Mgbe mbụ ụgbọala pụtara na Russia?

Mgbe mbụ ụgbọala pụtara na Russia? Tupu anyị azaa ajụjụ a, anyị kwesịrị ịghọta ihe ihe a ụgbọ ala.

Gịnị bụ ụgbọ ala

Okwu "ụgbọala" mejupụtara abụọ. "Auto" - bụ nke Greek si na pụtara "onwe" na "agagharị" na Latin pụtara "ije".

Ọ na-enyo na ụgbọala - ọ bụ a na ngwaọrụ na-nwere ike ime onwe ha. Ya bụ, nke a Ọdịdị kwesịrị inwe ya moto usoro - uzuoku, gas, electric, petrol, dizel - n'agbanyeghị ihe, dị nnọọ ka na-eji ya na-atụgharị wheel. Ya mere, ndị mbụ ụgbọ ala pụtara na Russia na a oge mgbe mepụtakwara ụfọdụ omenkà imewe, chefuokwa enweghị enyemaka nke ịnyịnya traction na muscular nwoke mgbalị.

Ma ndị nna nna nke anụ ụlọ akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ a ga-ewere dị ka Russian "lefties" onye nwere ike na-amanye ịkwaga ha aghụghọ na-enweghị òkè nke inyinya, na ghara ikwu ha ga-abụ ikenenke.

Mmalite nke anụ ụlọ akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ

History of mbụ Russian ụgbọ ala malitere November 1, 1752 na St. Petersburg. E mbụ gosiri anọ-wheeled ajụjụ, nke bụ ike ije ije na-enweghị enyemaka na ịnyịnya na ndị ọzọ ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ bụ a ígwè usoro a malitere na-enyemaka nke akpan iji ọnụ ụzọ ámá na muscular mgbalị nke otu onye. The ajụjụ nwere ike na-ebu, na mgbakwunye na-akwọ, abụọ ọzọ nọ na otú kpaliri na a ọsọ nke 15 km / h. Mmebe nke igwe bụ onye nkịtị serf-kụziiri, biri Nizhny Novgorod region - Shamshurenkov Leonty Lukyanovich. O kere a usoro, N'ezie, ọ na-apụghị-atụle a ụgbọala, ma nke ahụ na-abụghị ụgbọ.

Ọtụtụ nso ka maara anyị ọhụụ nke ụgbọ ala bụ a Russian mmebe Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.

na ndi oru ugbo Kulibina

Structure, mepụtakwara Kulibin ẹkewetde nke a atọ-wheeled Chassis na nke abụọ njem oche wụnye. Driver onwe ya, e nsogbu n'azụ oche a bụ n'aka tinyere nsogbu na abụọ pedal, metụtara na adiana nke wheel usoro. Na ndi oru ugbo Kulibina karịsịa dị ịrịba ama na e dere fọrọ nke nta niile dị oké mkpa na ihe nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ugbo imewe, na ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ ji mee ihe na ya ji ebu shifting Kwadobe, braking ngwaọrụ, na biarin na wheel.

Ntoputa nke mbụ ụgbọ ala Russia

Na 1830, K. Yankevich bụ ya bụ onye kwetara nna ukwu nke Monitors Affairs, ọnụ na ya na-enyere aka kpọkọtara "Bystrokat" - a onwe-propelled wheeled igwe na a uzuoku engine. The engine nwere a ngwaọrụ dabeere na aghụghọ nke uzuoku ike nkeji I. I. Polzunova, ME Cherepanov na P. K. Frolova. Dị ka a mmanụ ụgbọala, dị ka nchepụta, ọ bụ na-eji pine unyi.

The imewe bụ a ekpuchiri ekpuchi n'ụgbọala wheel, nke nyere, na mgbakwunye na ohere maka onye na-akwọ, na ọzọ ụlọ maka njem.

Otú ọ dị, usoro bụ nnọọ cumbersome na ike iji. Ya mere, imewe nke igwe gosiri na unsustainable. O sina dị, ọ bụ nke mbụ na anụ ụlọ ụgbọala Russia, nke n'ezie pụrụ iwere a n'ezie onwe-propelled igwe na a uzuoku engine.

Ọdịdị nke engine na ike na-agba ọsọ na petrol, nyere kwalite maka n'ihu mmepe nke ugbo ala, dị ka ọ bụ ya, n'ihi na ha dịtụ kọmpat size, pụrụ ịbụ isi iyi nke akwọ ụgbọala odudu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ugbo ala.

The mbụ ụgbọala na esịtidem combustion engines na Russia

Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ na-eme nnyocha, mbụ ụgbọ ala na esịtidem combustion engine E wuru 1882 na a obere obodo na Volga. Ndị dere akwụkwọ bụ ígwè ọrụ ndị injinia na Putilov Hlobil. Otú ọ dị, ukara akwụkwọ, reliably gosi na nke a, ya mere, hụrụ na ọ bụ. Ya mere, ọ na-kweere na nke mbụ ụgbọala na Russia, onwem na a mmiri mmiri-manu engines na-imported si mba ọzọ.

Na 1891 Vasily Navorotskim, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke otu n'ime Odessa akwụkwọ akụkọ na Russia e dị French ụgbọ ala "Panhard Levassor." Ọ na-enyo na nke mbụ na mba anyị mmanụ ụgbọala n'ụgbọala hụrụ ndị bi na Odessa.

Tupu Russian Alaeze Ukwu, bụ isi obodo nke na-enwe ọganihu na ụdị petrol ụgbọala ruru naanị 4 afọ mgbe e mesịrị. August 9, 1895 St. Petersburg hụrụ mbụ petrol onwe-propelled igwe. A obere ka e mesịrị, a ole na ole nke ndị a ụgbọala na-ada ka isi obodo.

O doro anya na, ọdịdị nke dị ụdị na zuru ụwa ọnụ ahịa ka kewapụrụ maka edinam na anụ ụlọ imewe engineer.

Russia mbụ ụgbọ ala na a combustion engine

Na 1896 na Nizhny Novgorod ngosi maka ọha ikiri ẹkenam ụgbọ ala n'ụzọ zuru ezu anụ ụlọ nzukọ, onwem na a mmanụ ụgbọala engine. The ụgbọ ala ama aha ya bụ "Car Frese na Yakovlev," na nsọpụrụ nke ha na-emepụta - E. A. Yakovleva na P. A. Freze. Yakovlev The osisi na-amị nnyefe na engine maka ụgbọ ala. Chassis, wheel, ahụ n'onwe ya na-emepụta na mmepụta Frese. Otú ọ dị, anyị nwere ike na-ekwu na ọdịdị nke Russian ụgbọ ala bụ nanị n'uru nke Russian injinia.

Western nlereanya maka Russian ụgbọ ala

Dịcha, Frese na Yakovlev Nlụpụta ya igwe eji ahụmahụ nke German mmebe Benz, na ụkpụrụ e weere site ụgbọala ya "Benz Victoria", nke na ha hụrụ site na ịga na 1893 ngosi na Chicago, ebe o gosipụtawo, dị ka constructive na na ya ọdịdị nke anụ ụlọ ụgbọ ala yiri nnọọ ka German sample.

Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-akwụ ụtụ ndị Russian engineer, ụgbọ ala ahụ dị bụghị a Foto-ekesịpde oyiri nke mba ọzọ counterpart. Chassis, ahu na Powertrain anụ ụlọ ụgbọ ala e budata mma, nke e accentuated na pịa nke oge, anya nsuso ọhụrụ tolite na ubi nchoputa na mepụtara.

Akwukwo kwa anụ ụlọ ígwè ọrụ, nakwa dị ka nghọta, na-adịghị chebere. All ikpe nke ụgbọ ala dabere na ndụ site na mgbe, na nkowa na foto. N'ezie, ọbụna na ọ na-amaghị otú ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta na ihe niile igwe nke usoro isiokwu a. Ma ọ bụla ikpe, a bụ ndị mbụ ụgbọala na Russia, nke Oghere Usoro mmepụta nke Russian ụgbọala.

Agbaru nke mbụ nke petrol ụgbọala

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụgbọ ala, anakọtara Frese na ibe ya, ngwa ngwa biri. Na 1898, engineer na industrialist Yakovlev nwụrụ, na, n'eziokwu, bụ mmalite nke ọgwụgwụ ọkpara anụ ụlọ akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ. Ọnwụ enyi Frese amanye ịzụta engines maka ụgbọala ná mba ọzọ, nke, N'ezie, oké disadvantageous maka ya. Na 1910, o rere niile guzosie ike mmepụta Russian-Baltic ano.

O sina dị, nke bụ eziokwu na nke mbụ ụgbọala na Russian ụlọ mmepụta na-ekele Yakovlev na Frese, ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke anụ ụlọ akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka nke ọma RBVZ bụ nzọụkwụ ọzọ na mmepe nke Russian ụgbọ ala mmepụta.

Russian-Baltic carload factory (RBVZ)

The mbụ Russian ụgbọ ala ika e eze aha ya bụ "Russo-Balt". N'okpuru ya, a afọ tupu ịzụrụ Frese factory, n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1909, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mbụ ụgbọ ala nke ya mmepụta.

Cars nke a ika nwere pụtara onwe ha dị ka siri ike na ukwuu pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, na-egosi na ịga nke ọma nke ụgbọala na-ekere òkè dị anya na-agbaba, ụgbọ ala asọmpi na ọbụna mba na mba rallies. E-akwukwo eziokwu na otu n'ime ụgbọala, e wepụtara na 1910 n'okpuru akara "C-24", 4 afọ nke ọrụ mechaa 80 puku. Km enweghị isi breakdowns na ọ di ike. Ọbụna eze ukwu na-arụzi ụgbọala enịm ihe iji maka abụọ ụdị nke ụgbọala na 1913, "K-12" na "C-24".

60% nke ụgbọala nsoro nke Russian agha ẹkewetde nke igwe "Russo-Balt". Ọzọkwa, osisi zụrụ bụghị naanị ụgbọala, kamakwa Chassis maka ojiji na armored ụgbọala.

Otu ihe dị mkpa bụ eziokwu bụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta n'akụkụ nile, components na usoro nke osisi na-amị ya. Abroad zụrụ nanị taya, bọl biarin, na ọnọdụ mmanụ gauges.

RBVZ emepụta ụgbọala na nnukwu quantities, na n'ime nke ọ bụla n'ime ha e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta zuru ezu ngakorita nke nkeji na akụkụ.

Na 1918, ụlọ ọrụ na-nationalized wee na ya akụkọ ihe mere eme ma armored osisi.