Gastrulation - ya ... The guzobere multi-layered nwa

Blastula, na-akpọ germinal afụ, ọ bụ ikpeazụ n'ihi nke ndinuak àkwá. Nzọụkwụ ọzọ ya n'azu, enyene onye n'etiti ọnọdụ n'etiti ngwepịa na organogenesis, embryogenesis bụ gastrulation. Ya pụtara n'ụzọ bụ isi bụ guzobe nke atọ ngidịrigi izizi: endodamụ, ektodamụ na mesodamụ. Na ọzọ okwu, ọ gastrulation-amalite na-amalite amalite morphogenesis na iche nke ihe organism.

The definition nke "gastrulation"

Ọbụna azụ na 1901 gastrulation kọwawo ya dị ka ụzọ nke ẹmbrayo n'ime ọdịda mesodamụ, endodamụ na ektodamụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Nke a definition na-egosi ịdị adị nke pụrụ iche blastula organoobrazuyuschih oghere. N'ịmata na ọ bụ mara mma dị mfe nkọwa, ọ dị mfe ịkwaga a ihe mgbagwoju ndị a, a pụtara okwu. Gastrulation - bụ a usoro nke morphogenetic mmegharị na-ebute ije nke rudiments nke ákwà na ebe e kenyere ha na dị na "atụmatụ" nke nzukọ nke ahu. Usoro mgbagwoju mgbanwe na-esonyere ibu na mmeputakwa, directional ije na iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

Ịtụle gastrulation na a ọzọ n'ozuzu ya, ọ pụrụ kpebisiri ike dị ka onye n'etiti nzọụkwụ, nke a otu ike usoro, n'oge nke mmegharị ngalaba blastula, nke budata mmemmem usoro ntughari ka organogenesis.

N'ịga mkpụrụ ndụ

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-enye a n'ozuzu nkọwa nke usoro n'okpuru echiche, anyị pụrụ ikwu na gastrulation - ya embolism na epiboly. Ma okwu na-egosipụta morphogenetic mmegharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ, nke pụtara nnọọ na niile nkebi nke ontogenetic mmepe nke organism. Otú ọ dị, ha na-kacha akpọ mgbe ọ gastrulation. Epiboly akpọ usoro nke na-akpụ akpụ n'elu nke cell ntọala, na embolism - ha ije n'ime ya.

Na embryology iche ndị na-esonụ isi ụdị nke gastrulation ma ọ bụ cell ije: intussusception, mbata na ọpụpụ, involution, delamination na epiboly. Maka ozi ọzọ banyere ha - mgbe e mesịrị na isiokwu.

N'ịga cell n'ígwé

Soro na usoro nke gastrulation nwere ike ọ bụghị nanị na-ekewapụ (akwaga kpamkpam) mkpụrụ ndụ, kamakwa dum cell Ibé akwụkwọ. The direction kpebisiri na mgbe nile na-anya interactions. The mbụ agha meghere P. Weiss na 20s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ na ikpe na-egosi na-na embryogenesis, nke abụọ - a obere na-pụrụ iche, na nkịtị morphogenesis ime na ala puru.

Mgbe gastrulation cell fragmentation emee. Ka ugbua kwuru n'elu, na ije-amalite na cell pụta dị ka a n'ihi nke guzobere abụọ oyi akwa na-amalite amalite na-akpọ gastrula. Bụrụnụ ndị na-doro anya na anya endodamụ na ektodamụ. All multicellular ntule (ma e wezụga naanị coelenterates) gastrulation yiri na ma ọ bụ ozugbo na ọ na-kpụrụ germinal atọ akwukwo akpọ mesodamụ. Ọ bụ a collection nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'agbata endodamụ na ektodamụ. N'ihi ya, ẹmbrayo na-aghọ a atọ oyi akwa.

Ụzọ nke gastrulation bụ kpọmkwem dabere na ụdị blastula.

invaginated gastrula

usoro aha na-ekwu maka onwe ya. Intussusception - a otu-oyi akwa mgbidi invagination nke blastula (balstodermy) n'ime blastocoel. The kasị oge ochie na kasị doro anya ihe atụ bụ a roba bọl. Site na ịpị ihe ọ na-enwe n'ime. Invagination nwere ike na-ada na nsọtu mgbidi ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ na-adịghị mkpa. N'ihi bụ a mgbanwe nke blastula na gastrula a nwetara dị ka a sọrọ oyi akwa akpa archenteron. Ya n'ime mgbidi bụ isi endodamụ na elu - isi ektodamụ. Ihe ebe archenteron (isi eriri afọ) agwa n'èzí site oghere, a na-akpọ blastopore. Ya nke abụọ aha - isi n'ọnụ. Ya n'ihu mmepe na-adabere na ụdị organism. Na ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ ndị blastopore emecha ghọrọ n'ime definitive n'ọnụ. Na nke a, ha na-akpọ protostomes (molluscs, ikpuru, ụmụ ahụhụ). Na deuterostome blastopore ghọrọ ka neuro-nsia duct-ewekarị ndị nọ n'azụ na akụkụ nke ẹmbrayo na (na chordates) ma ọ bụ ike.

mbata na ọpụpụ gastrula

Immigration gastrulation - a usoro nke na-akpụ a abụọ oyi akwa nke ẹmbrayo, ndị kasị mara nke coelenterates. Gastrula a kpụrụ otu onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike akụkụ n'ime blastocoel nke blastula mkpụrụ ndụ. Nke a mbata na ọpụpụ bụ unipolar ke uwa. Sel akpali naanị na vegetal osisi. E mesịa, ha na-etolite endodamụ, t. E. N'ime oyi akwa. Nke ahụ bụ ụzọ gastrulation-ewe ke hydroids azundika jelii.

blastoderm mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime blastocoel nwere ike iru ma ọ bụ na ihe ọ bụla otu ebe, ma n'elu dum nwa n'elu. Nke a mbata na ọpụpụ na-akpọ multipolar, ma hụ na ọ dị nnọọ obere.

Ọtụtụ coelenterates, nke bụ peculiar na mbata na ọpụpụ ụzọ gastrulation emee nke nọ n'ọrụ "nchupu" nke mkpụrụ ndụ blastula na gastrula, kpụrụ dị ka a N'ihi ya, na-efunari blastocoel. Na nke a, e ji mara maka gara aga usoro invaginated blastopore offline.

Delaminatsionnaya gastrula

Nke a obere umu mbụ kọwara gastrula Mechnikovym I. I., na ọ bụ ahụkarị ndị coelenterates. Soro gastrulation Filiks dị nnọọ peculiar, ma na-aghọta ha mfe mgbe atụle a typical ikpe. Ka ihe atụ, na àkwá nke ụfọdụ stsifomeduz nwere concentric na ọma iche akụkụ ụfọdụ nke cytoplasm: n'oké na grainy (ectoplasm) na cellular (endoplasma). Ha na-ji a dịtụ edo na synchronous nkewa: 2, 4, 8, 16. N'ikpeazụ izizi nwere 32 blastomere. Ọzọkwa, nkewa na rụrụ yiri elu nke ẹmbrayo. An mpụta oyi akwa kpụrụ blastomeres esịnede ectoplasm na esịtidem - nke akụkụ nke ectoplasm na endoplasmic. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, multilayer nucleation usoro bụ site ekewa a otu oyi akwa abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe ahụ, nanị esịtidem blastomeres gburu na ọzọ ẹbiet na n'elu nke ẹmbrayo, nke bụ n'ihi nke ndị dị otú ahụ a ụdị gastrulation enweta a * Tụkwasị na udi. Ọ mejupụtara a ewepụghị 64 akpụ ektodamụ mkpụrụ ndụ 32 na a convex, nke na-etolite ndabere endodamụ.

Epibolicheskaya gastrula

Na ụmụ anụmanụ na akpọ telolecithal Ọdịdị nke àkwá (nkochi ime akwa dechapụ na vegetal osisi), gastrulation emee epibolicheskomu ejiji. Macromers bụ nnukwu blastomeres na kee nnọọ nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebu a nnukwu ego nke nkochi ime akwa. Ha enweghị ike ime, na nke a, ha n'ụzọ nkịtị "iri ari" karị micromeres emi odude ke cell n'elu. Dị otú ahụ na gastrulation blastopore anọghị na archenteron bụghị kpụrụ. Nanị mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe macromers ma-ebelata ke size, ọ na-amalite na-etolite a uji eze, izizi nke isi bowel.

involution

Involutional gastrulation - a usoro na mejupụtara ke "n'inwe" nke elu mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime ẹmbrayo guzobere. Ọ na-aba ụba size, gbatịrị tinyere n'ime n'elu. Usoro a bụ ihe e ji mara nke gastrulation mezoletsitalnymi ụmụ anụmanụ na àkwá - Amphibia (amphibians). Bugharịa ihe na-eduga onu nke ebe miri mkpụrụ ndụ na-egbochi mmepe archenteron. Na ha ụgha akwọ ụgbọala odudu nke involution.

Mixed mode nke gastrulation

Dị ka a maara, embryogenesis - bụ ihe mbụ na oge nke mmepe nke onye ọ bụla organism si tụụrụ ime ka nwa. Gastrulation bụ otu onye nke nkebi, nke abụọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ndinuak. Ya ụzọ dị nnọọ iche na ha nwere ike ịbụ tụnyere a nnukwu ogo conditionality. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a na-achọ a zuru ezu na-amụ na analysis. Otú ọ dị, a ka nwere otu onye na-akara nke nrutu n'etiti abụọ. N'ihi ya, dị ka a ụdị n'onwe nwere ike na-ahuta invagination usoro epiboly na delamination nwere myirịta na mbata na ọpụpụ.

Rịba ama na na ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ na gastrulation bụ a jikọrọ ụzọ. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ n'out oge epiboly na intussusception, na ndị ọzọ morphogenetic Filiks. Karịsịa, ọ bụ ya mere gastrulation n'akparamagwa amphibians. Na nke a, ọtụtụ ndị mata mbuaha usoro.

gastrula

N'ụzọ nkịtị Latin okwu "gastrula" na-sụgharịrị dị ka "afo, afo". Ọ na-anọchi anya a kpọmkwem na ogbo nke na-amalite amalite na mmepe nke multicellular ntule. A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke gastrula - bụ ọnụnọ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ngidịrigi izizi. The usoro nke ya guzobere - a na-adọ nke gastrulation.

The mfe ngwaọrụ anya si ndị nnọchiteanya nke coelenterates ụmụ anụmanụ. Ha na-ji gastrula ellipsoidal udi na a unicellular mpụta oyi akwa (ektodamụ) na esịtidem ìgwè sel (endodamụ), na "isi gootu". Ahụkarị atụle gastrula oké osimiri urchin, nke na-kpụrụ invagination. The nwoke gastrulation na-ewe ebe 8-9 nke ụbọchị nke development. Gastrula bụ a esisịt disk-dị ka guzobere kpụrụ si n'ime cell uka.

Dị ka a na-achị, ọtụtụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na gastrula ogbo nwa nwere ike na-kpam kpam na bụ na akpa nwa, ma ọ bụ na egg membranes. Otú ọ dị, e nwere wezụga. N'ihi ya, larvae coelenterates planuly anọchi anya free-gastrula.