Mmako Technology: nkọwa, definition, na ngwa atụmatụ ratings. Mmako teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ

3D-ebi akwụkwọ technology ke ẹkenam ke 1986, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ 3D Systems mepụtara mbụ pụrụ iche na ngwa nbipute - stereolithography igwe, nke na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na-agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ. The mbụ ígwè ọrụ ndị dị nnọọ oké ọnụ ma na oke nke ihe maka ihe e kere eke nke ụdị bụ ókè. Ngwa mmepe nke atọ akụkụ-ebi akwụkwọ malitere na mmepe nke imewe technology (CAD), mgbawa na ịme anwansị (CAE) na machining (cam). Na taa ọ bụ siri ike ịhụ ebe, nke na agaghị eji 3D-ebi akwụkwọ :. Jiri ha na-emepụta akụkụ nke ugbo elu, ugboelu, submarines, ngwaọrụ, prostheses na implants, ọla, wdg The atụmanya bụ doro anya - mmako technology na n'ọdịnihu dị nso ga-a mkpa nke n'ibu injinịa technology .

-Eduga ná mba nke ụwa na-ifịk ke 3D-ọduọ. Ya mere, na 2012, Yangstoune, Ohio, meghere National Innovation Institute mmako n'ichepụta NAMII - akpa center nke mmako teknụzụ nke iri na ise na-emepụta na United States. Machine park Institute ugbua nwere 10 nke mmako igwe, atọ nke ndị kacha elu igwe ike metal akụkụ.

Ala na nhazi ọkwa

Ihe kachasi mkpa mmako technology bụ ikpokọta ihe ike data ihe si 3D-nlereanya oyi akwa site na oyi akwa. Nke a bụ dị iche iche si ot subtractive n'ichepụta usoro negosi machining - wepụ ihe si workpiece.

Mmako technology na nkewa:

• site na ihe-eji (mmiri mmiri, particulate, polymeric, metal powder);
• site ọnụnọ nke laser;
• site na usoro nke gwara-edo ewu (thermal mmetụta, irradiation na ultraviolet ma ọ bụ anya ìhè, na nragide mejupụtara);
• site na usoro nke guzobe nke oyi akwa.

E nwere ụzọ abụọ nke ihiwe a oyi akwa. Nke mbụ bụ na mbụ n'elu ikpo okwu na-wụsara powder ihe onwunwe, ọ bụ partitioned ma ọ bụ ala mma ịmepụta otu ọbụna oyi akwa nke chọrọ ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe onwunwe. Ọ na-adị nhọrọ laser powder nhazi ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na usoro nke ntụ ntụ ahụ nke compound (agbaze ma ọ bụ gluing) dị ka nke ugbu a na ngalaba nke CAD-ụdị. Construction ụgbọelu bụ agbanweghi agbanwe, ụfọdụ n'ime ntụ ntụ na-anọgide na-emebibeghị. Nke a usoro a na-akpọ nhọrọ njikọ nakwa dị ka nhọrọ laser sintering, ma ọ bụrụ na a compound nke ngwá ọrụ bụ a laser. The abụọ usoro mejupụtara na kpọmkwem deposition nke ihe onwunwe ke achịkọta mgbe ike.

Organization ASTM, nke na-amalite ọrụ na ụkpụrụ, na-aghasasị 3D-mmako technology n'ime 7 ige.

1. Extruding ihe onwunwe. N'iwu n'ókè nke preheated extruder nāzù tapawa ihe onwunwe, a ngwakọta nke nragide na metal ntụ ntụ. Wuru crude nlereanya a na enịm ke a ọkụ wepụ nragide na sinter powder - ke otu ụzọ dị ka ọ na-eme na omenala teknụzụ. Nke a mmako technology na-emejuputa atumatu n'okpuru ụghalaahịa MJS (Multiphase Jet solidification, multiphase ugboelu solidification), FDM (gwakọtara deposition Modelling, ịme anwansị site layerwise fusing), FFF (gwakọtara filament Ụgha, mmepụta usoro fusing filaments).
2. Spraying ihe onwunwe. Ihe atụ, na Polyjet wax ma ọ bụ photopolymer technology maka multi-ugboelu isi na-etinyere ka a mgbe ewu. Nke a mmako technology na-akpọ Multi jetting Ihe.
3. Ifesa nragide. Ndị a gụnyere ugboelu ink dee-Jet-injection technology na-ewu na mpaghara anaghị ịdị ihe onwunwe, a nragide gị n'ụlọnga (mmako n'ichepụta technology ExOne).
4. Onyinye nke mpempe akwụkwọ ihe. Iwuli ihe onwunwe bụ a polima film, metal foil, akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-eji ihe atụ, na ultrasonic technology mmako Fabrisonic. Thin metal efere na-welded ọnụ site ultrasound, mgbe nke ngafe metal na-wepụrụ-egwe ọka. Mmako technology na-eji na njikọ na subtractive.
5. Photopolymerization bath. The technology-eji a mmiri mmiri ịme ngosi uwe ihe - photopolymer resin. Otu ihe atụ bụ SLA-technology ụlọ ọrụ 3D Systems na DLP-technology Envisiontec ụlọ ọrụ, Digital Light edikan.
6. Agbaze nke ihe onwunwe na a tupu kpụrụ oyi akwa. Eji na SLS-technology, iji dị ka isi iyi nke ike laser ma ọ bụ kwes isi (SHS ụlọ ọrụ Blueprinter).
7. Direct ume achịkọta ebe ewu. Ihe na ike nri ya agbaze ebe na-ewu n'out oge. The ahụ a na-eji dị ka a na-arụ ọrụ n'isi, onwem na a usoro maka inye ume na ihe onwunwe. Energy abịa n'ụdị nke a lekwasị doo nke electrons (Sciaky) ma ọ bụ laser doo (POM, Optomec,). Mgbe ụfọdụ, isi na-ndokwasa na "aka" nke robot.

Nke a nhazi ọkwa bụ ihe ndị ọzọ okwu banyere intricacies nke mmako teknụzụ karịa aga n'anya.

Fields nke ngwa

mmako technology ahịa na Ọnọdụ nke development n'ihu ndị ọzọ ọrụ. Ya nkezi kwa afọ ibu atụmatụ na 27%, dị ka IDC ụlọ ọrụ na-eme atụmatụ na site 2019 ga ikere 26,7 ijeri dollar tụnyere 11 ijeri na 2015

Otú ọ dị, AT ahịa nwere ma na-ekpughe na untapped nwere na mmepụta nke n'ji ngwongwo. Ruo 10% nke ụlọ ọrụ nke bara uru nke mmepụta nke ibu iwesa ya prototyping. Na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ugbu a nke a ahịa nke. Ma ndị fọdụrụ 90% na-aga n'ime mmepụta, otú eke ngwa ngwangwa n'ichepụta nke ngwaahịa ga-abụ isi ntụziaka nke mmepe nke ọrụ a na-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Na 2014, nkezi nke ngwangwa prototyping teknụzụ ahịa nke mmako ọ bụ ezie na-ebelata, ọ nọgidere na-kasị elu - 35%, na òkè nke mmepụta na-eto ngwa ngwa na ruru a 31% na-ekere òkè e kere eke nke ngwaọrụ nọgidere nọrọ na 25%, ndị ọzọ na-gua site nnyocha na-akụziri.

Site na aku na uba ndi, na AT-tech ngwa ekesa dị ka ndị a:

• 21% - n'ji ngwaahịa na electronics;
• 20% - ụgbọala;
• 15% - na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, gụnyere dentistry;
• 12% - Aeronautics na ohere n'ichepụta ụlọ ọrụ;
• 11% - mmepụta nke n'aka nke mmepụta;
• 8% - na ngwá agha;
• 8% - guzobere;
• 3% - ewu.

Enwechaghị ahụmahụ na ndị ọkachamara

AT-tech ahịa na-ekewa na-amu amu ma ọkachamara. Amu amu ahịa na-agụnye 3D-ebi akwụkwọ na ha mmezi, nke na-agụnye ọrụ, consumables, software, na e mere maka onye enthusiasts, agụmakwụkwọ na anya nke echiche na ikwado nkwurịta okwu na mbụ ogbo nke mmepe nke ọhụrụ azụmahịa.

Professional 3D-ebi akwụkwọ bụ oké ọnụ ma na-adabara ogologo amụba. Ha nwere a nnukwu ebe ewu, arụmọrụ, ziri ezi, pụrụ ịdabere, agbatiri nso nlereanya ihe. Igwe ndị a bụ ihe ndị ọzọ mgbagwoju anya na-achọ na mmepe nke pụrụ iche nkà na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaọrụ onwe-ha, na ihe nlereanya ihe na software. A, ọrụ nke igwe na-aghọ a ọkachamara ọkachamara mmako teknụzụ na elu oru muta.

Mmako Technology na 2015

Dị ka akụkọ Wohlers Report 2015, 1988 na 2014 79 602 ụlọ ọrụ nke 3D-ebi akwụkwọ na awụnyebeghị n'ụwa nile. . N'otu oge 38,1% nke ngwaọrụ-eri ihe karịrị 5 puku US dollar si USA, 9.3% - maka Japan, 9.2% - na China, na 8.7% - na Germany. Ọzọ nke ụwa dị nnọọ n'ihu ndị ndú. Si 2007 na 2014 kwa afọ olu nke ahịa nke desktọọpụ na-ebi akwụkwọ na ụba si 66 ka 139 584 nkeji. Na 2014, 91,6% nke ahịa gua desktọọpụ 3D-ebi akwụkwọ, na 8.4% - maka ulo oru ngwa nke mmako n'ichepụta, na uru site nke Otú ọ dị, guru nke 86,6% nke ngụkọta, ma ọ bụ 1,12 ijeri US dollar zuru okwu. Desktop igwe afọ ojuju 173,2 nde US dollar na 13.4%. Na 2016, ahịa na-atụ anya na-eto eto na $ 7.3 ijeri, na 2018 - 12.7 ijeri, na 2020 ahịa ga-eru $ 21,2 ijeri.

Dị ka Wohlers, FDM-technology-enwe nkezi, banyere 300 ụdị n'ụwa nile, ụbọchị ọ bụla na-agbakwunye ọhụrụ mgbanwe. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ere naanị nọ n'ógbè unu, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ nnọọ ike, ma ọ bụrụ na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-ahụ na ozi banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke arụpụtara ụdị nke 3D-ebi akwụkwọ. Na obi ike anyị nwere ike ikwu na ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ahịa enwekwu na onye ọ bụla na-agafe n'ụbọchị. E nwere a dịgasị nnọọ iche iche size na teknụzụ eji. Ka ihe atụ, Berlin ụlọ ọrụ na-arụpụta a nnukwu BigRep FDM-ebi akpọ BigRep ONE.2 na a price nke 36 puku. Euro, ike nke na-ebi akwụkwọ ya ekweghị ruo 900 x 1055 x 1100 mm na a mkpebi nke 100-1000 microns, na abụọ extruders na ikike iji dị iche iche ihe.

Ụlọ ọrụ - maka

The ụgbọelu ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye kpamkpam na mmepụta nke mmako. The ojiji nke mmako teknụzụ ga belata oriri nke ihe nọrọ na mmepụta nke akụkụ site ugboro 10. Ọ na-atụ anya na ge Aviation Company ga kwa afọ ebipụta 40 puku. Injectors. Na Airbus site 2018 na ụlọ ọrụ na-aga ibipụta ruo 30 tọn akụkụ kwa ọnwa. The ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu ndị dị ịrịba ama na-enwe ọganihu na e ji mara arụpụtara akụkụ dị otú ahụ n'ụzọ dị ka tụnyere omenala. Ọ tụgharịrị na mgbodo, nke e mere maka 2.3 tọn ibu na, n'eziokwu, nwere ike idi ibu ruo 14 tọn mgbe mbenata arọ ya ọkara. Ke adianade do, na ụlọ ọrụ ebipụta nkọwa nke aluminum mpempe akwụkwọ na mmanụ ụgbọala njikọ ya. The Airbus ugbo elu nwere 60 puku. Iberibe, e biri ebi na 3D-ebi Stratasys Fortus Company. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ aerospace ụlọ ọrụ na-na-eji mmako n'ichepụta technology. N'etiti ha: Bell Helicopter, Bae Systems, Bombardier, Boeing, Embraer, Honeywell Aerospace, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, apụta-Royce na SpaceX.

Digital mmako teknụzụ na-ama-eji imewe nke dị iche iche na n'ji ngwongwo. Company inwoghara, na-enye ọrụ mmako n'ichepụta, na-ekwenyere ndị Hoet Eyeware ke imewe nke iko n'ihi na ọhụụ mgbazi na ugogbe anya maka anwụ. 3D-ụdị na-nyere a dịgasị iche iche nke ígwé ojii ọrụ. Naanị ụlọ ọrụ 3D nkwakọba na Sketchup enye 2.7 nde n'omume. Anaghị anọgide na ọzọ na-emepụta ejiji na. RS Print-eji a usoro na jikoro nsogbu ọbụ, ibipụta onye insoles. Designers na-na na na bikinis, akpụkpọ ụkwụ na Uwe.

ngwa prototyping

N'okpuru ngwangwa prototyping ịghọta ihe e kere eke nke prototype ngwaahịa na nke kasị nso-ekwe omume n'oge. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na ngwa nke mmako n'ichepụta teknụzụ. Prototype - bụ ụdị nke ngwaahịa achọrọ na-ebuli udi nke akụkụ nke ya nwale nke ergonomics, nzukọ nkwenye ike na correctness nke layout ngwọta. Ọ bụ ya mere na Mbelata n'ichepụta akụkụ ndụ nwere ike budata belata mmepe oge. Ọzọkwa, prototype nwere ike ịbụ a nlereanya mere maka aerodynamic na hydrodynamic ule ma ọ bụ nkwenye arụmọrụ enclosures nke ezinụlọ na ọgwụ na akụrụngwa. Ọtụtụ prototypes kere dị ka exploratory imewe ụdị na nuances na nhazi, na agba na agba? Na na. D. ngwangwa prototyping eji ọnụ 3D-ebi akwụkwọ.

ngwa mmepụta

The mmako technology na ndị ụlọ ọrụ nwere oké atụmanya. Obere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta nke ngwaahịa na mgbagwoju jiometrị na nke kpọmkwem ihe na-ahụkarị na shipbuilding, ike engineering, reconstructive ịwa ahụ na eze na-na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, aerospace ụlọ ọrụ. Direct cultivation nke metal ngwaahịa na-akwali aku chọrọ ozugbo, dị ka nke a mode nke mmepụta bụ obere ọnụ. Na ojiji nke mmako teknụzụ ka na-arụ ọrụ ozu turbines na akụ, implants na prostheses, akụkụ ahụ mapụtara maka ụgbọala na ụgbọelu.

Mmepe nke ngwa ngwa n'ichepụta na mee ka a dị ịrịba ama na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị dị metal powder ihe. Ọ bụrụ na 2000 e nwere 5-6 iche nke ntụ, ugbu a ọ na-enye a dịgasị iche iche, ego ka iri puku kwuru iri nke tracks si bughi ígwè na oké ọnụ ahịa ọla na superalloys.

Ekwe na mmako technology na n'ibu injinịa, ebe ha nwere ike ji mee ihe na imewe nke ngwá ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ maka usoro mmepụta - inserts maka ọgwụ ịkpụzi igwe, Ebu, ndebiri.

Ultimaker 2 - kacha mma 3D-ebi na 2016

Na echiche nke mgbawa magazine, nke na-eduzi ule na tụnyere ndị e ji mara ezinụlọ 3D-ebi akwụkwọ, kasị mma na-ebi akwụkwọ 2016 model Ultimaker bụ 2 ụlọ ọrụ Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 ụlọ ọrụ Conrad na Replicator Desktop 3D Printer ụlọ ọrụ MakerBot.

Ultimaker 2+ ya mma nlereanya eji ịme anwansị technology site fusing. 3D-ebi dị iche nta oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ nke 0,02 mm, a obere oge ngụkọta oge, ala na-eri ebi akwụkwọ (2600 ete kwa 1 n'arọ nke ihe onwunwe). Key Atụmatụ:

• nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ na - 223 x 223 x 305 mm;
• ibu - 12,3 n'arọ;
• isi size - 0,25 / 0,4 / 0,6 / 0,8 mm;
• anwụ okpomọkụ - 180-260 ° C;
• mkpebi oyi akwa - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns;
• Print Speed - 8-24 mm ³ / s;
• nkenke XYZ - 12,5-12,55 microns;
• onwunwe - PLA, ABS, CPE n'obosara 2,85 mm;
• Software - Cura;
• Akwado ụdị faịlụ - STL, OBJ, AMF;
• Ike oriri - 221 W;
• price - 1895 euro, na isi nlereanya 2495 euro akp.

Dị ka ndị ahịa erite, na ngwa nbipute bụ ìhè iji wụnye na-eji. Adia elu mkpebi, onwe-ukpụhọde bed, a nnukwu iche iche nke eji eme ihe, na ojiji nke na-emeghe iyi software. The ọghọm na-agụnye na ngwa nbipute na-emeghe na ngwa nbipute imewe, nke nwere ike ime Burns si na-ekpo ọkụ ihe.

LulzBot Mini 3D Printer

Na a nyochaa nke magazine PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 na Replicator Desktop 3D Printer nwekwara odụk top atọ, ma ebe a na akpa ebe bụ na ngwa nbipute LulzBot Mini 3D Printer. Ya nkọwa ndị dị ka ndị:

• nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ na - 152 x 152 x 158 mm;
• Arọ - 8,55 kg;
• anwụ okpomọkụ - 300 ° C;
• oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ - 0.05-0.5 mm;
• Print Speed - 275 mm / s na a elu nke 0,18 mm oyi akwa;
• onwunwe - PLA, ABS, n'úkwù, PVA, PETT, polyester, naịlọn, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, na ndị ọzọ dayameta nke 3 mm.
• Software - Cura, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl etc.;
• Ike oriri - 300 W;
• price - $ 1 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Onye nke kasị mma ulo oru igwe mmako n'ichepụta bụ EBAM 300 ụlọ ọrụ Sciaky. Electron doo egbe na-eme ka metal n'ígwé na a ọsọ nke ruo 9 n'arọ kwa awa.

• nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ na - 5791 x 1219 x 1219 mm;
• nrụgide nke agụụ ulo - 1x10 ^-4 Torr;
• ike oriri - ruo 42 kW na a voltaji 60 kV;
• technology - extrusion;
• onwunwe - titanium na titanium alloys, tantalum, inconel, tungsten, niobium, igwe anaghị agba nchara, aluminum, ígwè, ọla kọpa-nickel alloy (70/30 na 30/70);
• karịa ego - 8605,2 lita;
• price - 250 puku US dollar ..

Mmako teknụzụ na Russia

ulo oru-ọkwa igwe na Russia na-adịghị emepụta. Ka nanị na-mepụtara na "Rosatom", na laser center MSTU. Bauman University "STANKIN" Polytechnic University of St. Petersburg, na Urals Federal University. "Voronezhselimmash", na-amị izi na anụ ụlọ 3D-ebi akwụkwọ "Alpha", na-emepe emepe a azụmahịa mmako osisi.

Otu ọnọdụ na onunu. The ndú nke mmepe nke ntụ na powder formulations na Russia bụ VIAM. Ha mepụtara ntụ ntụ maka mmako teknụzụ na-eji mweghachi nke tobaim pupụtara, site n'iwu nke Permian "ụgbọelu engines». Ọganihu bụ na na na All-Russian Institute nke ìhè alloys (wheel). Developments dị iche engineering emmepe ofụri Russian Federation. "Rostec", Ural Alaka nke Russian Academy nke Sciences, UFU edu ha development. Ma, ka ha na-adịghị ike izute ọbụna a obere ina nke 20 tọn powder kwa afọ.

Na nke a, na Government gwara Ministry of Education, Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Communications, Russian Academy nke Sciences, Fano, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" mmepe oru ka a achikota omume mmepe na nyocha. N'ihi na ọ na-chọrọ igbunye ọzọ mmefu ego allocations, nakwa dị ka na-atụle ga-ekwe omume nke ngalaba-ego na-efu nke National Welfare Fund na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-atụ aro na-akwado ọhụrụ mmepụta technology, na Vol. H. Tụkwasị, MERs, "Rosnano" Fund "Skolkovo", mbupụ gị n'ụlọnga "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". The ọchịchị na-na-anọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ na Trade Ministry ga-akwadebe a na ngalaba nke obodo omume maka mmepe na mma nke ulo oru competitiveness.