekarị na Russia bụ a mgbagwoju mmekọrịta dị n'etiti anọ bụ isi dị iche iche, ọ bụla nke o kweere na ọ na-egosi "ezi" futurism, na fiercely rụrụ ụka na ndị ọzọ, ihe ịma aka na aha ọrụ. Nke a agha weere ọnọdụ na ibe nnyocha aga, nke enwekwu ha iche na ibu iro. Ma, mgbe ụfọdụ òtù dị iche iche dị iche iche si onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ ha na-ezukọ.