Ihe bụ isi akụkụ nke ICB na okpomọkụ n'ihe

Ịmụta Filiks aa na mgbakọ na mwepụ usoro, a kacha nta urughuru size bụ mgbagwoju anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ha. Tụlee iche iche onye ọ bụla urughuru bụ fọrọ agaghị ekwe omume, ọ dị ịme mgbakọ na mwepụ quantities: nkezi ike ọsọ nke ahụ, ha ịta, urughuru uka. Formula ihe e ji mara ala nke usoro na microscopic kwa, a na-akpọ isi akụkụ nke molekụla kinetic Ozizi, haruru (ICB).

A obere banyere nkezi ike ọsọ nke ahụ

Ịchọpụta na ike ọsọ nke ahụ a rụrụ maka oge mbụ experimentally. Mara si usoro ọmụmụ nnwale ekenịmde Otto Shternom, na-ekwe ka ike a na foto nke urughuru velocities. The nnwale nyochaworo ukporo nke silver atọm na n'usoro cylinders: akpa anyịnya echichi, mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ na-agbagharị na ụfọdụ angular ike ọsọ.

N'ihi ya, ọ hụrụ na ọnụego nke silver ụmụ irighiri karịa ndị na-agba nke ụda na bụ 500 m / s. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ ezi-akpali, ebe ndị dị otú ahụ ike ọsọ nke ahụ na bekee a onye na-eche ike.

zuru okè gas

Iji nọgide na-amụ na-apụtakarị naanị na usoro, kwa nke kọwaa kpọmkwem nha nwere ike ịbụ na-eji anụ ahụ na ngwaọrụ. Speed tụrụ spidomita, ma ọ bụ ihe ka ịgbakwunye a spidomita ka a otu urughuru bụ uche na-adịghị. Kpọmkwem tụọ naanị macroscopic oke metụtara ngagharị nke ahụ.

Tụlee gas nsogbu. The nsogbu na arịa mgbidi na-kere-abia gas ụmụ irighiri ugbu ke arịa. The peculiarity nke gaseous ala nke okwu - a pụtara nnukwu anya n'etiti obere ahụ na ha na mmekọrịta ya na onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a na-enye ohere ka ozugbo tụọ nsogbu.

Ọ bụla usoro inwe mmekọrịta ozu e ji ike na ume na kinetic ike nke ngagharị. Real gas - a mgbagwoju usoro. The mgbanwe nke nwere ike karịrị systematization. Nsogbu nwere ike edozi site ewebata a nlereanya, ihe e ji mara Njirimara nke ụgbọelu gas sweeps ndị ahụ na-mgbagwoju anya nke na mmekọrịta.

Otu ezigbo gas - a kwuo nke okwu nke na mmekọrịta nke ahụ bụ negligible, nwere ike nke na mmekọrịta nēche efu. Ọ nwere ike na-atụle ịrịba kinetic ike, nke na-adabere na urughuru ike ọsọ.

Ezigbo Gas Pressure

Chọpụta na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gas nsogbu na ike ọsọ nke ahụ na-enye ohere ya isi akụkụ MKT ezigbo gas. A urughuru-akpụ akpụ na a arịa, na nkukota na mgbidi ya Site n'ibu a usu onye bara uru nwere ike kpebisiri dabeere II Newton iwu:

• FΔt = 2m ₀ v _x

Na-agbanwe agbanwe na urughuru ọkụ na-agbanwe ujo metụtara na mgbanwe nke kwụ akụrụngwa nke ya ike ọsọ. F - ike akpawo site ahụ na mgbidi maka a obere oge t; m ₀ - uka nke urughuru.

N'elu S n'oge Δt ebe chere ihu niile gas ahụ akpụ akpụ, n'ebe elu na ike ọsọ v _x na-ewekar na cylinder olu Sυ _x Δt. Mgbe urughuru ịta n kpọmkwem ọkara ụmụ irighiri na-akpali na mgbidi ahụ, nkera nke abụọ - na-abụghị uzo.

Ebe weere nkukota nke ahụ, anyị nwere ike ide Newton iwu maka ike na-eme na n'elu ikpo okwu:

• FΔt = nm ₀ v _x ² SΔt

Ebe ọ bụ na gas nsogbu na-kọwaa dị ka ndị ruru nke ike-eme perpendicular na n'elu, akpatre ebe nwere ike dere, sị:

• p = F: S = nm ₀ v _x ²

Nke a mmekọrita akụkụ dị ka a isi ICB nwere ike na-akọwa dum usoro, ie. K. The ngagharị naanị na one direction.

Maxwell nkesa

Persistent Ugboro collisions nke gas ahụ na mgbidi na onye ọ bụla ọzọ-edu ndú ka oruru nke a ụfọdụ mgbakọ na mwepụ nkesa nke urughuru ike ọsọ (ike). Direction nke ike ọsọ Vektọ bụ dokwara yiri. Dị otú ahụ nkesa a na-akpọ ndị Maxwell nkesa. Na 1860, a ụkpụrụ ahụ ewepụtara J. Maxwell n'okpuru ICB. The isi kwa nke nkesa kpọrọ iwu a ọsọ: eleghị anya kwekọrọ na kacha uru nke usoro na pụtara square _q v = √ 2> - pụtara square ike ọsọ nke ahụ.

The abawanye na gas okpomọkụ kwekọrọ na onye na-abawanye na ike ọsọ ụkpụrụ.

Dabere na eziokwu na niile velocities hà, na ha modul otu ihe, ike-atụle:

• 2> = x ^2> + y ^2> + z ^2> ebe: x ^2> = 2> 3

Ihe bụ isi akụkụ MKT na nkezi ụkpụrụ nke gas mgbali na-ewe n'ụdị:

• p = nm ₀ 2> 3.

Mmekọrịta a pụrụ iche n'ụdị na ọ na-akọwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microscopic parameters: ọsọ, uka nke urughuru, urughuru njupụta na gas mgbali dị ka a dum.

Iji echiche nke kinetic ike nke urughuru, bụ isi akụkụ MKT nwere ike rewritten:

• p = 2nm ₀ 2> 6 = 2n k> 3

The gas nrụgide bụ proportional na pụtara uru nke kinetic ike nke ya ahụ.

okpomọkụ

-Akpali mmasị, maka mgbe nile ego nke gas na mechiri emechi arịa nwere ike jikọọ na gas nsogbu na pụtara uru nke urughuru kinetic ike. ebe nsogbu n'ihe nwere ike rụrụ site odomo ike nke ahụ.

Olee otú ịbanye? Gịnị nwere ike jiri ya tụnyere nke kinetic ume? Nke a buru ibu bụ okpomọkụ.

Okpomọkụ - ọtùtù nke thermal ala bekee. N'ihi ya n'ihe eji a temometa, dabere na omume nke na-etinye ihe kwes mgbasawanye nke na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ (ihe na-aba n'anya, mercury) n'okpuru kpo oku. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị temometa ike experimentally. Na-emekarị ya nye tags kwekọrọ ekwekọ egosiputa na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ na ụfọdụ anụ ahụ Filiks aa n'oge kwes unaltered ala (esi mmiri,-agbaze ice). Dị iche iche thermometers nwere dị iche iche ọtụtụ. Ka ihe atụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ Celsius, Fahrenheit.

Universal okpomọkụ nso

More na-akpali na okwu nke nnwere onwe nke na-arụ ọrụ Njirimara nke ahụ nwere ike na-ahuta ka a gas temometa. Ha nso bụ na ọ bụghị ụdị nke gas na-eji. N'ọnọdụ dị otú a ngwaọrụ nwere ike ịmata ihe dị iche hypothetically okpomọkụ na nke gas nēche efu nsogbu. Mgbawa na-egosi na a bara uru kwekọrọ -273,15 Celsius ^C. The okpomọkụ nso (zuru okpomọkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ na Kelvin ọnụ ọgụgụ) ke ẹkenam ke 1848 afọ. N'ihi na isi ihe a ọnụ ọgụgụ were zeroth gas mgbali omume okpomọkụ. N'ọtụtụ unit nkeji hà unit uru Celsius. Record isi akụkụ iji ILC okpomọkụ bụ ihe adaba na-amụ gas Filiks.

Communication nsogbu na okpomọkụ

Empirically otu onye nwere ike hụ na gas nrụgide bụ proportional ya okpomọkụ. N'otu oge ahụ hụrụ na nsogbu bụ ihe ra nrata nye ịta nke ahụ:

• P = nkT,

ebe T - zuru okpomọkụ, k-mgbe nile na-hà 1,38 • 10 ^-23 J / K.

The isi uru enwe a mgbe nile uru maka ihe niile, haruru, a na-akpọ Boltzmann mgbe nile.

Atụnyere mgbali na nduzi nke okpomọkụ na gas ICB isi akụkụ nwere ike dere, sị:

• na> = 3kT: 2

Nke pụtara uru nke kinetic ike nke gas ụmụ irighiri ngagharị bụ proportional ya okpomọkụ. Nke ahụ bụ, na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ bụ a ọtùtù nke kinetic ike nke urughuru ngagharị.