Molekụla Ọdịdị nwere ... Gịnị umi nwere a molekụla Ọdịdị

Dị ka ị maara, onwu na-amụrụ ihe owuwu ma na Njirimara nke bekee, nakwa dị ka ha nwekọrọ mgbanwe. Otu ihe dị mkpa ebe ke akparamagwa nke chemical ogige bụ ajụjụ na, site na ihe kpọmkwem ha iso nke ahụ. Nke a nwere ike atọm, ion ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe. Na solids, ha na-esịne ke crystal lattice saịtị. Molekụla Ọdịdị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dịtụ ntakịrị nke ogige ugbu a na ihe siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gaseous ala.

Na nke a akwụkwọ, anyị na-ewetara ihe atụ nke ihe nke na-ji molekụla lattices, nakwa dị ka tụlee ọtụtụ umu intermolecular interactions kpọmkwem ka solids, mmiri na ikuku ndi.

Gịnị mere m mkpa ịmara na Ọdịdị nke chemical ogige

Na bụla alaka ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọmụma ụmụ mmadụ, ị nwere ike họrọ a ìgwè nke isi iwu nke n'ihu mmepe nke sayensị. Na Chemistry - a Ozizi MV University na George. Dalton, na-akọwa atọm na molekụla Ọdịdị nke okwu. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-amara esịtidem Ọdịdị, ọ bụ omume na-ekwu ma nke anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke compound. All na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ artificially synthesized organic bekee onye (plastik, ọgwụ, pesticides, wdg) na-nyere tupu ndị e ji mara na Njirimara, ndị kasị oké ọnụ ahịa n'ihi na ya na ulo oru na anụ ụlọ iji.

Ihe Ọmụma nke bughi atụmatụ na Njirimara nke ogige ekwu na-eduzi na-achịkwa ngalaba, ule na ule na onwu N'ezie. Ka ihe atụ, na chọrọ ndepụta bekee chọta ezi azịza: ihe bụ molekụla Ọdịdị nke ahụ umi?

• Zinc.
• Magnesium oxide.
• Diamond.
• Naphthalene.

Azịza ziri ezi bụ: zinc nwere a molekụla Ọdịdị, nakwa dị ka naphthalene.

Intermolecular agha

E guzobere ya experimentally na molekụla Ọdịdị ahụkarị ihe na ala agbaze ihe na ala ekweghị ekwe. Gịnị nwere ike ịkọwara ndị fragility nke crystal lattices ndị a ogige? Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, ya niile na-adabere na ike nke nkwonkwo mmetụta nke ahụ na ha na saịtị. Ọ nwere eletriki na ọdịdị na a na-akpọ intermolecular mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ van der Waals agha, nke na-dabere na-akpali onye ọ bụla ọzọ oppositely ebubo ụmụ irighiri - dipoles. Ọ tụgharịrị na e nwere ọtụtụ usoro nke ha guzobere, dabere na ọdịdị nke umi ya.

Acid ka molekụla mejupụtara nke compound

Ihe ngwọta kasị asịd, ma organic na inorganic, pola nwere ahụ nke na-agba mbọ ikwu onye ọ bụla ọzọ oppositely ebubo okporo osisi ya. Ihe atụ, na a ngwọta nke acid chloride HCI dipoles dị ugbu a, n'agbata bụ nke orientational mmekọrịta. Na-amụba okpomọkụ, na ụmụ irighiri ihe nke hydrochloric acid, hydrogen bromide (HBr), na ndị ọzọ na halogen asịd, a ọnụ nghazi mmetụta, ebe ọ bụ na ihe kwes ngagharị nke ahụ na-egbochi ha nwekọrọ mma. Ewezuga nke dị n'elu depụtara bekee, molekụla Ọdịdị bụ sucrose, naphthalene, ethanol na ndị ọzọ organic ogige.

Dị ka na-ebilite rata ebubo ahụ

Tupu mgbe ahụ, anyị na-ele anya na otu n'ime usoro nke ihe nke van der Waals agha, na-akpọ nghazi na mmekọrịta. Ọzọkwa organic ogige ma halogen-nwere asịd, molekụla Ọdịdị nwere a hydrogen oxide - mmiri. Na bekee esịnede nke na-abụghị pola, ma na-etolite dipoles, ụmụ irighiri dị ka carbon dioxide CO _2, ọ bụ ike iji na-edebe omume nke rata ebubo ahụ - dipoles. Ha kasị mkpa mma - ike na-mmasị n'ebe ibe, ekele ntoputa nke electrostatic mma agha.

Molekụla Ọdịdị nke gas

Dị ka anyị kwuru na mbụ sobtaitel compound dị ka carbon dioxide. Onye ọ bụla atọm ọ na-emepụta gburugburu onwe ha ihe electric ubi nke induces polarization atọm nsogbu esote carbon dioxide ụmụ irighiri. Ọ na-gbanwetụrụ a dipole, nke, n'aka, na-aghọ ike polarization nke ọzọ ahụ CO _2. N'ihi ya, na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-dọtara ọ bụla ọzọ. Inductive interactions pụrụ hụrụ na bekee esịnede pola ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na nke a ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe ike ọgwụgwụ ka nghazi nke van der Waals ike.

The dispersion mmekọrịta

Dị ka atọm onwe ha, na ahụ gụnyere na ha mejupụtara (isi electrons) nwere ike ịnọgide na rotational na ọma jijiji na ije. Ọ na-eduga ná ọdịdị nke dipoles. Dị ka ọmụmụ nke kwantum-arụzi ụgbọala, omume nke ozugbo dvuzaryadnyh ahụ pụtara na solids na na oke mmiri synchronously, nke mere na nsọtụ nke ụmụ irighiri nso, na-egosi na abụghị okporo osisi ya. Nke a na-eduga ná ha electrostatic mma, natara aha nke dispersion mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ ihe e ji mara nke niile bekee, ma e wezụga ndị nke na-na a gaseous ala, na onye monatomic ụmụ irighiri. Otú ọ dị, van der Waals agha nwere ike ime, n'ihi na ihe atụ, mgbe agafe inert, haruru (helium, neon) na mmiri mmiri na-adọ na ala okpomọkụ. N'ihi ya, ndị molekụla Ọdịdị nke mmiri ahụ ma ọ bụ na-akpata ha nwere ike na-etolite intermolecular interactions nke iche iche iche iche: nghazi rata ma ọ bụ dispersion.

Gịnị bụ sublimation

Molekụla Ọdịdị nke ahụ siri ike ahụ, dị ka ayodiin kristal, na-akpata a anụ ahụ onu akpali ka sublimation - volatilization ụmụ irighiri m ₂ dị ka a-acha odo odo vapors. Ọ na-abịa si n'elu a umi ke siri ike na-adọ, gafere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri ala.

Nke a anya ikpọ ahụmahụ a na-rụrụ na klas nke onwu gosi atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke molekụla crystal lattices na metụtara Njirimara nke ogige. A a ala ekweghị ekwe, ala agbaze na esi ihe, ogbenye thermal na ọkụ conductivity, volatility.

The bara uru iji ihe ọmụma banyere ihe owuwu nke okwu

Dị ka anyị hụworo, ọ bụ ike iru a anya mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị lattice ụdị, Ọdịdị na Njirimara nke compound. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na ndị a maara e ji mara ihe, ọ dị mfe iji na-ịkọ atụmatụ nke ya Ọdịdị na mejupụtara nke ahụ: atọm, na ụmụ irighiri ihe ma ọ bụ ion. Ihe ọmụma pụkwara bara uru ma ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ka ọrụ na onwu site a kpọmkwem otu nke ogige ịhọrọ a umi na-enwe a molekụla Ọdịdị, ewepu ndị nke e nwere ụdị nke atọm ma ọ bụ ionic lattices.

Chịkọta, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na-esonụ: molekụla Ọdịdị bụ siri ike, na ya gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke ahụ crystal lattice, na atụmatụ ekewasị ndokwa nke ahụ na mmiri na ikuku ndi n'ụzọ zuru ezu maka ya anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara. Na usoro iwu okwu nke Njirimara nke ogige nwere dipoles, na-adabere na ike nke intermolecular mmekọrịta. The elu nke polarity nke ụmụ irighiri na nta na okirikiri nke atọm n'ime ha, ndị siri ike nghazi agha eme n'etiti ha. Ọzọ, ihe ọzọ atọm na molekul, nke ukwuu ya dipole oge, na ya mere ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama dispersion agha. N'ihi ya, ndị molekụla Ọdịdị nke ahụ siri ike ahụ na-emetụta ndị ọzọ na ya na mmekọrịta ndị agha n'etiti ahụ - dipoles.