Gerbert Guver (Herbert Clark Hoover), 31 nke President nke United States: biography, onye ndụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ

Future US President Gerbert Guver a mụrụ August 10, 1874 na West Alaka. Nne na nna ya ndị Quaker si n'ógbè Iowa na German mgbọrọgwụ. The nwata nna ere ugbo na ngwá na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a uzú. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe Herbert bụ naanị 6 afọ. Mama m nwụrụ na ọzọ 4 afọ. Ịnọgide nwa mgbei nwata kwagara nwanne nna ya na Oregon. Na 1891, nwa Hoover banyere eve meghere Stanford University. Site na ọrụ ya bụ a Ngwuputa engineer, na e nweghị ihe ịrịba ama na a ọkachamara ga-aku na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Ọrụ Ngwuputa engineer

Na 1895, Gerbert Guver natara a okokporo ogo. Ya ọkachamara ọrụ bụ akpali nnọọ akpali. Ma, ọ na niile malitere obi umeala. First Stanford gụsịrị akwụkwọ nwetara a Cleaner rock na Ngwuputa ụlọ ọrụ ụgwọ Gold Mine. Mgbe ahụ a na-eto eto ọkachamara nwere mmasị na British. English Bewick, Moreing na Company, pụrụ iche na gold, egowo 23-afọ Hoover na seconded ya ka Australia. Na "green Afrika" American ibe kụziiri e kpọmkwem Californian usoro nke dị oké ọnụ ahịa metal Ngwuputa. Na Australia, Gerbert Guver nweela uru ahụmahụ bụghị nanị dị ka a geologist, kamakwa dị ka a faili.

Mgbe ahụ ọkachamara natara na-atụghị anya na-enye si Chinese ọchịchị. Na China na Ngwuputa bụ na a oge ochie ala. The Chinese chọrọ ịmụta site oge a na Western ahụmahụ. Ọ bụ ya mere ike na energetic Gerbert Guver bụ ihe kasị mma nwa akwukwo maka ha. American "kechioma" na-na China na a oge mgbe a malitere aha ọjọọ oku okpu Nnupụisi. Ọ bụ a-efegharị efegharị nke pogroms na ndị mba ọzọ na ebe. Against ndị na-achị ndị mba ọzọ na ndị tumadi nkịtị. Ha mere na-amasị Ndị Kraịst ndị ozi ala ọzọ ọrụ.

Ozugbo Tianjin, ebe Hoover bi, batara n'okpuru shelling. Rebel shei suru ụlọ dị gafee okporo ámá si American engineer n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị ahụ, Herbert Clark Hoover, okowụt ndụ ha, bugara onye-ebibi ụlọ ma napụta a Chinese girl. Ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị, na 1928, ọ dị ka a president na nwa akwukwo na United States machibidoro akuko ka ọha na eze akụkọ n'oge ntuli aka mgbasa ozi. N'oge oku okpu Nnupụisi American na-abụghị nanị na-kpọmkwem ọrụ, ma weghachi ebibi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Personal ndụ

Amazing ọrụ olileanya na China mewo Hoover na-eche banyere ọdịnihu ha ezinụlọ. The nwa okorobịa ama ama a gbasara ndị nọgidere na-ebi California. Na 1898, ọdịnihu Lou Genri Guver natara si alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ telegram, na nke ọ kọwara na-abịa njem Asia na awa ya ịlụ nwunye. The girl kwetara. The ụzọ jikọtara nkekọ alụmdi na nwunye February 10, 1899, n'obodo Monterrey. N'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ya na di ya Lu Genri were Quaker okwukwe. The nwunye lụrụ ọhụrụ ụgbọ mmiri na a ụgbọ mmiri na China bụ ugbua n'echi agbamakwụkwọ. Òtù Ọlụlụ kemgbe nso Herbert. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1964.

Na Hoover nwere ụmụ abụọ. Herbert mụrụ na 1903, ghọrọ onye engineer na a diplomaati. Ka nna ya, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na Stanford University. Na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye engineer na ubi nke ugbo elu injinịa, Geophysics, na 50 bụ Secretary nke State na-elekọta Middle East njikọ. Nwa nwoke nke nta Allan nwekwara ibu a Ngwuputa engineer, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya nọrọ na California.

Entrepreneur na philanthropist

Na 1901, Gerbert Guver ekpe China. Ọ ghọrọ co-nwe Bewick, Moreing & Co, pụrụ iche na Ngwuputa ụlọ ọrụ. N'ihi na oge ụfọdụ, ọ laghachiri Australia. N'afọ 1908, Hoover malitere ọrụ ya dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha ndụmọdụ. Sochiri a oge nke imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ n'ụwa nile. The ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ na San Francisco, London, New York, St. Petersburg, Paris, na ọbụna Burma, ebe otu mgbe butere ọrịa ịba. Future US president rụkọrọ ọrụ na Ural magnates. Karịsịa, o nyeere ịzụlite Kyshtym ọla kọpa nkwụnye ego, na mgbe ahụ gbara mines na Altai Ugwu. Ekele ọma investments ke 1914 Herbert Hoover ghọrọ a ọgaranya. Ya onwe ya ala bụ ihe $ 4 nde.

Hoover ndụ agbanweela nnọọ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1914, ọ bụ na London. The US nnọchianya na Britain jụrụ Hoover aka hazie repatriation nke US ụmụ amaala na-ahụ onwe ha Europe tupu ize ndụ. Ọ bụ nnukwu uka nke ndị - 120 na puku ndị mmadụ.

Mgbe ahụ, ọdịnihu president Gerbert Guver guzosie ike a ọrụ na-enyere ndị nwere Belgium. Germany ọbụna kwetara ruo enyemaka, nke na-anapụta ndị Chile site n'oké osimiri. N'oge a na British nsoro nọ Germany na a naval mgbochi. The British nwekwara anaghị enye nnyefe nke ibu na ndị nkịtị. Hoover Commission ngwa ngwa ghọrọ a oké njọ mmetụta. Ọ zụtara nri na Australia na America, na ya nsoro dịrị a ole na ole na iri na abuo ụgbọ mmiri.

The nnọọ ọdịnihu nke 31st President nke United States ọtụtụ ugboro gafere n'ihu akara na mgbe niile okowụt ndụ ya. Ya-arụsi ọrụ udo-apụghị ileghara anya. N'afọ 1919, ọtụtụ rụzuru na-eje ozi ndi mmadu na-engineering Washington Award e ọdịda ka Hoover.

Minister nke ahia

Site na njedebe nke agha, Hoover ghọrọ a maara nke ọma na a ma ama. Na 1918 site na mkpebi nke President Woodrow Wilson , ọ we duru American Relief Administration. Ọ were niile ahụ: enyere nzukọ ebibi Europe (kasị ibu na-exported na Poland na Czechoslovakia). Ọ bụ ezie na mbụ World War ama n'elu, a ọhụrụ ọbara agha tiwapụrụ na Russia, ebe Civil War malitere.

Na 1919, nzukọ malitere inyere Hoover White Northwest Army. The Americans me wheat na ọka ntụ ọka, agwa, peas, condensed mmiri ara ehi, mmanu abuba. Na 1921, Hoover bụ US Secretary of Commerce. Ọ họpụtara President Uorren Garding, pụtara ọnụ ọtụtụ ahụmahụ nkà nhazi.

Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na a na post Hoover keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ndị American radio ụlọ ọrụ. Mgbe akpọsa eji ndị a ngwaọrụ usoro Ministry of Trade na Hoover onwe. Ọ bụ ya mere oké, na Federal Court napụrụ ike nke isi nke ngalaba. N'ihi nke a, ruo ọtụtụ afọ, America ahụhụ si id ha onwe ha na redio, ebe dị iche iche ụgbọ wee na ikuku n'otu ugboro.

Mgbaghoju anya biri na 1927. Congress gafere ama Radio Act, dị ka nke a pụrụ iche Federal Radio Commission e kere.

Nyere Soviet Russia

Na 1921 ọ malitere a ụnwụ dara na ka kụrụ hardest na Volga mpaghara Russia. Ihe kpatara nke bụ Civil War, na isiike iwu nke requisitioning zuru ezu Mbibi n'ime obodo. Ọ bukwanu mmetụta ná mba ọzọ bụ onye so dee Maxim Gorky jụrụ ndị US ọchịchị maka enyemaka. Hoover ama maka ya mgbochi-Bolshevik ọnọdụ, ma kwetara na-akwado agụụ na-agụ. Na August 1921, Riga, ndị American Relief Administration na Ndị mmadụ Commissar maka Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov bịanyere aka nkwekọrịta na ọkọnọ nke kwesiri ibu na Soviet Russia.

Ná mmalite, aka e nyere nanị ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa. The Americans haziri table, nke nwere ike inwe naanị ihe ndị kasị dị mkpa agụụ. Ha natara a pụrụ iche input kaadị.

Na Petrograd naanị Americans meghere 120 canteens, nke e akpata karịa 42 puku ụmụ. Ihe bụ isi eruba n'ime nri zigara Volga: Samara, Kazan, Saratov na Simbirsk ógbè (nke pụtara n'ihu banyere 7000 esi). A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe mmalite nke deliveries Hoover na Washington okpu kwenye omeiwu ịgbatị ego nke usoro ihe omume.

Nsogbu bụ na n'oge ahụ ukara na US ọchịchị na-aghọta na Soviet ọchịchị. Deliveries na Russia kwụsịrị na 1923. N'ime oge a, dị ka Commissariat, e dị banyere 585.000 tọn ihe oriri, ọgwụ na uwe.

onyeisi oche

Na 1928, Hoover (dị ka onye so na US Republican Party) banyere ọzọ president mba. Ya isi aka bụ a Democrat Alfred Smith. Hoover bụ ike merie ya ekele aha. Behind ya bụ a onye ịga nke ọma dị ka a na-azụ ahịa na-enyere Europe n'oge agha. Ke adianade do, ndị America na-atụle onye n'uru nke Minista Commerce ịtụnanya aku ọganihu 20s.

Otú ọ dị, na isi Hoover ọha ụlọ ọrụ ndị ji mmalite nke Akwa Iduọ Ndutịm Uforo. Stock ahịa nsogbu mere ka ida nke aku na uba. Hoover aghaghị ịnagide aku oké ifufe, amasị nke nke ọ bụghị na ma na US ma ọ bụ Europe. President si mgbochi nsogbu iwu e belata ka a ole na ole isi ihe. Akpa, ọ gbalịrị inye ndị ọzọ mmepe nke obere onwe ulo oru. Nke abuo, Hoover gbalịrị ime ka na-arụrụ ọrụ na-iji belata ya mmepụta. Serious irritant na ọha mmadụ a agha dị n'etiti ịlụ na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ. The President gbalịrị nro mmegide a.

Ke adianade do, Hoover chọrọ a usoro ihe omume nke oke ọha ọrụ, nke e kwesịrị dozie nsogbu nke na-ebili na-enweghị ọrụ. Na 1930, Congress mma atụmatụ na ekenyela maka ya, mmejuputa iwu 750 nde. Ma, n'agbanyeghị mgbalị nke ala itinye aka ọnọdụ, ọnọdụ nọgidere na-aka njọ. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1930, ọrụ malitere massively belata ha mmepụta.

Na aro nke Hoover, Congress kere a ego, ego site n'aka nke ihe ndị kasị mkpa ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nakwa dị ka n'aka na ichekwa ego na bank oru. N'otu oge, ndị President vetoed iwu on kpọmkwem enyemaka ego na-enweghị ọrụ, na-ewere na oké ego infusion ga-ịnapụ ndị a nke ụzọ na-achọta a ọrụ ọhụrụ. Site 1932, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha ruru na-enwetụbeghị ụdị 12 nde ndị mmadụ, na ihe nile US mmepụta n'oge nsogbu dara site 50%.

akụkwa mgbanwe

Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ịmata na ná mmalite 1929 Hoover wee ike, ọ na-aga na-ebu aku mgbanwe, nke di ka n'ihu imeda obodo si mmetụta na aku na uba. Ọ bụ a-aga n'ihu N'ezie nke Libertarianism, ma ọ bụ ndị na-akpọ ụkpụrụ nke noninterference. Na-eme ka aku program, Hoover dabeere na ha onwe ha na ahụmahụ entrepreneur, na-arụ ọrụ na a dịgasị iche iche nke mba gburugburu ụwa.

Ọzọ dị ịrịba na anụ ụlọ iwu nke 1929-1933. bụ oruru nke Federal Bureau of Prisons na reorganization nke Bureau of Indian Affairs. Hoover nwekwara ike gbachiteere ụgwọ ezumike nká mgbanwe, dị ka a n'ihi nke nke ọ bụla American karịrị afọ 65 kwesịrị ịnata $ 50 kwa ọnwa. N'ihi Akwa Iduọ Ndutịm Uforo , a ụzọ na-adịghị ghọtara.

mba ọzọ amụma

Na 1928, Gerbert Guver nwere na-enwetụbeghị ụdị njem nke iri na Latin America. N'oge njem, ọ sịrị 25 okwu na-eleta ha dugara orùrù nke mmekọahụ mba nke Afrika. Mgbe ọ nọ na Argentina, Hoover fọrọ nke nta ghọrọ a aja nke mgbu mmadu nke obodo anarchist.

N'agbanyeghị ihe nile mgbagwoju nke president ike tọọ ntọala a ọhụrụ iwu nke "ezi onye agbata obi", nke dochie ọtụtụ "banana agha". Nke a cliché akpọ US omume megide Caribbean na Central America, ndị America, akpan akpan, na-achịkwa Puerto Rico na Cuba. The iwu nke "ezi onye agbata obi" na-aka iso n'okpuru Roosevelt. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ, na 1934, American agha ekpe Haiti.

The ọdịda nke re-ntuli aka

The kpata ajọ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na-emegide ndị ịtụkwasị obi nke Hoover. Na-eru nso president ntuli aka na 1932, na ya dị larịị nke support bụ prohibitively ala. N'oge omenala tupu ntuli aka ikwu okwu Ntuli Hoover ihu a ọjọọ na-ege ntị mere ihe wutere. Ndorodoro nke president bụ Franklin Roosevelt. Ọ ndibọhọ ntuli aka, na-aghọ ọzọ isi nke United States.

Republican nwa akwukwo ahụhụ a eke mmeri. Hoover dịkọrọ ndụ ebubo gwụsịrị na-mgbochi nsogbu omume, nke nwere ike mee ka obi aku oké ifufe. Roosevelt, ebe arahụ oké jikoro na proposing a ọhụrụ N'ezie, ọnọdụ ịgbatị. N'otu oge ahụ, ọbụna taa, akụkọ ihe mere eme mara na Hoover ghọrọ a njigide ọnọdụ. Ọ bụ keihuojoo na-president na eve nke nsogbu na bilitere bụghị ya mmejọ ya, na n'ihi ebumnobi na ihe mere, kopivshimsya ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Akwado Hoover kwuru na kwuru na mgbe elu nke Akwa Iduọ Ndutịm Uforo, ọ dịghị ihe na-enyere ndị president America enweghi ike.

Mgbe e mesịrị afọ na ketara

Radicalism Roosevelt bụ na ọ rịgooro n'elu oké nke ala ọrụ na aku na uba, megidere na-emebu ahịa na US nlereanya.

Hoover, na-aghọ a onwe amaala, n'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ katọrọ atumatu nke nọchiri ya. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ kwalitere bụghị igbochi na European omume.

Hoover laghachi ukara ọrụ n'okpuru President Truman na Eisenhower. Nwetara manager gawa na kọmitii, na-eduga na mgbanwe nke ala ngwa. O dere ọtụtụ isiokwu na akwụkwọ, gụnyere memoirs, nke kọwara ya na-egbuke egbuke na-eto eto njem. Hoover bụ ex-president n'oge ndekọ maka ya oge ahụ, 31 na-afọ. Ọ nwụrụ na October 20, 1964 na New York. Kpụrụ onye mbụ bụ 90 afọ. Ikpeazụ ya izu ike ebe aghọwo a nwaafo Iowa.

United States ji ebe nchekwa nke 31st president, onye, n'agbanyeghị nke niile nuances Oké Ndakpọ agadi nwere ike mgbanwe na-abụghị n'anya ụmụ amaala. Aha ya ọtụtụ ihe na ebe. The kasị mara bụ ndị Hoover oche (AZ). The dam na Colorado River, na taa a na-atụle ga-pụrụ iche. Ya na-ewu malitere n'oge President Hoover na 1931, ga-akwụsị na Roosevelt na 1936. The mbụ drafts nke dam pụtara na 1920s. Hoover bụ mgbe ahụ na-eje ozi nke ahia na ghọrọ onye òtù nke Commission maka dam oru ngo. N'ihi ya, bụ ike ọwa mmiri nke dị n'ebe ndịda nke California na mmepe nke obodo agriculture, nakwa dị ka ịkwụsị enupụ isi ugwu osimiri.