List of Russian nuklia ike osisi. Olee otú ọtụtụ nuklia ike osisi na Russia

Nuclear physics, dị ka a na sayensị bilie mgbe ọ chọpụtara na 1986 nke radioactivity ọkà mmụta sayensị Becquerel na Marie Curie, ghọrọ ihe ndabere ọ bụghị nanị na nke ngwá agha nuklia ma nuclear ụlọ ọrụ.

Malite Nuclear Research na Russia

Ugbua Radium Commission e guzobere 1910 na St. Petersburg, nke gụnyere maara nke ọma ọmụmụ physics NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

The ọmụmụ nke radioactivity Filiks na ntọhapụ nke esịtidem ike rụrụ ke akpa ogbo nke nuclear ike mmepe na Russia, na oge site na 1921 ka 1941. Mgbe ahụ, o gosiwo na o kwere omume neutron kpọọ protons theoretically substantiated ekwe omume nke nuclear Jeremaya mere site fission nke uranium.

N'okpuru nduzi nke I. V. Kurchatova ọrụ nke oru nke ngalaba dị iche iche ka e maka a kpọmkwem ọrụ na mmejuputa iwu-nke ihe mkpalite nke uranium fission.

N'oge e kere eke nke ngwá agha nuklia na USSR

Site na 1940, ka na-akwakọba a nnukwu mgbakọ na mwepụ na ahụmahụ, kwere ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na mba na-edu ndú na-nyochawa iji a nnukwu atọm ike. Na 1941, mbụ cyclotron, nke nyeere a Ịhazi nchoputa nke excitation nke nuclei accelerated ion e wuru na Moscow. Ná mmalite nke ngwá agha a kpaliri Ufa na Kazan, na mkpara ga-aga.

Site 1943 enwere a pụrụ iche laabu nke atọm ntọala n'okpuru idu ndú nke I. V. Kurchatova, nzube nke nke bụ ihe e kere eke nke a bọmbụ nuklia ma ọ bụ uranium mmanụ ụgbọala.

The ojiji nke bọmbụ atọm site United States na August 1945 na Hiroshima na Nagasaki kere a nweela nke nanị nwe nke mba superweapon ma si otú na-amanye ndị Soviet Union na adị ọrụ ike ya bọmbụ nuklia.

The N'ihi nke nzukọ jikoro bụ mwepụta nke mbụ uranium-graphite nuclear chernobyl na Russia na obodo nta nke Sarov (Gorky Region) ke 1946. Na a ule chernobyl F-1 na nke mbụ na-achịkwa nuclear mmeghachi omume e duziri.

Industrial chernobyl maka plutonium inwetara e wuru na 1948 na Chelyabinsk. Na 1949, a ule E duziri plutonium nuclear ụgwọ na ule na saịtị na Semipalatinsk.

Nke a na-adọ malitere na preparatory akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ nuclear ike. Na ugbua na 1949, imewe ọrụ na-ewu a nuclear ike osisi na malitere.

Na 1954 na Obninsk ulo oru ụwa mbụ (ngosi) nuclear echichi dịtụ ala ike (5 MW).

Industrial sọrọ-nzube chernobyl, ebe na mgbakwunye na nke na-amị eletrik dum n'ịkpa ọzọ na ngwá agha ọkwa plutonium, e tinyere Tomsk (Seversk) at Siberia chemical osisi.

Russian nuclear ume: ụdị ngwa agha

Nuclear ike na Soviet Union na mbụ lekwasịrị anya na nke elu-ike ngwa agha:

• Duct thermal chernobyl RBMK (RBMK); Mmanụ ụgbọala - ubé mma uranium dioxide (2%), a mmeghachi omume retarder - graphite coolant - esi mmiri dị ọcha site deuterium na tritium (ìhè mmiri).
• Chernobyl WWER (VVER) thermal neutron nchọ na a mgbali arịa, mmanụ - uranium dioxide enriched na 3-5% onye njikwa oge - mmiri, ọ bụkwa ndị coolant.
• BN-600 - a ngwa ngwa neutron chernobyl, mmanụ ụgbọala - mma uranium coolant - sodium. The ụwa nanị azụmahịa chernobyl nke ụdị. Ẹdoride ke Beloyarsk ojii.
• EGP - thermal chernobyl (ike heterogeneous loop) na-arụ ọrụ na Bilibino. Ji na na ekpo oke ọkụ nke coolant (mmiri) na-ewe ebe chernobyl onwe ya. Ghọtara dị ka unpromising.

Na ngụkọta, Russia pụrụ ịmụba NPP na-arụ ọrụ taa na-33 nkeji na a ngụkọta ikike n'elu 2,300 MW:

• VVER - 17 nkeji;
• ngwa agha RMBK - 11 nkeji;
• ngwa agha BN - 1 unit;
• ngwa agha EGP - 4 blocks.

List of Russian na mba Soviet NPP input oge site na 1954 ruo 2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Nzube - Ngosi na ulo oru. Chernobyl ụdị - AM-1. Kwụsịrị na 2002
2. 1958, Siberia, Tomsk-7 (Seversk) Tomsk mpaghara. Nzube - imepụta ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium, ọzọ okpomọkụ na mmiri ọkụ maka Seversk na Tomsk. Chernobyl ụdị - Ei-2, 3-Ade, Ade-4, 5-Ade. N'ikpeazụ kwụsịrị na 2008 n'okpuru nkwekọrịta na United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). chernobyl ụdị - Ade, Ade 1, Ade-2. Nzube - imepụta ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium ka ikpo ore nhazi osisi ke Krasnoyarsk. The ikpeazụ stop ada itie ke 2010 n'okpuru nkwekọrịta na United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. chernobyl ụdị - AMB 100, AMB-200, BN-600 na BN-800. AMB-100 kwụsịrị na 1983, ndị AMB-200 - na 1990 edinam.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. chernobyl ụdị - VVER ise blocks. The mbụ na nke abụọ na-akwụsị. Status - nke ugbu a.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, obodo Melekess (Dimitrovgrad 1972) Ulyanovsk mpaghara. Ụdị ike nnyocha ngwa agha - ỤWA SM RBT-6, Bor-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. Bor-60 na VC-50 na-emepụta ndị ọzọ na ọkụ eletrik. Mgbe niile akp stop oge. Status - naanị ojii na nnyocha ngwa agha. Atụmatụ na mmechi - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN, kwụsịrị na 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, Polar Zori Murmansk mpaghara. Anọ VVER. Status - nke ugbu a.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad mpaghara. Anọ chernobyl RMBK-1000 (otu na Chernobyl). Status - nke ugbu a.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka kwurula ụzọ ihu. Ụdị ngwa agha - AMB (ugbu a kwụsịrị), BN na anọ EGP. Ime.
11. 1976. Kursk, Kurchatov Kursk mpaghara. Anọ ngwa agha ka RMBK-1000. Ime.
12. 1976. Armenian, nke Metsamor, Armenia. mbụ kwụsịrị na 1989, abụọ VVER unit, nke abụọ omume.
13. 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Anọ ngwa agha ka RMBK-1000. The anọ ngọngọ bibiri na 1986, nke abụọ unit na-kwụsịrị na 1991, akpa - na 1996, nke atọ - na 2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne mpaghara., Ukraine. Atọ nkeji na VVER ngwa agha. Ime.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk region, abụọ nkeji na VVER-1000 RMBK. Ime.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv mpaghara., Ukraine. Atọ VVER. Ime.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (n'oge Ignalina district), Lithuania. Abụọ RMBK chernobyl. na arịrịọ nke European Union kwụsịrị na 2009 (na abanye EEC).
18. 1984. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya Tver mpaghara. Abụọ VVER. Ime.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Six nkanka na VVER. Ime.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, Saratov mpaghara. Anọ VVER. Ime.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky mpaghara., Ukraine. Otu VVER. Ime.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov mpaghara. Site na 2014, na-arụ ọrụ na abụọ nkanka nke VVER ngwa agha. Abụọ nkeji na-ewu.

Nuclear ume mgbe Chernobyl mberede

1986 gosiri na egbu egbu maka ụlọ ọrụ. The esi nke mmadụ mere ọdachi ndị mere na-atụghị anya ka ụmụ mmadụ na eke na-akwadoghị akwado bụ mmechi nke ọtụtụ nuklia ike osisi. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nuclear ike osisi gburugburu ụwa jụrụ. Kwụsịrị site Soviet Union n'okpuru owuwu bụghị naanị anụ ụlọ ụgbọ, ma esenidụt.

List of Russian nuklia ike osisi, na-ewu nke e kwụsịtụrụ:

• Gorkovskaya AST (kpo oku osisi);
• Crimea;
• Voronezh AST.

List of Russian nuklia ike osisi, kagbuo n'oge imewe na preparatory earthworks:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Far East;
• Ivanovskaia AST (kpo oku osisi);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Hapuru nuclear ike osisi Russia: akpatara

Ịchọta saịtị na-ewu na a tectonic kpatara - ihe mere e zoro aka na ukara isi mmalite ke ichebe Russian nuclear ike osisi na-ewu. Map nke ufiop seismic ebe nke obodo anọ naanị Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag mpaghara Baikal esemokwu, Altai-Sayan, Far East na Priamurskaya.

Site na nke a echiche na-ewu Crimea ojii (akpa ngọngọ readiness - 80%) e n'ezie malitere isi. The ezigbo ihe mere maka ichebe ike fọdụrụ ka a oké ọnụ ghọrọ ọjọọ ọnọdụ - aku nsogbu na USSR. Na na oge ha na-ichekwa (n'ụzọ nkịtị ẹsịn ke maka riri ego), ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na saịtị, n'agbanyeghị elu ogo readiness.

Rostov NPP: resumption nke ewu ewu na aka, nke echiche ọha na eze

Construction nke osisi malitere na 1981. Na 1990, nrụgide nke ifịk ọha Regional Council nakweere a mkpebi na-ewu nke umu ihe nche. The readiness nke mbụ ngọngọ n'oge ama 95% na 2nd - 47%.

Mgbe afọ asatọ gasịrị, na 1998, e degharịrị mbụ draft, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji na-ebelata ka abụọ. Na May 2000, ewu maliteghachiri, na May 2001 mbụ unit na-Switched na okporo. Malite n'afọ ọzọ, ọ maliteghachiri ewu nke a abụọ. The ikpeazụ igba egbe e yigharịrị ọtụtụ ugboro, na March 2010 ẹkenịmde ya njikọ okporo nke Russian Federation.

Rostov NPP unit 3

Na 2009, a mkpebi e mere na mmepe nke Rostov nuclear ike osisi na nwụnye ya anọ ọzọ nkanka na ndabere nke VVER ngwa agha.

Nyere ugbu a ọnọdụ n'oge ọkụ eletrik soplaya na Crimea peninshula, ga-aghọ Rostov NPP. 3 unit na December 2014 e jikọọ na ike usoro nke Russian Federation ruo mgbe a kacha nta ike. Site ufọt ufọt 2015 na ọ na-zubere na-amalite azụmahịa ọrụ (1011 MW), nke kwesịrị belata ihe ize ndụ nke dị ụkọ nke eletrik si Ukraine na Crimea.

Nuclear ike na oge a Russian

Site na mmalite nke 2015 niile nuclear ike osisi Russia (ẹdude na-ewu) bụ ndị enyemaka nke "Rosenergoatom" nchegbu. Na nsogbu na oru ihe isi ike na weere na e merie. Site na mmalite nke 2015 na Russia na e nwere 10 nuklia ike osisi na-ewu - 5 n'ala na onye-ese n'elu mmiri ojii.

List of Russian nuklia ike osisi na-arụ ọrụ ná mmalite nke 2015:

• Beloyarsk (malitere ọrụ - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Nuclear Ike Osisi (1964).
• Kola Nuclear Ike Osisi (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russian nuklia ike osisi na-ewu

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad mpaghara. Abụọ blocks na ndabere nke VVER-1200 ngwa agha. Construction malitere na 2012. Malite - na 2017, ndị e mere ikike - na 2018

Ọ na-zubere na Baltic NPP ga mbupụ ọkụ eletrik na mba Europe: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. eletrik ahịa na Russia ga-mere site na Lithuanian ike usoro.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk mpaghara, na nke ugbu a na saịtị. Otu unit - dabeere na BN-800 chernobyl. Mbụ zubere maka igba egbe na 2014 e gbanwere n'ihi na ụkọ nke Ukraine na njikọ na na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ihe ndị mere 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 na Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad mpaghara. Chetyrehblokovaya ojii dabeere na VVER-1200 ngwa agha. Ọ ga-anọchi anya Sela (Leningrad). The mbụ unit na-zubere ịme na 2015, na-esonụ - 2017, 2018, 2019. karị.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 na Novovoronezh Voronezh region, adịghị anya site edinam. Ga-eji dochie zubere ewu nke anọ nkanka, mbụ - na ndabere nke VVER-1200 ngwa agha, ndị na-esonụ - VVER-1300. Mmalite nke imewe ikike - na 2015 (akpa unit).
• Rostov (cm. Karịsịa).

Nuclear Power Industry Worldwide: otu nnyocha

Na European nke mba na-wuru fọrọ nke nta niile Russian nuklia ike osisi. Map mbara ndokwa nuklia ike osisi na-egosi na ịta nke ihe ndị na-esonụ anọ na mpaghara: Europe, Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa (Japan, China, Korea), na Middle East, Central America. Dị ka IAEA, banyere 440 nuclear reactors ejikwara ke 2014.

Nuclear ike osisi na-lekwasị ndị na-esonụ mba:

• US nuklia ike osisi na-emepụta 836 630 000 000 kWh / afọ ..;
• na France - 439 730 000 000 kWh / afọ ;.
• Japan - 263 830 000 000 kWh / afọ ;.
• na Russia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / afọ ;.
• na Korea - 142 940 000 000 kWh / afọ ;.
• na Germany - 140 530 000 000 kWh / afọ ..