Cyanobacteria - bụ ... Cyanobacteria: Ọdịdị, izugbe

N'etiti ugbu a ẹdude ntule, e nwere ụfọdụ ndị ngwa nke ọ bụla n'ógbè nke uwa na-mgbe nile na esemokwu. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe e kere eke na-akpọ cyanobacteria. Ọ bụ ezie na kpọmkwem aha ha nwere. Ọtụtụ synonyms:

• acha anụnụ anụnụ na-green algae;
• cyanobiont;
• fikohromovye Monera;
• cyano;
• slizievye algae na ndị ọzọ.

Ọ na-enyo na cyanobacteria - ọ bụ nnọọ obere, ma n'otu oge ahụ dị otú ahụ a mgbagwoju na controversial ahu nke na-achọ nlezianya tụlee na inyocha ya Ọdịdị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem taxonomic affiliation.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chọpụtara na ịdị adị na

Dị ka mmanu ndi mere onwe ndekọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green algae nwere na mgbọrọgwụ ya anya azụ na oge, maka ole na ole nde afọ gara aga. Nchọpụta ndị a mere ka ọmụmụ nke paleontologists niile ahụ lebara nkume (ha na saịtị) nke ndị anya ugboro.

cyanobacteria ahuru n'elu nke n'omume, na Ọdịdị nke nke bụ ọ dị iche iche na nke oge a na iche-iche. Nke a na-egosi a elu ogo nke ime mgbanwe ndị a kere eke dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ, ha oké ntachi obi na lanarị. O doro anya na ọtụtụ nde afọ, e nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe na okpomọkụ na gas mejupụtara nke uwa. Ihe ọ bụla, Otú ọ dị, na-emetụta ọganihu nke cyan.

Na oge a cyanobacteria - a otu-celled organism, nke e meghere na njikọ na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje na mkpụrụ ndụ. Nke ahụ bụ, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Lui Pasterom na ndị ọzọ na ọkà mmụta sayensị na XVIII-XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ.

More nlezianya na-amụ ha wara mgbe e mesịrị, na mmepe nke elektrọn Microscopy na modernized usoro na nnyocha ụzọ. Atụmatụ a mata na enweta cyanobacteria. cell Ọdịdị na-agụnye a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọhụrụ, na-hụrụ ndị ọzọ e kere eke, owuwu.

nhazi ọkwa

The ajụjụ iji chọpụta ha taxonomic affiliation anọgide na-emeghe. Ezie na ọ maara na ọ bụ naanị otu ihe: cyanobacteria - prokaryotes. Nke a na-egosi na ndị dị otú ahụ na atụmatụ dị ka:

• enweghị a ntọala, mitochondria, chloroplasts;
• ọnụnọ ke cell mgbidi murein;
• S-ribosome molekul esịnede mkpụrụ ndụ.

O sina dị, cyanobacteria - prokaryotes, bụ ndị 1.5 nde umu. All n'ime ha nọ na nkewa na grouped nọ 5 nnukwu morphological iche iche.

1. Chroococcales. Ezuola nnukwu ìgwè ime naanị ma ọ bụ colonial iche-iche. High kasịnụ nke ntule na-ẹkenịmde ọnụ site na nkịtị imi secreted cell mgbidi nke ọ bụla. Udi nke otu a bụ mkpanaka ekara na * Tụkwasị na Ọdịdị.
2. Plevrokapsovye. Yiri nnọọ ka gara aga ụdị, ma e nwere a mma n'ụdị akpụ beotsitov (ihe a onu mgbe e mesịrị). Gụnyere ebe a cyanobacteria bụ atọ bụ isi na klas: Plevrokapsy, Dermokapsy, Miksosartsiny.
3. Oksillatorii. The isi mma nke otu a bụ na ihe niile nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-jikọtara n'ime a nkịtị Ọdịdị akpọ mucic trichome. Nkewa na-ewe ebe, enweghị na-aga ná mpụga nke a na eri, n'ime. Ostsillatorii agụnye na ya otu nanị vegetative mkpụrụ ndụ, nkerisi asexually ọkara.
4. Nostokovye. Nti maka ya cryophilic. Ike ibi oghe desat of ice akpụ ke ha acha raids. The na-akpọ onu nke "blooming ice desat." The iche nke ndị a ntule na filamentous ka trichomes, ma mmekọahụ mmeputakwa, site n'enyemaka nke pụrụ iche na mkpụrụ ndụ - heterocysts. Ebe i nwere ike na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ na-anọchite anya: Annaba, Nostoc, Kalotriksy.
5. Stigonemovye. Yiri nnọọ ka gara aga otu. Isi ihe dị iche na mode nke mmeputakwa - na ha nwere ike na-eke ọtụtụ n'ime otu cell. The kasị ewu ewu na nnọchiteanya nke a mkpakọrịta - Fisherelly.

N'ihi ya, cyan na nkewa dị ka morphological ibiere, dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ e nwere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọ na-emekwa ihe mgbagwoju anya. Ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na microbiologists ka a nkịtị denominator na taxonomy nke cyanobacteria ike ma na-abịa.

ebe

N'ihi ọnụnọ nke pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ (heterocysts, beotsitov, ọhụrụ tillakoidov, gas vacuoles, ikike idozi molekụla nitrogen na ndị ọzọ) data ntule biri n'ebe nile. Ha na-enwe na-adị ndụ ọbụna ihe ndị kasị oké ọnọdụ, nke ọ dịghị bi organism ike adị. Ka ihe atụ, na-ekpo ọkụ esite thermophilic, anaerobic ọnọdụ na hydrogen sulfide ikuku, ihe acidic gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe a onye Onyenwe anyị + na-erughị 4.

Cyanobacteria - ihe organism ndụ na-eji nwayọọ na oké osimiri ájá na nkume ledges, ice nkanka na-ekpo ọkụ desat. Mụta ma mata na ọnụnọ nke cyanogen nwere ike ịbụ ihe e ji mara na agba na ada, nke na-etolite ha chịrị. Agba nwere ike ịdị iche iche site acha anụnụ anụnụ-nwa pinki na-acha odo odo.

Sinezelenymi na-akpọ ha n'ihi na, nke bụ mgbe n'elu nkịtị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nnu mmiri ha na-etolite a-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green mucic film. Nke a na onu na-akpọ "algal blooms." Ọ nwere ike hụrụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla ọdọ, nke na-amalite na-eto eto ma ghọọ apiti.

Atụmatụ cell Ọdịdị

Cyanobacteria nwere na mbụ Ọdịdị nke prokaryotic ntule, ma e nwere ụfọdụ peculiarities.

Total cell Ọdịdị atụmatụ bụ dị ka ndị a:

• cell mgbidi murein na polysaccharides;
• plasma akpụkpọ ahụ bilipidnogo Ọdịdị;
• cytoplasm na unu kpamkpam na-ekesa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe n'ụdị DNA ụmụ irighiri;
• tillakoidy ọrụ ọrụ photosynthesis na nwere pigments (chlorophylls, xanthophylls carotenoids).

Specific akụkụ nke cell kọwara n'okpuru ebe.

Ụdị pụrụ iche owuwu

Nke a bụ isi geterotsisty. Ndị a owuwu - bụghị mgbe mgbe, ma mkpụrụ ndụ onwe ha dị ka a akụkụ nke trichomes (nkịtị colonial yarn jikọtara na imi). Ha iche mgbe anya na mikroskopu site na ya mejupụtara, ebe ha isi ọrụ - mmepụta nke enzyme, ikwe idozi molekụla nitrogen site n'ikuku. Ya mere, pigments na geterotsisty e nwere obere, ma a otutu nitrogen.

Nke abuo, o gormogonii - ngalaba e si trichomes. Ha na-eje ozi dị ka ozuzu mgbakwasị.

Beotsity - bụ ụdị nwa mkpụrụ ndụ, na-uka na-nyere na otu nne na nna. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ esịmde ọtụtụ puku maka otu oge nke nkewa. Site ndị dị otú ahụ a mma nwere ike Dermokapsy ọzọ Plevrokapsodievye.

Akinetes - pụrụ iche mkpụrụ ndụ na quiescent steti na esịne ke trichomes. Ha iche ọzọ oke ọgaranya cell mgbidi polysaccharides. Ọrụ ha yiri geterotsisty.

Gas vacuoles - ha nwere niile cyanobacteria. cell Ọdịdị ibido na-egosi ọnụnọ ha. Ọrụ ha - na-ewere akụkụ na usoro nke na okooko mmiri. Aha ọzọ, n'ihi na otú owuwu - Carboxysome.

Cell ebighị. Ha na-enwe, na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ na nje na mkpụrụ ndụ. Otú ọ dị, blue-green algae, ndị a inclusions bụ dịtụ iche. Ndị a gụnyere:

• glycogen;
• polyphosphate nsogbu dị iche iche;
• tsianofitsin - a pụrụ iche umi, esịnede aspartate, arginine. Ọ na-eje ozi maka nchekwa nke nitrogen, ebe ọ bụ na ndị a inclusions nọ heterocysts.

Nke a bụ ihe nwere cyanobacterium. Main akụkụ na pụrụ iche mkpụrụ ndụ na organelles - nke ahụ bụ ihe na-enye ohere tsianeyam mepụta photosynthesis, ma n'otu oge na-emeso bacteria.

amụba

Usoro a bụ bụghị karịsịa ike, dị ka otu, nke a na-ahụkarị bacteria. Cyanobacteria nwere ike kee vegetatively, akụkụ trichomes, nkịtị cell abụọ, ma ọ bụ na-ebu mmekọahụ usoro.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị a Filiks metụtara pụrụ iche mkpụrụ ndụ geterotsisty, Akinetes, beotsity.

ụzọ nke ije

The onu kpuchie na n'èzí cyanobacteria cell mgbidi, na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna na a pụrụ iche oyi akwa nke polysaccharide ike nke na-akpụ mucic Capsule gburugburu ya. Ọ bụ ekele nke a mma na okporo ụzọ na-akpali cyan.

Flagella ma ọ bụ cilia pụrụ iche n'ebe ahụ. Movement nwere ike rụrụ naanị na ihe siri ike n'elu na imi obere he. Ụfọdụ Ostsillatorii nwere a nnọọ ihe ọhụrụ ụzọ nke na-akpụ akpụ - ha dabeere ya axis n'otu oge ime ka adiana nke dum trichomes. N'ihi ya, ọ a ije na a n'elu.

The ike idozi nitrogen

Nke a na atụmatụ nwere fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla cyanobacterium. Nke a kwere omume ekele nitrogenase enzyme ike fix molekụla nitrogen na ịtụgharị ya na a digestible ụdị ogige. Nke a na-eme geterotsisty owuwu. N'ihi ya, ndị na ụdị na-adịghị ha, idozi nitrogen si ikuku ike.

N'ozuzu, usoro a na-eme ka a dị nnọọ mkpa Nigeria cyanobacteria maka osisi ndụ. Edozi na ala, osisi cyan aka banye ibikwa nitrogen ma na-edu a kwesịrị ndụ.

anaerobic umu

Ụdị ụfọdụ nke-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green algae (e.g., Ostsillatorii) na-enwe ike ibi ndụ a kpamkpam anaerobic ọnọdụ, na ikuku nke hydrogen sulfide. Na nke a na nhazi nke compound n'ime ahu na-kpụrụ dị ka a n'ihi nke molekụla sọlfọ exiting n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi.