Inwetaghachi - bụ ... Trigonometric leveling. ụdị leveling

Inwetaghachi - a ụdị geodetic nha. Na ya, anyị na-achọta ndị ikwu elu nke dị iche iche ihe nke uwa elu. Ka ot larịị dị otú ahụ hà nwere ike iwe dị otú ahụ eke ihe dị ka osimiri, na oké osimiri, oké osimiri, na ubi, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ amalite. Nnoo, leveling - na definition nke ụkpụrụ uku a elu nke ọ bụla jụrụ n'elu a nyere (akwụkwọ). Ndị dị otú ahụ hà na-chọrọ ka ezi ihe na-amụ enyemaka ebe. N'ọdịnihu, ndị a data na-eji na njikere nke saịtị atụmatụ, map, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ụfọdụ ngwa.

Gịnị bụ dị iche iche iche iche nke leveling?

Ndị dị otú ahụ hà nwere ike rụrụ site ụzọ dị iche iche, dị iche iche na ngwá ma ọ bụ na nkà na ụzụ na-eji. Ka anyị hụ ihe bụ isi ụdị nke leveling. The kasị nkịtị na-ise ụzọ: a geometric, trigonometric, barometric, n'ibu na hydrostatic n'ihe ebupụta. More maara na onye ọ bụla nke ha.

spirit leveling

Na nke a na ọtụtụ usoro, teren iji a pụrụ iche okporo ígwè na geometric leveling ngwaọrụ. agbapụ ụkpụrụ bụ iji wụnye rails na ọrịa strok na nkewa ke chọrọ mgbe nso n'elu-amu. Mgbe ahụ, na-eji kwụ sighting doo, tụrụ elu dị iche. Geometric leveling na rụrụ dị ka ụkpụrụ "si n'etiti" ma ọ bụ "na-atụ". Na n'ihe usoro ke akpa abụọ ihe nke elu n'ịnyịnya slats, ngwaọrụ bụ equidistant n'etiti ha n'ebe dị anya. Ndị nnyocha e mere na-arụpụta na-data uku otu modul n'elu ọzọ. Nke abụọ usoro bụ a classic - otu unit na otu ogbe. Ndị a ụzọ nke leveling bụ kasị. Ha na e ji na-ewu ma obere ihe (ụlọ) ma ọ bụ isi (àkwà mmiri).

trigonometric leveling

Ke ụdị ji atụ ọrụ ya bụ ọsọ iji pụrụ iche goniometric ngwaọrụ, nke na-akpọ theodolites. Na ha, na-ewepụ ihe ọmụma banyere ihe akụkụ nke nchepụta nke reticle doo nke na-aga site na ụzọ nke gaghị agara ihe n'elu. Trigonometric inwetaghachi ọtụtụ-eji topographic nha iji chọpụta elu dị iche nke abụọ ihe bụ nke na-a dịtụ anya n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ, ma ngwa anya ngwá na mpaghara nke nọchiri ihu.

Barometric e ji atụ n'elu

Barometric leveling - a n'ihe usoro dabeere na ikuku nke ikuku mgbali dabere na elu nke elu mgbe na-ekpebisi ike. The na-agụ usoro a rụrụ iji barometer. Nke a leveling usoro ga-gaa na akaụntụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmegharị ahụ n'ezie ikuku okpomọkụ, ya iru mmiri. Nke a na usoro hụrụ ngwa n'ime ime obodo ebe (e.g. na ugwu ọnọdụ) na dị iche iche dị na ya geological njem ndị mmadụ merela.

Mechanical (technical) ji atụ n'elu

Nka na ụzụ leveling-agụnye iji ihe a pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ - leveling igwe. Iji ya na-rụrụ n'ịkpọ profaịlụ nke na-amụ ebe ke akpaka mode site na esemokwu disk, nke dere anya kpuchie, na set plumb, nke na-akọwa vetikal. Ndị dị otú ahụ a na ngwaọrụ na a n'ịnyịnya na ụgbọala na-agafe otu kọwaa ebe ọzọ. Nka na ụzụ leveling chọpụta a elu dị iche n'etiti-amụ ihe, na anya n'etiti ha na profaịlụ nke teren, nke bụ ofu na a pụrụ iche photowire.

Atụ n'elu Hydrostatic

Hydrostatic leveling - a usoro dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke ihe nke na-ekwurịta okwu arịa. Inweta usoro a na-rụrụ site a hydrostatic ngwaọrụ, nke na-arụ ọrụ na njehie nke ruo abụọ millimeters. Dị otú ahụ leveling na-kpọkọtara si a ụzọ iko akpa interconnected site a sooks, usoro a na-agbaju mmiri. The n'ihe usoro bụ dị ka ndị - na tube mmasị ka rails na nke na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-etinyere. Mgbe na ibe na-arụnyere gburugburu akpọkwa ọmụmụ, dika nkewa akara a space uru nke dị iche nke abụọ etoju. Nke a imewe nwere a ịrịba drawback, ya bụ na mmachi nke e ji atụ nso, nke a na-egosipụta ya site na sooks n'ogologo.

The kọwara ụzọ nke leveling (ma e wezụga n'ibu) bụ nnọọ mfe ma-anaghị achọ kpọmkwem ihe ọmụma nke ibu si ọrụ, ka na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na-ewu na ndị ọzọ na ndi nke aku na uba.

n'ihe ọmụmụ

Ọzọkwa ụzọ nke mmepụta nha, leveling nwere ike kere n'ime klas nke ziri ezi. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha kwekọrọ na a ụfọdụ ụdị na usoro nke ozi icheta ya. Tụlee ihe bụ leveling klaasị.

1. The mbụ na klas na-atụle ga-ukwuu-ezi ezi. Ọ kwekọrọ na a random rms njehie nke 0,8 millimeters kwa kilometa na Ịhazi, bụ 0,08 mm / km.
2. Klas nke abụọ a na-atụle ga-ukwuu-ezi ezi. Otú ọ dị, njehie bụ ubé elu - na rms njehie bụ 2.0 mm / km, na Ịhazi - 0,2 mm / km.
3. Klas nke atọ. Ọ kwekọrọ na pụtara square njehie nke 5.0 mm / km, na n'usoro anya.
4. Fourth ọkwa. Ọ kwekọrọ na pụtara square njehie, nke bụ hà 10,0 mm / km, usoro a na-adịghị sonye na akaụntụ.

Dabere na àgwà nke teren na ndekọ aga-eme set ike ga-eji ụzọ dị iche iche nke na ndekọ data. Ka ihe atụ, polygon, tinyere ukem edoghi ma ọ bụ site na leveling elu nke n'ámá. Nke ikpeazụ Usoro kasị ewu ewu, ọ na ọtụtụ-eji maka iwepụ data si nnukwu oghe ebe dịtụ obere cross ngalaba n'ịdị elu. Ka anyị tụlee ya na ihe zuru ezu.

A mmebi nke n'ámá

Leveling elu nke usoro a na-rụrụ iji nweta nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ topographic atụmatụ di ala ala ebe. Ezigbo n'ọnọdu nke ihe kpebisiri ike site na-ebikwasị theodolite Nkea. A elu - by geometrical nha eji a technical leveling. The usoro nke data ọgụgụ nwere ike rụrụ ke abụọ dị iche iche: site leveling pad akpali na gradual mmebi nke widths nakwa n'ámá.

Leveling n'ámá rụọ ọrụ site n'imebi n'ala site n'ọnụ ndị e ji atụ teepu na theodolite (ntupu na iri mita cell n'akụkụ) mgbe tụrụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 1: 500 na 1: 1000, iri anọ mita - mgbe agbapụ na 1: 2000 na a narị mita na 1: 5000.

N'otu oge ya mere gwara ọnọdụ nke amụ ihe ma ndepụta mmasị. Nke a na usoro a rụrụ site n'otu ụzọ ndị dị ka na theodolite nnyocha e mere. Na mgbakwunye na n'elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ, na ala ofu e ji mara nke enyemaka ihe - gbakwunyere-uche: na elu na ala nke ugwu, na ala onu nke onu, isi na edoghi nke weir na Watershed na ndị ọzọ.

Agbapụ bụkwanụ na-kere ibikwasị n'èzí ala nke okporo n'ámá na theodolite leveling amaokwu, nke na-ahụ mmasị ka ihe ndị a otu ala netwọk. Elu plus ihe na vertices nke mkpụrụ ndụ kpebisiri ike site na usoro nke geometric leveling. Ọ bụrụ na ndị square n'akụkụ iri anọ mita ogologo ma na-erughị otu ebe na-agba mbọ ime ka amata ọtụtụ niile kọwaa ihe. The anya si ngwaọrụ eriri ekwesịghị gafere 100-150 mita. Ọ bụrụ na n'akụkụ nke square a narị mita ogologo, nke ikpe larịị-etinye na etiti nke ọ bụla cell. Dị ka ubi nnyocha e mere ebe site leveling n'ámá ndị magazine na ngwe nha.

Magazine na ndepụta nke leveling nke n'ámá

The magazine banyere data na size nke cubicle, okporo snap na-agazu amaokwu (geodetic ọmụmụ). Ke adianade do, kpọmkwem nkịtị ka ihe ebe - na ọdọ mmiri, ugwu nta na na. Ọzọkwa nke dee, ihe ọnọdụ rụrụ leveling teren. Ndepụta nke banyere ụgbọala pụta bụla nke n'ámá. Mgbe n'elu na mma mgbe nke ọ bụla cell na-egosipụta site na nwa n'akụkụ agụ warara (na mita), na gbakọọ elu. Nke a ngụkọta oge na-rụrụ site kwụ ngwá. The elu nke vertices nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-kpebisiri ike dị ka ihe dị iche n'etiti ngwá ọrụ na-eru ka mmiri na a ojii mkpara agụ.

Iji ịchịkwa elu nke e ji atụ usoro abụọ vertices leveling mkpụrụ ndụ na-arụ ọrụ na abụọ dị iche iche ụgbọ. Usoro ihe omume nke ihe enwetara site na iwepu n'elu data amalite na gwara mbadamba nke na-achịkọta isi ihe ndị edo ala geodesic netwọk ihe na-agbapụ mkpata (theodolite leveling-ọrịa strok), plus ihe, na vertices nke n'ámá ọnọdụ.

ngwa usoro

Mgbe leveling ókèala nke ngwa ụzọ theodolite na leveling ọmụmụ, agbajikwa ala n'ime widths, Nkea kpuchie eke ji mara edoghi nke ebe, dị ka weirs ma ọ bụ watersheds. Mgbe ndị dị otú ahụ akwụkwọ na widths pickets ga-agbaji ọ bụla iri anọ mita mgbe agbapụ na 1: 2000 na iri mita mgbe dí ndu na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 1: 1000 na 1: 500. The inflection ebe stingrays plus-ebe ihe. Na usoro nke na-agbasa elu pickets ka gwara ọnọdụ ma na-abịaru ndepụta. leveling ndia emepụta magazine. Ọ kwuru Oghere Usoro nọmba nke pickets, samples of red na nwa n'akụkụ rails, gbakwunyere na anya nke ihe si ezigbo ojii. Dị ka ihe weere leveling topographical plan nke ókèala, na transverse na longitudinal profaịlụ nke chakoo.

The n'ihe nke elu na-advantageously rụrụ na ebe zubere ebe mgbakọ maka ọrụ na mma na vetikal atụmatụ nke ọma. Dị ka ihe atụ, topographical imewe ebe gburugburu ọ bụla depụtara ụlọ ma ọ bụ odida obodo ugbo mpaghara.

Gịnị bụ larịị?

Iji mepụta geometric nha nke teren, nke na ọtụtụ-eji na-ewu, na-eji etoju iche iche na aghụghọ. Ndị a ngwá na-, dị ka ha ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ, nwere ike kewara: electronic, laser, hydrostatic na optomechanical. All etoju teliskop onwem na n'usoro na a kwụ ụgbọelu. The n'oge a haziri nke e ji atụ ngwaọrụ enye akpaka kwụọ ha ụgwọ n'ihi na-esite na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ nke visual axis.

History leveling

The mbụ ozi ruru oge a na onye na-jide leveling, nke narị afọ mbụ BC, ya bụ ndị na-ewu nke mmiri ọwa mmiri na Gris oge ochie na Rome. The akụkọ ihe mere eme akwụkwọ banyere a mmiri mita. Ya mepụtara na ojiji nke aha metụtara na Gris oge ochie ọkà mmụta sayensị Heron nke Alexandria na Roman-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Marcus Vitruvius. The kwalitere na mmepe nke instrumentation na ụzọ leveling bụ ihe e kere eke nke teliskop, a barometer, na a okporo efere larịị gradirovaniya na teliskop. Ndị a mepụtara metụtara 16-17 nke ọtụtụ narị afọ, ha kwere ka anyị aka ịzụlite a usoro nke ala elu nkenke égbè.

Na Russia na oge nke Peter ngwa anya shop e tọrọ ntọala, ebe ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta na-etoju, naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-akpọ mmụọ larịị na tube. Development nke leveling na ogbako aku ntụgharị Belyaev. Na n'otu oge ahụ, e nwere ndị nke mbụ e ji atụ ngwaọrụ, nke dabeere eji barometers. Ná mmalite nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ e nwere na mbụ trigonometric etoju, na enyemaka ha e mere nnọọ nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arụ ọrụ na-ekpebi ihe dị iche n'etiti etoju nke Azov na Black Oké Osimiri, tụrụ elu nke Ugwu Elbrus. Iji geometrical ngwá dere ke ufọt ufọt iri na itoolu na narị afọ. Ya mere, na 1847, ha na-eji na-ewu nke Suez Canal. Na mba anyị, na geometric leveling nke elu-eji na-ewu nke mmiri na ala ụzọ gasị. Mmalite nke ihe e kere eke nke mba ọha netwọk na-atụle ga 1871. Mgbe ahụ malitere ọrụ na nsogbu na nwụnye nke ihe nke jere ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka topographic nnyocha e mere.

The ojiji nke leveling

N'ihi bụ ihe e kere eke nke a otu leveling geodetic network, nke bụ ihe ndabere maka topographic nha, ma ọ bụ dị iche iche ebe nke geodetic nha. Agbapụ ọtụtụ-eji maka nnyocha na nkà mmụta sayensị na nzube: ọmụmụ nke ụwa crustal ije mwekota na oké osimiri na oké osimiri oscillations.

Inwetaghachi a na-eji dị iche iche ngwa nsogbu na na-metụtara ndị na-ewu nke dị iche iche ihe, na-ebikwasị nke nkwukọrịta, utilities na na .. ka ihe atụ, n'ihe ebe dị mkpa maka nyefe nke imewe mkpebi na elu, ke adianade do, maka nzukọ na echichi nke ụlọ owuwu . Mgbe idozi nsogbu ndị dị otú, mgbe nile na-eji data nwetara maka Gọọmenti. Ọzọkwa, dị nnọọ ka idozi dị iche iche kpọmkwem ihe aga-eme, iji akpaghị aka data nnweta usoro. A aga-eme na-agụnye ihe atụ, mmezi na-ewu nke-enwu n'okporo ụzọ. Sensọ gụnyere akpaka leveling ngwá, n'elu ụgbọ okporo ígwè ugbala, ụgbọala, na-akpata okokụre profaịlụ nke na-amụ ebe ke kasị nso-ekwe omume n'oge.

nkà na ụzụ

Iji ụbọchị, n'ihi na oké ngwa mmepe nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ maka leveling nke elu eji a dịgasị iche iche nke oru etu esi.

1. Laser. Ndabere nke ọrụ parameters na-agụ ebe na a laser ịgụ isiokwu ngwaọrụ.
2. Ultrasound. The akụkụ bụ isi nke a na ngwaọrụ na-emitting efegharị efegharị ultrasonic mmetụta.
3. GNSS-technology, nke na-ejikọrọ na-enweta ugbu a na-achịkọta iji satellite nkwurịta okwu. Nke a ngwa-enye nnọọ elu nkenke leveling.

Iji hụ na oru oma njikwa nke buru ibu nke ozi iyi natara n'itinye hotara na mbụ etu esi, ọnụnọ nke kwesịrị ekwesị kpọmkwem software a chọrọ, nke ga-emezu ihe aga-eme metụtara nchekwa, management, anya na data nhazi.

Modern systems leveling maka ụzọ na-ewu

Na oge a na-ewu nke pavement na ọtụtụ-eji akpaghị aka na usoro. Ha na-ekwe gị na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ na-ewu ígwè, nyere ya ugbu a na ọnọdụ. N'otu oge ahụ na akpaaka-leveling ụzọ e ji elu kpọmkwem nke na-arụ ọrụ, budata enhances àgwà nke na-emepụta ụzọ elu ma na-ebelata-ewu oge. Ụdị ngwaọrụ arụnyere na pavers, planers, bulldozers, na-ekwe ka idozi imebi ochie mkpuchi ntụpọ mgbe wụnye ọhụrụ oyi akwa. Ndị a na-achịkwa etoju transverse mkpọda nke ụzọ ahụ, ọ na-rụrụ site kpomkwem-ezipụta na imewe kwa. Modern elu n'ihe usoro maka ụzọ-ụlọ ngwá ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dabere na technology mee.

1. Ultrasonic ngwaọrụ dị iche iche na nọmba nke sensọ.
2. Laser mwepụ usoro.
3. The ngwaọrụ dabeere satellite GPS-technology.
4. The atọ akụkụ usoro na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke ngwá.

Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, n'agbanyeghị ihe a chọrọ na mgbagwoju anya nke na atụmatụ nke na-arụ ọrụ, ike ga-eji otu ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ technology bụ onwe-leveling.