Kedu ihe bụ polyploidy? Kedu ọrụ ọ na-arụ na ịzụlite na ọdịdị

Mgbe ị gụsịrị isiokwu a, ị ga-amụta ihe polyploidy bụ. Anyị ga-atụle ọrụ ọ na-arụ. Ị ga-achọpụta ụdị ụdị polyploidy e nwere.

Ọkpụkpụ polyploids

Nke mbụ, ka anyị kwuo banyere ihe okwu a dị omimi pụtara. A na-akpọ sel ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ihe karịrị abụọ nchịkọta chromosomes polyploids. Mkpụrụ polyploid nwere ụfụ dị nta na-ebili n'ihi "njehie" na mitosis. Nke a na-eme mgbe chromosomes kewara, na cytokinesis anaghị eme. Ya mere, mkpụrụ ndụ nwere okpukpu abụọ nke chromosomes (diploids) nwere ike ịmalite. Ọ bụrụ na ha, mgbe ha gafesịrị interphase, kesaa, ha nwere ike ịmụ nwa (mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ asexual) na ndị ọhụrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ga-enwe okpukpu abụọ chromosomes dịka nne na nna ha. Ya mere, usoro nke usoro ha bụ ihe polyploidy bụ. A pụrụ inweta osisi polyploid site na enyemaka nke colchicine-alkaloid, nke na-egbochi ịmepụta mpempe mitotic n'ihi nsonaazụ nrụpụta microtubule.

Njirimara nke polyploids

N'ime osisi ndị a, mgbanwe dị iche iche na-adịkarị mfe karịa nke ndị diploid metụtara, ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla dị ma ọ dịkarịa ala na ọnụọgụgụ abụọ. N'elu cleavage nke ụmụ homozygous na ụfọdụ ebute mmadụ mejupụtara naanị 1/16 kama 1/4 na diploids. (N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, a na-ewere ugboro ole ugboro ole na ole.) A na-eji polyploids na-eme onwe ha ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emetọ onwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na ndị diploid yiri ya ga-emetụta pollinate.

Ebe polyploids zutere

Ya mere, anyị zara ajụjụ ahụ, gịnị bụ polyploidy. Ebeekwa ka osisi ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme?

A na-eme ka ụfọdụ polyploids dị mma ka ha mee ka ebe akọrọ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ dị ala karịa ụdị diploid ndị mbụ, ebe ndị ọzọ ka mma maka ụdị ala. N'ihi nke a, ha nwere ike ịba ebe ndị nwere ọnọdụ dị oke egwu, nke ndị nna nna ha diploid ga-anwụrịrị. Na ole na ole, ha na-enwe ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ. Ha dị mfe karịa diploids kwekọrọ ekwekọ, banye na crossings. Na nke a, enwere ike ị nweta ngwakọ dị iche iche ozugbo. Obere oge, polyploids nke sitere na ngwakọ sitere na ọnụọgụgụ abụọ nke chromosomes na mkpụrụ osisi diploma. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ụzọ isi weghachite ọmụmụ.

Nke mbụ edepụtara ihe banyere polyploidy

N'ụzọ dị otú a, obere nkịtị, polyploid adọ ụdị ụfọdụ dị n'etiti radish na kabeeji. Nke a bụ nke mbụ ederede nke polyploidy. Uzo abuo na-abia na ndi nke ndi nwuru anwu na ndi chikotara anya. Na somatic mkpụrụ ndụ , na ma ụdị nke chromosomes bụ 18, na mbụ meiotic metaphase 9 mgbe ahụrụ ụzọ abụọ nke chromosomes. Na ihe isi ike, e nwetara ngwakọ n'etiti osisi ndị a. Na ugbo o nwere 18 chromosomes (9 site na radish na 9 site na kabeeji) ma zuru oke. N'ime mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-emepụta spontaneously polyploid, nke na-enwe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị nchịkwa nwere 36 chromosomes na iri asatọ na asatọ nọ na-emepụta n'oge meiosis. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ngwakọ polyploid nwere 18 chromosomes, ma radishes na cabbages, ha na-arụkwa ọrụ mgbe niile. Ngwakọta a dị nnọọ mma.

Polyploidy-ata

Ụfọdụ polyploids bilitere dị ka ahịhịa na ebe ndị metụtara ọrụ mmadụ, mgbe ụfọdụ ha na-enweta ọganihu dị ịtụnanya. Otu n'ime ihe atụ a ma ama bụ ndị bi na nnu nnu nke Spartina. Otu ụdị, S. maritima (nke dị n'okpuru ebe a), na-eme na ala ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Europe na Africa. Umu ndi ozo, S. alterniflora, batara United Kingdom site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke North America na 1800 wee gbasaa ebe niile iji mepụta nnukwu ógbè.

Ugbo

Otu n'ime ụdị osisi dị iche iche polyploid kachasị mkpa ka a gụọ dị ka mkpụrụ osisi Triticum wheat (dị n'okpuru). The kasị nkịtị na ụwa ọka akuku - adụ wheat (T. aestivum) - nwere 2n = 42. Soft wheat sitere dịkarịa ala 8,000 afọ gara aga, eleghị anya na Central Europe, dị ka a N'ihi nke eke hybridization nke akọ wheat, nke 2n = 28, na a ọhịa cereal Otu ụdị ihe ahụ, enwere 2n = 14. Ohia nwere ike ịdị ka ahịhịa n'etiti ọka wit. Nchịkọta, nke mere ka ọka wit dị ọcha, nwere ike ime n'etiti polyploids nke gosipụtara site n'oge ruo n'oge na mmadụ nke ma ụdị nne na nna.

O yikarịrị ka ọ dị ozugbo ọka wit 42-chromosome na àgwà ya bara uru pụtara n'akụkụ ọnụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo mbụ ahụ, ha hụrụ ya ozugbo ma họrọ ya maka ịkụkwuo ihe. Otu n'ime ụdị nne na nna ya, 28-chromosome nke ọka wit, mere site na nchịkọta nke ụdị anụ ọhịa 14-chromosome dị na Middle East. Types of wheat, na 2n = 28, na ugbu a anọgide na-akọ na 42-chromosome. Ahịhịa dị otú ahụ 28-ọka wit bụ ọka wit bụ isi iyi nke ọka maka mmepụta macaroni n'ihi oke elu nke protein ha. Nke a bụ ọrụ arụ ọrụ polyploidy.

Triticosecale

Nnyocha e mere na nso nso a egosiwo na usoro ọhụrụ e nwetara site na ngwakọ pụrụ imezi mmepụta ugbo. A na-eji polyploidy na-azụlite n'ọtụtụ ebe. Karịsịa nkwa bụ Triticosecale - otu ìgwè nke ndị mmadụ na-mere adọ ụdị ụfọdụ n'etiti ọka wit (Triticum) na rye (Akara). Ụfọdụ n'ime ha, ijikọta arụpụta ọka wit na nchịkwa nke rye, na-eguzogide ọgwụ kachasị mma na ntanarị - ọrịa nke na-akpata oké mmebi ugbo. A Njirimara ndị dị mkpa karịsịa na elu-elu n'ógbè nke okpomọkụ na subtropics, ebe nchara - isi ihe na-akpata na ịmachi na cultivation nke wheat. Ugbu a, Triticosecale na-eto eto ma buru ibu na France na obodo ndị ọzọ. Ahịrị nke 42-chromosome nke omenala ọka a kachasị ama. Enwetara ya site na ọnụọgụgụ abụọ nke chromosomes mgbe e mejupụtara ọka wheat 28 na chromosome na rye na-14-chromosome.

Ụdị polyploids dị iche iche

Na ọdịdị, a na-ahọrọ ha n'okpuru mmetụta nke ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ọ bụghị n'ihi ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ. Mmalite ha bụ otu n'ime usoro mmepụta evolushọn kacha mkpa. Na oge anyị, ọtụtụ polyploids na-anọchite anya osisi nke ụwa (ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe ọkụkụ niile). So ha bụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị kasị mkpa n'ubi - bụghị naanị wheat, ma owu, okpete, unere, nduku na sunflower. Na ndepụta a ị nwere ike ịgbakwunye ọmarịcha ogige okooko osisi - chrysanthemums, pansies, dahlias.

Ugbu a ị maara ihe polyploidy bụ. Ọrụ ya na ugbo, dịka ị pụrụ ịhụ, dị oke mma.