Mina oké osimiri (foto)

Mina oké osimiri bụ onwe ẹdude mgbawa ngwaọrụ enịm ke mmiri iji imebi ma ọ bụ mbibi nke ndị na hulls nke ụgbọ mmiri, submarines, ferries, azu ụgbọ mmiri na ndị ọzọ na watercraft. N'adịghị ka omimi ebubo mines nọ "na-ehi ụra" ala ruo mgbe kọntaktị na arịa broadside. Naval mines ike ga-eji maka ngwa nke kpọmkwem mmebi nke onye iro na iji gbochie ya ije na-emeri na ntụziaka. Mba na mba iwu, na-eduzi m agha iwu guzosie 8th 1907 Hague Convention.

nhazi ọkwa

Sea mines na-nkewa dị ka ndị na-esonụ ibiere:

• The ụdị ụgwọ - mgbe nile, pụrụ iche (nuclear).
• Degree nke selectivity - na-emebu (maka ihe ọ bụla nzube), ntuli aka (mara àgwà nke arịa).
• Manageability - chụpụrụ (site waya, now, redio), unguided.
• Multiplicities - multiple (gaghị agara nọmba nke nzube), na-abụghị multiple.
• Type fuuz - na-abụghị na kọntaktị (inductive, hydrodynamic, now, magnetik), na kọntaktị (mpi, electric &) jikọtara.
• Ụdị echichi - homing (torpedo), pop, igwu mmiri, na ala, arịlịka.

Mines na-adịkarị mechie ma ọ bụ oval udi (na wezụga nke m-torpedoes) nha si ọkara otu mita 6 mita (ma ọ bụ karịa) n'obosara. Anchor ji a-elekọta ruo 350 n'arọ, ike - ruo a ton.

ya mere eme

N'ihi na oge mbụ oké osimiri mines na e ji na Chinese na narị afọ nke 14. Chepụta ha dị nnọọ mfe: mmiri tarred gbọmgbọm nke gunpowder, nke mere ka a oriọna na a na-akwado n'elu ise n'elu. Chọrọ maka ojiji nri oge mụnye ọkụ oriọna na. The ojiji nke ndị dị otú ahụ akụkụ na-na-achọta na-ama na treatises narị afọ nke 16 ke otu China, ma dị ka a blaster eji ihe na nkà na ụzụ flintlock usoro. Mma mines eji megide Japanese na My Chemical Romance.

Na Europe, mbụ naval m na mepụtara na 1574 site England Ralph Rabbardsom. A na narị afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ndị Dutchman Cornelis Drebbel, bụ ndị jere ozi na Ordnance Department na England, nyere chepụta adighi ike "sere n'elu crackers."

American development

A n'ezie egwu Ọdịdị e mere na United States n'oge Agha nke Independence site David Bushnell (1777). Ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ powder keg, ma na-onwem na a usoro igbasu na a nkukota na ụgbọ mmiri ahu ihe.

Na n'etiti Civil War (1861) na United States site na Alfred Vaud mepụtakwara abụọ-hulled sere n'elu oké osimiri nke m. Aha họrọ adabara ya - "infernal igwe". The mgbawa umi-chọpụtara na a metal cylinder, emi odude n'okpuru mmiri, nke na-nọ na-ese n'elu mmiri n'elu osisi gbọmgbọm, n'otu oge na-eje ozi dị ka a n'elu mmiri na a detonator.

anụ ụlọ nmepe

N'ihi na oge mbụ na-electric fuuz maka "infernal igwe" mepụtakwara site Russian engineer Paul Schilling na 1812. N'oge ọma nọchibidoro Kronstadt, Briten na French nsoro (1854) na-alụ Agha Crimea oké pụtara naval m imewe Jacobi na Nobel. Iri na ise na narị kpughere "infernal igwe" na-abụghị nanị pinned ala ije nke onye iro nsoro, ma ha nwere atọ bụ isi British steamship na-mebiri emebi.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel nwere anwugh buoyancy (site ikuku-ulo) na-adịghị mkpa na floats. Nke a mere ka o kwe omume na wụnye ya na nzuzo na mmiri, nghọta na ígwè, ma ọ bụ ikwe ka eruba.

Mgbe e mesịrị, ifịk ifịk eji spheroconical sere n'elu nke m, na-ẹkenịmde ke chọrọ omimi na a obere unobtrusive boi ma ọ bụ arịlịka. Ya na nke mbụ etinyere na Russian-Turkish agha (1877-1878 gg.) Ndien guzo nsoro burugodị na n'ihu ndozi na 1960.

arịlịka m

Ọ na-ẹkenịmde ke achọrọ omimi arịlịka ọgwụgwụ - eriri. Pritaplivanie mbụ samples-enye akwụkwọ ntuziaka ukpụhọde nke a USB n'ogologo, nke na-achọ a otutu oge. Lieutenant Azarov chọrọ imewe-enye gị ohere na-akpaghị aka wụnye oké osimiri mines.

The ngwaọrụ e onwem na a usoro nke-edu ndú ibu na kwụsịtụrụ n'elu ibu arịlịka. The arịlịka akara na-emerụ na na drum. N'okpuru nduzi nke ibu na arịlịka drum na-ahapụ brek, na ọgwụgwụ na-unwound si drum. Mgbe ibu esịmde na ala, ike Anam Udeme na njedebe nke belatara na drum igbochi, adịru "infernal igwe" mikpuru ka a omimi kwekọrọ ekwekọ na anya si ibu na arịlịka.

Mmalite nke XX narị afọ

Massively oké osimiri mines e ji mee ihe na nke iri abụọ na narị afọ. N'oge oku okpu Nnupụisi na China (1899-1901 gg.) Imperial agha mined osimiri Hayfe, ekpuchi ụzọ Beijing. The mbụ m agha eketịbede Russian-Japanese see ke 1905, mgbe abụọ ọzọ na-ifịk ifịk iji uka-nwetara ihe mgbochi na breakthroughs nke minefields eji ji akụ azụ.

Ahụmahụ a e replicated na Ụwa Mbụ. German naval mines gbochiri ọdịda nke British agha na impeded omume nke Russian nsoro. Submarines mined ụzọ azụmahịa, bays na ihe isi ike. The jikọrọ aka ghara ịnọgide na-ụgwọ, ihe fọrọ nke nta igbupụ Germany si North Sea ndapụta (a were 70 000 min). The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-eji "infernal igwe" site ọkachamara na-eme atụmatụ na 235.000 nkeji.

Sea mines nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ

N'oge agha na naval ekiri fim nke agha gburugburu otu nde mines e napụtara, tinyere mmiri nke Soviet Union - karịrị 160 000. Germany e ngwá ọnwụ n'oké osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, ice na ndị Kara Sea na ala esịmde nke Ob River. Alaghachi azụ, na onye iro mined ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri berths, ịwakpo, na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Karịsịa obi ọjọọ bụ m agha na Baltic Oké Osimiri, ebe ndị Germany nanị na Gulf nke Finland a napụtara karịa 70 000 iberibe.

N'ihi m ntiwapụ nyụọ banyere 8,000 ụgbọ mmiri na arịa. Ke adianade do, ọtụtụ puku ụgbọ mmiri na-idiọk mebiri emebi. Na European mmiri na-ama na agha oge na oké osimiri mines na-blown 558 ụgbọ mmiri, 290 bụ ndị e mikpuru. N'ụbọchị mbụ nke agha na Baltic fụọ mbibi "iwe" na ugbo agha "Maxim Gorky".

German mines

German injinia na mmalite nke agha ndị jikọrọ aka na-idem na ọhụrụ elu-arụmọrụ iche nke mines na magnetik fuuz. Mina oké osimiri adaha bụghị site na kọntaktị. The ụgbọ mmiri bụ iji igwu mmiri nso iji na-egbu egbu ụgwọ. Ya ujo-efegharị efegharị iji odachi osisi. Mebiri emebi mmiri nwere ịkwụsịtụ ozi laghachi maka idozi.

N'uzọ ahaghị metụtara English nsoro. Churchill onwe enịm kasị elu mkpa bụ ịzụlite a yiri Ọdịdị, na ịchọta irè n'aka ekpocha mines, ma British ọkachamara na-enweghị ike-ekpughe ihe nzuzo na teknụzụ. O wee ruo na site na mberede. Otu ama esịn site German ugbo elu nkeji rapaara na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri apịtị. Ọ tụgharịrị na-agbawa agbawa usoro bụ kama mgbagwoju na dabeere na ndọta nke Earth. Research enyewo aka ike irè minesweepers.

Soviet mines

Soviet naval mines bụghị otú technologically elu, ma ọ na-erughị irè. Tumadi ji nlereanya CB "nshịkọ" na AG. "Nshịkọ" bụ arịlịka m. CB-1 on ogwe nakweere na 1931, na 1940 - kwalite KB-3. Ezubere maka uka minefields, niile na mkpofu nke nsoro na mmalite nke agha e nwere ihe dị ka 8,000 nkeji. Na ogologo nke 2 mita na a arọ nke n'elu 230 tọn unit esetịpụ kg explosives.

Mina poolu miri emi (AG) e ji mee ihe maka idei mmiri submarines na ụgbọ mmiri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka navigation isi ike nke ndị iro nsoro. N'ezie ọ bụ a mgbanwe nke CB na poolu ngwaọrụ. Mgbe ọgụ mwube na mmiri nke oké osimiri n'etiti abụọ ọla kọpa antennas boo electric nwere. Mgbe ị na-emetụ poolu casing nke okpuru mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị nwere nguzozi na-akwusila, na-eme mmechi nke eletriki circuit fuuz. Otu nke m "na-achịkwa" 60 mita nke ohere. General e ji mara ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ahụ CB nlereanya. Mgbe e mesịrị ọla kọpa mpi (-achọ 30 n'arọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa metal) dochie ígwè, ngwaahịa designation AGSB nwetara. Mmadụ ole na ole maara na ihe aha oké osimiri m nlereanya AGSB: poolu miri ígwè antennas na ngwá, kpọkọtara otu unit.

Mine nwechapụ

Mgbe afọ 70 nke naval mines nke Ụwa nke Abụọ ka na-eyi egwu na udo Company. Nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ha bụ ka ebe ke ogbu nke Baltic Oké Osimiri. Ruo mgbe 1945, naanị 7% of mines na defused, na ndi fọduru were afọ iri ize ndụ na-arụ ọrụ nke demining.

Isi ibu nke na mgba na m dina n'elu mkpara nke ụgbọ mmiri, minesweepers na agha afọ. Naanị na Soviet Union na ọ ama abuana ke banyere 2,000 ji akụ azụ na ruo 100 000 ndị nke pesonel. Larịị nke ize ndụ bụ oké elu n'ihi na nke mgbe niile na-emegide ihe:

• amaghị ala nke minefields;
• dị iche iche echichi ogbu min;
• pịnye min (arịlịka, mpi, na afia, na ala noncontact ngwaọrụ mkpa na multiplicity);
• kwere omume egbugbu unexploded mines.

trawling technology

Trawling usoro dị nnọọ okè ma dị ize ndụ. Na ihe ize ndụ nke blown site mines, ụgbọ mmiri gafere a liri ogbunigwe odụri n'elu a trawl. N'ihi ya, mgbe nile nchegbu ọnọdụ nke ndị mmadụ si na-eche na-egbu egbu gbawaranụ.

Trawl undercut na surfaced m (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-adịghị gbawara n'okpuru ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ na trawl) ga-ebibi. Na ike ike oké osimiri attaching ọgba nchebe. Mebie ya mines odi mfe ogbugbu nke naval egbe, dị ka e nwere mgbe a shei eduat shei m enweghị emetụ fuuz. Unexploded agha m dina n'elu ala, na-anọchite anya a ọhụrụ, agaghịkwa amenable ka mkpochapu ize ndụ.

ọgwụgwụ

Naval m, a foto na-akpali egwu naanị otu na-ele ka egwu, ihe na-ebibi, na ọnụ ala ngwá agha. Ngwaọrụ na-ọzọ "nwere ọgụgụ isi" na ndị ọzọ dị ike. E nwere ndị na na guzosie ike nuclear ụgwọ. Tụkwasị na nke a umu, n'ebe na-towed, Shestov, propelling, onwe-propelled na ndị ọzọ "infernal ígwè ọrụ."