January 18, 1943 - agbaji mgbochi nke Leningrad. Full ntọhapụ nke mgbochi nke Leningrad

A oké feat nke Soviet n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-agaghị echefu echefu site ụmụ. Ọtụtụ nde ndị agha na ndị nkịtị merela agadi na nọworo mmeri na ndị na-eri nke ndụ ya, bụ ndị ikom, ndị inyom na ụmụaka na-a otu ngwá agha, nke e eduzi megide fasizim. partisan eguzogide emmepe, ụlọ mmepụta ihe, mkpokọta ugbo utom ke nwere n'ókèala nke onye iro, ndị Germany na-emezughị na-agbaji na mmụọ nke na-agbachitere nke motherland. A doro anya atụ nke ndị na-eguzogide ndị mere nke Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya bụ dike n'obodo Leningrad.

Hitler atumatu

onye fasizim atụmatụ bụ itinye a na mberede, a àmụmà iku na osisi, nke ndị Germany họọrọ dị ka a mkpa. Atọ agha dị iche iche ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nwere na-Leningrad, Moscow na Kiev. Hitler kpọrọ ndị kpọọ nke ndị a niile dị ka a mmeri na agha. The onye fasizim agha nnyocha zubere dị otú ọ bụghị naanị "decapitate" ndị Soviet agha, kamakwa iji na-agbaji morale nke alaghachi azụ nkewa na azụ, imebi Soviet echiche ndị Nazi. Moscow ga-ejidekwa mgbe mmeri n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda, a regrouping na njikọ nke Wehrmacht agha zubere ná mpụga nke isi obodo nke USSR.

Leningrad, na echiche nke Hitler, bụ a obodo-ihe nnọchianya nke ike nke Soviet, "ku n'aka nke mgbanwe," bụ nke mere o ji isiokwu mezue mbibi, ya na ndị nkịtị. Na 1941, ndị obodo ahụ bụ otu ihe dị mkpa usoro mgbe, nwere ọtụtụ engineering na ọkụ osisi na ya n'ókèala. N'ihi na mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ na sayensị nke Leningrad bụ ebe a na ịta nke nkà dị ukwuu injinia na technicians. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke agụmakwụkwọ njikọ ọkachamara maka ọrụ dị iche iche ndi nke aku na uba. N'aka nke ọzọ, obodo ahụ geographically detached na-emi odude ke a dị anya si na isi mmalite nke ngwaọrụ na ume. O nyeere Hitler na obodo ọnọdụ nke Leningrad: ya mbọhọ ka ala nke mba nyeere ngwa encirclement na mgbochi. Finland jere ozi dị ka a rata maka Nazi ikuku bases na preparatory adọ nke mbuso agha. Na June 1941, ndị Finns banye World War II na n'akụkụ nke Hitler. Nnukwu n'oge ahụ ndị agha na-ahia nsoro, dabere na ndị Baltic Sea, ndị Germany na-neutralize na-ebibi, na mma mbupu ụzọ gasị iji n'ihi na ha onwe ha agha na nzube.

gburugburu ebe

Defense nke Leningrad malitere ogologo oge tupu ndị obodo gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị Germany na-enwe ọganihu ngwa ngwa, ụbọchị tank na motorized compound bu 30 kilomita n'ime ókèala ndị Soviet Union n'ebe ugwu. Ịmepụta nzere edoghi e ekenịmde ke Pskov na Luga direction. Soviet agha gbaghachi azụ na-arọ losses, adịkwa a nnukwu ego nke na ngwá na-ahapụ onye iro obodo ndị e wusiri ike ebe. Pskov e weghaara July 9, ndị Nazi kwagara Leningrad region na dịghị obere ụzọ. N'ihi na a izu ole na ole ha na-ejide Luga iwe wusiri ike. Rụrụ ha site ahụmahụ injinia na-ekwe Soviet agha ka nwere onslaught nke onye iro n'ihi na a mgbe. Nke a na-egbu oge nke ukwuu iwe Hitler na nyeere obere iji kwadebe maka agha Leningrad fascists. Ke ukem na Germany June 29, 1941 Finnish Army gafere ókè nke USSR, na Karelian Isthmus e nwere ruo ogologo oge. Isonye na agha na obodo ndị Finns jụrụ, ma na-egbochi a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke iga ụzọ gasị ejikọta obodo na "Chile". Complete ntọhapụ nke Leningrad si mgbochi na mpaghara ebe a wee ebe naanị na 1944, ke ndaeyo. Mgbe a onye nleta Hitler Army Group "North" na regrouping ndị agha Nazi gwepịara Luga e wusiri ike ebe na ulo oru a oke iwe. Novgorod, Chudovo e jidere na August 1941. The ụbọchị nke nnọchibido nke Leningrad, nke na-gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na na ebe nchekwa nke ọtụtụ Soviet ndị mmadụ, na-amalite September 1941. Weghara fascists Petrokrepost akpatre ebipụ ndị obodo si n'ala ụzọ gasị njikọ na mba, ọ wee ebe on September 8th. Ọ na-emechi na mgbaaka, ma na-agbachitere Leningrad gara n'ihu.

mgbochi

Agbali iji ngwa ngwa weghara Leningrad okpu kpamkpam. Hitler ike sere ike si gburugburu obodo na nyefee ka a Central direction - na Moscow. Nnọọ anya ndị Nazi nọ na-ita-nri, ma zutere ike eguzogide, nwere na-ike na iji kwadebe maka protracted akpata ịlụ ọgụ. September 13 G. K. Zhukov gara Leningrad. Ya isi ọrụ bụ agbachitere nke obodo, n'oge ahụ, Stalin ghọtara ọnọdụ bụ fọrọ nke nta olileanya na-adịghị, na dị njikere "atọgbọ" ka ndị Germany. Ma ụdị ihe ahụ nke abụọ isi obodo nke ala ga-ebibi kpam kpam na ndị nile bi na, nke n'oge ahụ 3.1 nde. Dị ka ndị ji anya ha, Zhukov na ndị a September ụbọchị e egwu, ma ya ịtụkwasị obi na ígwè ga-akwụsị egwu n'etiti ndị agha chebe obodo. The Germany kwụsịrị, kama ọ nọ na a na ok mgbanaka nke Leningrad, nke mere na ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-enye obodo ukwu. Hitler kpebiri na ha agaghị n'ihe ize ndụ ndị agha ya, ọ chọpụtara na obodo mepere emepe agha bibie ihe nke ugwu agha otu. O nyere iwu uka kpochapụghị bi Leningrad. Ịgachi shelling, efe n'elu bombardment nwayọọ nwayọọ ebibi obodo mepere emepe akụrụngwa, nri n'ụlọ nkwakọba, ike isi mmalite. Gburugburu obodo na-wuru German e wusiri ike na gbochie esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile nke nkịtị na ndokwa nke niile ha mkpa ha. Ekwe omume nke Leningrad Hitler na-enweghị mmasị, ya isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ mbibi nke ndị na obodo nta. Mgbe oge nke e guzobere a mgbanaka nke mgbochi na obodo e nwere ọtụtụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si Leningrad region na gburugburu ebe, agbagakwa naanị a obere pasent nke ndị bi na. Na ụgbọ-akwakọba a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-agbalị na-ahapụ nọchigide ugwu isi obodo. The bi malitere a agụụ na Hitler na-akpọ ya isi mmekorita na kpọọ nke Leningrad.

Winter 1941-42.

January 18, 1943 - itunanya nke mgbochi nke Leningrad. Dị ka ụbọchị dị anya site na ọdịda nke 41! Oke bombardments, ụkọ nri mere ka oke ọnwụ nke ndụ. Na November egbochi ndị issuance nke kaadị ngwaahịa maka ndị bi na ndị agha e ebipụ. Nnyefe nke niile dị mkpa na-ebu na ikuku na site Lake Ladoga, nke gbagburu Nazi. Ndị mmadụ malitere agụụ na-agụ syncope, akpa ọnwụ n'aka agụụ na iri anụ mmadụ, nke bụ ntaramahụhụ ya na ịgba égbè na-kọrọ.

Na mbata nke oyi ihu igwe ọnọdụ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ mgbagwoju anya, e wee akpa, ndị kasị oké oyi. The nọchibidoro Leningrad, "a ụzọ ndụ" - a echiche atọsa ọ bụla ọzọ. Na obodo niile utilities, e nweghị mmiri, kpo oku, Sewerage usoro na-arụ ọrụ, nri ebuka biri enweghị arụ ọrụ ọha iga emebirị. Ekele ruru eru dọkịta fọdụrụ n'obodo, ezere ntiwapụ nke ọrịa. Ọtụtụ mmadụ nwụrụ nke nọ n'okporo ámá na n'ụzọ n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ, na-na sled ikwu nke onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na-eli ozu na ọtụtụ ndị Leningrad bụ ike zuru ezu, ka ozu anade ke efak. Site ike ìgwè ike ịnagide ya mere ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ọ bụ ekwe omume iji lie niile.

Oyi nke 1941-42 bụ budata colder karịa nkezi weather arụmọrụ, ma Ladoga - a ụzọ ndụ. Mgbe nile ọku gafee ọdọ mwakpo ụgbọala ụgbọala na-akpa. Na obodo ha na-arụ ihe oriri na oké mkpa ihe na-abụghị uzo - taa ezigbo mmadụ. Children of nọchigide Leningrad, nke na-kpọpụrụ gafee ice n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mba ahụ, ruo taa chetara ndị dị egwu nke kefriza nke obodo.

Dị ka ngwaahịa kaadị dependents (ụmụaka na ndị agadi), na-enweghị ike na-arụ ọrụ, e nyere 125 grams achịcha. Ya mejupụtara bụ iche iche dabere na ihe bụ dị si eme achịcha ': .. Vytryaski nke akpa ọka grits, flax na cottonseed nri, bran, akwụkwọ ahụaja na ájá, wdg site 10 ruo 50% nke Efrata na-abanye n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ntụ ọka, ndị inedible , oyi na agụụ na-otu echiche nke "ndị mgbochi nke Leningrad."

The ụzọ nke ndụ, bụ nke mere na Lake Ladoga, azoputa ọtụtụ ndị. Ozugbo ice mpempe akwụkwọ nweta ume na ya wee gwongworo. Na January 1942, ndị ọchịchị obodo ahụ nwere ohere emeghe na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ mmepụta ihe na canteens, menus na-akpan mere maka malnourished ndị mmadụ na e weere na. Na n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma guzosie ike orphanages enye elu-kalori nri, nke na-enyere aka na-aga site egwu oyi. Ladoga - a ụzọ ndụ, na bụ aha e nyere ịgafe si Leningrad, kpamkpam na-abụghị eziokwu. Food na mkpa ibu anakọtara maka mgbochi, nakwa dị ka n'ihu, mba ahụ dum.

feat bi

Na a na ok mgbanaka nke ndị iro, na-alụ ọgụ oyi, agụụ na mgbe nile bombings nke Leningrad bụghị nanị bi, ma na-arụ ọrụ iji merie. Na ókèala nke osisi na-amị agha ngwaahịa. The omenala ndụ nke obodo ndị kasị sie ike oge na-akwụsịlata, kee pụrụ iche ọrụ nkà. Poems banyere nọchibidoro Leningrad gaghị ekwe omume na-agụ enweghị mmiri, ha na-e dere site òtù ndị egwu ihe na-egosi na ọ bụghị naanị na ihe mgbu na ahụhụ nke ndị mmadụ, ma ọchịchọ ha maka ndụ, ịkpọasị nke onye iro, na obi ike. Symphony nke Shostakovich imbued na mmetụta na mmetụta uche nke Leningrad. The obodo na-arụ ọrụ na akụkụ nke ọbá akwụkwọ na ụfọdụ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ndị zoo malnourished ndị mmadụ wee na-elekọta ụmụ anụmanụ Unevacuated.

Enweghị okpomọkụ, mmiri na eletrik na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ bench, na-etinye na nke ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya ike na mmeri. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikom ahụ wee ruo n'ihu na gbachiteere obodo, otú ahụ ụlọ mmepụta ihe na ejikwara site inyom na-eto eto. The iga usoro nke e bibiri obodo ahụ na a oke ọkụ, ya mere ndị mmadụ na-aga na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ kilomita na ụkwụ, na a ala nke oké ike ọgwụgwụ na na-anọghị nke sụrụ snow si ụzọ.

Complete ntọhapụ nke Leningrad si mgbochi ahụ ọ bụghị ha niile, ma ha kwa ụbọchị heroism me a. Mmiri na-e si Neva River na-agbawa ọjà, home stoked stovu ọkụ na ha foduru nke ngwá ụlọ, ata ata akpụkpọ anụ eriri na akwụkwọ ahụaja na mado sticked, ma biri na agha azụ onye iro. Olga Bergholz dere abụ banyere nọchibidoro Leningrad, chọpụtara nke nke di nwere nku, ha pịrị na ncheta raara nye ndị egwu ihe. Ya okwu a "na ọ dịghị onye na-echefu na ihe ọ bụla a na-echefu" Taa dị ezigbo mkpa ka ndị niile na ndị mmadụ.

ụmụaka

The kasị jọgburu n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla agha - bụ ya na-abụghị selectivity na oke nke tara. Ọtụtụ narị puku ụmụ e gburu na-arụ obodo, ọtụtụ nwụrụ esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile, ma ọ ka so na-emeri obibia ka okenye. Ha guzo ha na ígwè ọrụ, na-achịkọta shells na cartridges maka kasị mma, na ọrụ n'abalị na n'elu ụlọ, neutralizing incendiary bombs na tụbara kwụsịrị obodo fascists, kpọlite ndị mmụọ nke a agha, na-na-agbachitere. Children-aghọ ndị okenye nọchigide Leningrad n'oge mgbe agha bịara. Ọtụtụ na-eto eto agha na mgbe nkeji nke Soviet agha. Ndị kasị sie ike na-nta, onye furu efu niile ezinụlọ ya. Ha ike ụmụaka n'ụlọ, ebe ndị okenye enyere ndị na-eto ma na-akwado ha. The ijuanya bụ eziokwu bụ ihe e kere eke n'oge mgbochi ụmụ egwu ensemble Æ Obranta. Ụmụ okorobịa na-aga nile obodo, a na-emeso ihe ike ọgwụgwụ na malitere rehearsing. Karịa 3000 concerts anọchibido nyere ama ensemble, ọ rụrụ na n'ihu, na ụlọ mmepụta ihe na na ụlọ ọgwụ. Onyinye na-eto eto na-ese na mmeri inyocha mgbe agha: niile na ụmụ okorobịa na-ọdịda Ọla "N'ihi na agbachitere Leningrad".

Operation "Iskra"

Leningrad, ntọhapụ nke ndị Soviet na-edu ndú bụ paramount, ma ohere maka iwe ihe na ego bụ mmiri nke na 1942. Mgbalị agbaji mgbochi rụrụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 41-afọ, ma ha emezughị. German agha nwere ike nnọọ nke ọma na karịrị Soviet agha na larịị nke ngwá agha. Hitler n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1942 na-budata depleted akụ nke usuu ndị agha ya ma si otú ahụ nwara weghara Leningrad, nke e kwesịrị hapụ ndị agha guzo n'ebe ugwu.

Na September, ndị Germany na ulo oru Operation "Northern Ìhè", nke na-emezughị n'ihi na counterattack nke Soviet agha, gbalịrị ebuli na mgbochi. Leningrad 1943, bụ a mma-obodo e wusiri ike, e wusiri ike na-wuru obodo agha, ma-akwado ya na-ukwuu depleted, otú agbaji mgbochi na akụkụ nke obodo ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Otú ọ dị, agha Soviet ọganihu ọzọ ebe nyeere ndị Soviet iwu amalite na-akwadebe a ọhụrụ agha na ndị e wusiri ike fascists.

January 18, 1943 agbaji nọchibidoro Leningrad amalitela ntọhapụ nke obodo. The ọrụ aka agha nkeji Volkhov dị na Leningrad asakde iso ese, ha akwado Baltic Fleet na Ladoga Flotilla. Ọzụzụ E duziri n'oge ọnwa. Operation "Iskra" e mepụtara na December 1942, ọ mejupụtara abụọ nkebi, isi nke nke bụ ihe itunanya nke mgbochi. Ọzọkwa nkwalite ndị agha kwesịrị e kpamkpam wepụrụ si na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo.

Malite nke ọrụ e ndokwa maka January 12, n'oge a na ndịda n'ụsọ Lake Ladoga kpọnwụrụ siri ike ice na gburugburu agaghi aga swamps froze ka a omimi zuru ezu maka Itie arọ ígwè. Shlisselburgsky protrusion na-ntukwasi-obi ekekọtara ndị Germany n'ihi ọnụnọ nke bunkers, minefields. Tank battalions na ugwu égbè nkewa ghara furu efu ike iguzogide mgbe a oke ogbunigwe ekwu ọtụtụ Soviet ogbunigwe. Ọgụ dọkpụụrụ na ruo ụbọchị isii nke Leningrad na Volkhov dị asakde iso ese mebiri site na onye iro ihe nchebe, na-akpụ akpụ n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ.

January 18, 1943 agbaji nọchibidoro Leningrad e dechara, na akụkụ mbụ nke mepụtara "Iskra" plan na-gburu. Dị ka a n'ihi nke encircled German agha e nyere ha iwu nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ejikọta na isi-agha, nke ahụ ka mma ọnọdụ na e n'ihu ike na staffed. N'ihi na ndị bi nke Leningrad, ụbọchị a na-otu n'ime ndị isi milestones na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mgbochi. Gụrụ akwụkwọ korido bụ karịa 10 km n'obosara, ma o mere ka o kwe omume na-ewu ụgbọ okporo ígwè tracks maka zuru ọkọnọ nke obodo.

abụọ ụkwụ

Hitler kwụsịrị kpam kpam ụzọ nke dị n'ebe ugwu. Nkewa nile nke Wehrmacht nwere a siri ike iji chebe onwe ọnọdụ, ma ike na-enupụ isi obodo. Soviet agha, ebe enweta mbụ nke ọma, zubere na-amalite a nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ na-akpasu iwe n'ebe ndịda, nke kpamkpam ewepu mgbochi nke Leningrad na ebe. Na February, March na April 1943, ndị agha nke Volkhov dị na Leningrad asakde iso ese mgbalị ndị e mere iji na-awakpo na Sinyavsky nkụzị, nke a na-akpọ "Operation North Star." Dị mwute ikwu na, na ha juru, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na ihe mere, na-agaghị ekwe ịzụlite a agha na-akpasu iwe. Firstly, na German ìgwè ahụ budata mesikwuru tankị (a direction na mbụ ji mee ihe "tiger"), ụgbọelu na Mountain Division. Nke abụọ, akara nke na-azara ọnụ guzosie ike site oge ndị Nazi, bụ nnọọ dị ike: ihe bunkers, a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ogbunigwe. Nke atọ, agha nwere ga-ebu na ókèala nke siri chakoo. Marshland budata ịghọta ije nke arọ ngwá agha na tankị. Nke anọ, na analysis nke asakde iso ese edinam e kwuru doro iwu nke emehie na ada nnukwu losses technology na ndị mmadụ. Ma, ọ malitere. Ntọhapụ nke Leningrad si mgbochi aghọwo a okwu nke nlezianya kwadebe na oge.

ịkpọlite ndị mgbochi

Key ụbọchị nke nnọchibido nke Leningrad, ọ bụghị nanị pịrị na nkume ncheta na ncheta, ma n'ime obi nke niile sonyere. Nke a mmeri bụ a ọtụtụ ọbara nke Soviet agha na ọtụtụ nde ndị na-egbu ndị nkịtị. Na 1943, ndị dị ịrịba ama ihe ịga nke ọma nke Red Army ke ofụri ogologo nke n'ihu akara mere ka o kwe iji kwadebe ihe rụrụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ-direction. German otu kere gburugburu Leningrad "Northern Wave" - a akara nke e wusiri ike na ike idi ihe na-akwụsị ihe ọ bụla agha, ma ọ bụghị Soviet agha. Wepụ mgbochi nke Leningrad January 27, 1944 - a ụbọchị na-anọchi anya ndị mmeri. ọtụtụ bụghị nanị ndị agha, kamakwa site Leningraders e mere maka mmeri.

Operation "The January Égbè Eluigwe" malitere January 14, 1944, ọ e gara site atọ asakde iso ese (Volkhov dị, 2 nd Baltic, Leningrad), na Baltic Fleet, njikọ partisans (onye na-na na oge ike agha nkeji), na Ladoga Navy na ikuku support. Iwe mepụtara ngwa ngwa, ike na onye fasizim azọpụtaghị Army Group "North" si meriri na ihere ichighaazu n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ-direction. Hitler bụghị ike ịghọta ihe mere ndị ọdịda nke ndị dị otú a dị ike na-azara ọnụ, na ọsọ agha German ọchịagha nwere ike ikowa. January 20 wepụtara Novgorod na gburugburu ebe. Complete n'ibuli nke mgbochi nke Leningrad January 27, bụ oge ezimezi oku na ike gwụrụ ma unbowed obodo.

ebe nchekwa

The ụbọchị nke ntọhapụ nke Leningrad - a ezumike niile bi ozugbo n'otu Soviet mba. Na-arụ ụka banyere mkpa nke mbụ ezumike, ma ọ bụ ikpeazụ ntọhapụ adịghị eme ka uche, ihe ndị a na-hà. ọtụtụ narị ndụ ọtụtụ puku mmadụ, a zọpụtawo, kama iji nweta a ọ were na ugboro abụọ ka ukwuu. Nke mere January 18, 1943 ezumike nnọchibido nke Leningrad nyere bi ohere kpọtụrụ na-adịdebeghị mmiri. City maliteghachiri udia, ọgwụ, na ume, na ngwaọrụ maka ụlọ mmepụta ihe. Otú ọ dị, isi ihe bụ na e a ohere iji zọpụta ọtụtụ ndị. Site n'obodo kpọpụrụ ụmụaka, merụọ ndị agha, emaciated, na-arịa ọrịa nke Leningrad na-agbachitere nke obodo. 1944 wetara a zuru-ebuli nke mgbochi, na Soviet agha malitere ya mmeri njem gafee mba, nso mmeri.

Defense nke Leningrad - adịghị anwụ anwụ feat nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, ọ dịghị ngọpụ maka fasizim, ma ọ bụghị ihe mere eme nke ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke a obi ike na obi ike. 900 ụbọchị nke agụụ, overwork n'okpuru gunfire na bombs. Ọnwụ gara tụrụọ bụla obibi nke nọchigide Leningrad, ma obodo ọbọhọ. Anyị na ha dịkọrọ ndụ na ụmụ na-ekwesịghị ichefu banyere oké feat nke Soviet ndị mmadụ na ya ọrụ na-alụso fasizim. Ọ bụ a nye niile ndị ahụ tara: ụmụaka, ndị agadi, ndị inyom, ndị ikom, ndị agha. Dike City Leningrad kwesịrị mpako nke ya gara aga na-ewu ugbu a, n'agbanyeghị nke renaming na niile mgbalị ịgwagbu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oké esemokwu.