Mgbanwe na usoro ndu - ya ... mgbanwe Types

Mgbanwe na usoro ndu - bụ ntoputa nke onye ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nke otu ụdị. N'ihi na mgbanwe nke ndị bi na-aghọ heterogeneous, na umu a mma ohere imeghari ka na-agbanwe agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ.

Na nke a sayensị, dị ka usoro ndu, si n'aka ruo n'aka na mgbanwe na-aga aka na aka. E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị mgbanwe:

• Nonhereditary (mgbanwe, phenotypic).
• Butere n'aka (mutation, genotype).

ndị na-abụghị butere n'aka mgbanwe

Mgbanwe mgbanwe na usoro ndu - ike nke a otu ndụ organism (phenotype) imeghari ka gburugburu ebe obibi ihe n'ime ya genotype. N'ihi na nke a onwunwe nke onye imeghari ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na ndị ọzọ na ọnọdụ nke ịdị adị. Phenotypic mgbanwe bụ ihe ndabere nke mmegharị Filiks aa na bụla organism. N'ihi ya, na outbred anụmanụ site n'imeziwanye ọnọdụ enwekwu arụpụtaghị: mmiri ara ehi mmepụta, egg mmepụta, na na. Na anụmanụ, dị n'ugwu ebe, na-eto eto stunted na a ọma mepere undercoat. Na-agbanwe agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe. Ihe Nlereanya nke usoro a nwere ike mfe hụrụ ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị: na ụmụ mmadụ na anụ na-gụrụ ultraviolet ìhè na-aghọ ọchịchịrị, dị ka a N'ihi nke ahụ exertion uru ịzụlite, osisi toro na shaded ebe ma na ìhè, nwere dị iche iche shapes nke epupụta na hares ịgbanwe agba ajị na oyi na okpomọkụ.

N'ihi na ndị na-abụghị butere n'aka mgbanwe e ji ndị na-esonụ Njirimara:

• otu agwa mgbanwe;
• Ọ na-adịghị ketara site eyen;
• ịrịba ama nke mgbanwe n'ime genotype;
• ruru ọnụego mgbanwe na osisi ike nke na mpụga na-akpata.

mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbanwe

Butere n'aka ma ọ bụ genotypic mgbanwe na Biology - bụ, usoro nke organism genome dịgasị. Ekele ya onye-enweta ndị e ji mara na mbụ uncharacteristic nke di ya n'obi. Dị ka Darwin, genotypic mgbanwe bụ isi engine evolushọn. Ihe na-esonụ iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbanwe:

• mutation;
• combinative.

Combinative mgbanwe emee ka a n'ihi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbanwe site mmekọahụ amụba. N'otu oge ahụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ndị nne na nna dị iche iche jikọtara na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgbọ, na-amụba di iche iche nke ntule na a bi. Combinative mgbanwe ndị a iwu nke nketa Mendel. Otu ihe atụ nke a mgbanwe - inbreeding na outbreeding (njikọ chiri anya na-agbasaghị hybridization). Mgbe atụmatụ nke onye na-emeputa chọrọ dịgide ụdị anụmanụ, ojiji inbreeding. N'ihi ya, ụmụ-aghọ ndị ọzọ edo àgwà na fixes nchoputa e. Inbreeding na-eduga ná ngosipụta nke recessive mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na pụrụ iduga mbelata nke akara. Ka iwelie mma ọganihu nke ụmụ na-eji outbreeding - outbreeding. Na nke a mụrụ heterozygosity abawanye na-enwekwu ndị di iche iche n'ime ndị bi na, na dị ka a na ya pụta, na-enwekwu nkwụsi ike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na oghom mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi ihe.

Mmụba, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa n'ime:

• genome;
• chromosome;
• site n'usoro;
• cytoplasmic.

Mgbanwe na-emetụta ndị omumu mkpụrụ ndụ, na-ketara eketa. Mmụba na somatic mkpụrụ ndụ pụrụ ibunye ndị ụmụ, ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-vegetatively propagated (osisi, dịkwa ka usoro ha). Mmụba pụrụ ịba uru, na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ na-emerụ.

genomic mmụba

Mgbanwe na usoro ndu site genomic mmụba nwere ike ịbụ nke abụọ na ụdị:

• Polyploidy - a mutation ọtụtụ hụrụ na osisi. Ọ e mere site magnification nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chromosomes na ntọala, kpụrụ n'oge ndị mebiri nke ha iche dị na cell okporo osisi n'oge fission. Polyploid adọ ụdị ụfọdụ na-ọtụtụ-eji ugbo - na osisi na-agụnye ihe karịrị 500 polyploids (yabasị, buckwheat, sugar biiti, radishes, Mint, mkpụrụ vaịn, wdg).
• Aneuploidy - abawanye ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chromosomes nke onye di na nwunye. Nke a na ụdị mutation e ji ala viability nke onye ahụ. The nile mutation na ụmụ mmadụ - onye extra chromosome on the 21st ụzọ na-akpata Down si syndrome.

chromosomal mmụba

Mgbanwe na usoro ndu site chromosomal mmụba apụta mgbe na-agbanwe agbanwe na Ọdịdị nke chromosomes onwe ha: ọnwụ nke ọgwụgwụ òkè, na ugboro ugboro nke a set nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa-atụgharị iche iche na ibe akwụkwọ, ndị na-ebu chromosome nke ebe ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ chromosome. Dị otú ahụ mmụba na-emekarị mere radieshon na chemical mmetọ.

site n'usoro mmụba

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na mmụba gosipụtara externally, dị ka bụ a recessive àgwà. Mere site site n'usoro mmụba ịgbanwe nucleotide usoro - onye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa - ma na-edu ka ọdịdị nke protein ụmụ irighiri na akwụkwọ Njirimara. Gene mmụba mmadụ ime ka mpụta ìhè nke ụfọdụ butere n'aka ọrịa - sickle cell anaemia, hemophilia.

cytoplasmic mutation

Cytoplasmic mmụba na-metụtara mgbanwe owuwu nke cell cytoplasm nwere a DNA molekul. Ọ mitochondria na plastids. Dị otú ahụ mmụba na-ebute site ná site nne nwa akara, dị ka zaigọtụ na-akawanye niile nne nwa cytoplasm nke egg. Atụ cytoplasmic mmụba kpatara mgbanwe na usoro ndu - ya peristolistnost osisi, nke e mere site mgbanwe chloroplasts.

N'ihi na ihe niile mmụba na-ji ndị na-esonụ Njirimara:

• Ha na-egosi na mberede.
• Ketara eketa.
• Ha adịghị ihe ọ bụla direction. Mmụba nwere ike gụrụ dị ka a obere òkè dị mkpa ịrịba ama.
• Bilie na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na bụ ihe pụrụ iche.
• Na ya pụta ìhè na mmụba nwere ike ịdị na-achị ma ọ bụ recessive.
• Otu mutation nwere ike ugboro ugboro.

Onye ọ bụla mutation e mere site ụfọdụ ihe. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, iji chọpụta na ọ ada ada. The ibuo ọnọdụ eji nweta mmụba nke ihe na-akpata-eduzi ndị na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi - nke radieshon ikpughe na dị ka.