Municipal siri ike n'efu - na ihe ma ọ bụ na ngwaahịa na enwekwaghị n'ji Njirimara. ezinụlọ n'efu

Municipal siri ike n'efu - bụ ngwongwo na commodities (gụnyere iberibe) na-efu ha mbụ Njirimara na ndị a chụpụrụ ha nwe. Yana siri ulo oru mkpofu, ha na-anọchi anya a nnukwu ihe iyi egwu ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ike ike itighachi.

Ezinaụlọ n'efu bụghị naanị na belata gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ, ma na-a isi iyi nke ọzọ na-akwụ ụgwọ jikọtara ya collection na mkpofu. Dị ka obodo na-eto eto, ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ na-amụba. Iji dozie nsogbu nke siri ike n'efu na ụwa mepụtara dị iche iche teknụzụ maka ha nhazi. The kasị gburugburu ebe obibi mma na technologically elu ngwọta bụ nkewa nke siri ike wastes na ha ụdi iji dị ka a abụọ akụrụngwa.

The nsogbu nke siri ike n'efu

Ìgwè nke siri ike n'efu - ize ndụ nsogbu. Ofufe nke ala site na dị iche iche nke n'efu gbasaa fọrọ nke nta n'ebe nile. A nnukwu ego nke na ọ na-agbasasịkwa na ụwa elu n'ụdị iberibe ma ọ bụ ìgwè (landfills). N'efu na-ada na mmiri nke oké osimiri.

A ịrịba nkezi nke siri ike n'efu - na ngwaahịa nke mmanụ na gas ngwaahịa. Ha na-eguzogide ọgwụ polymeric ogige na ogologo ọkara ndụ. The kasị environmentally emerụ nke na ọ bụ polyvinyl chloride (ịkwanyere), nke a na-ejikọta ya na a elu ọdịnaya nke chlorine ya mejupụtara. Irighiri, dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere Polymers bụ nke ukwu obere nke a iyi egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Environmental ize ndụ metụtara na MSW

Mmetụta nke siri ike n'efu na Biosphere iche iche, nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na fọrọ nke nta niile ikpe na-ezighị ezi. Nhọrọ MSW mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ndị a:

• Karịrị akarị n'ụlọikpe ndị ụwa elu ezinụlọ n'efu. Plastic akpa na ndị ọzọ ụdị ezinụlọ n'efu bụ ihe na-egbochi uto nke osisi, inye onyinye a ọnụ ke ndu arụpụtaghị, ọsọ nke ala guzobere. Dị na ponds, n'etiti oké osimiri nile na oké osimiri ezinụlọ mkpofu pụrụ imetụta Filiks nke evaporation si na mmiri n'elu.
• Mmetọ MSW ire ere ngwaahịa. Nke a bụ ndị kasị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nsogbu metụtara na ezinụlọ n'efu. The ire ere Polymers webata nsí ogige nke nsi ala na ala mmiri. Ọ dịghị obere emerụ ngwaahịa na ha combustion. Ọtụtụ landfills bụ mgbe niile na-aṅụ sịga, na-emetọ ikuku, akpan akpan ke ụmụ mmadụ bijupụtara ebe. The kasị dị ize ndụ na kpọmkwem maka MSW combustion ngwaahịa bụ dioxin, nke a tọhapụrụ n'oge combustion nke ịkwanyere. Ọ na-atụle ndị kasị nwee nsí nke mara sayensị nke chemical ogige. Ọ dabara nke ọma, na ejection ichekwa dioxin mgbe ọkụ abụghị nnọọ ukwuu nke na ọ ga-abụ na-egbu egbu, Otú ọ dị, ya onyinye n'ozuzu mmetọ bụ nnọọ ịrịba ama.

Ke adianade decomposition ngwaahịa na dị iche iche Polymers combustion ezinụlọ ọgwụ, arọ ọla, Asbestos wepụrụ ebubo, hydrocarbons na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bekee nwekwara-eme ka n'ozuzu mmetọ. Ndị na-esi ike ịbụ ajọ:

• Mbibi nke ụmụ anụmanụ na azụ. Studies gosiri na nnụnụ na azụ nwere ike ilo obere plastic ihe, nke na mgbe ụfọdụ na-eduga ná ọnwụ ha dị ka a n'ihi nke ìgwè mkpofu na digestive usoro. Na n'ihe ize ndụ na-na anụmanụ na-eri nri na landfills, dị ka a elu puru nsi.
• Arịa ọrịa nke na ịdị ọcha ọnọdụ. Ahihia obo na-abụkarị ndị a ozuzu ala pathogens na ike ga-agafere ọzọ ebe òké obibi.
• The ọnwụ nke aesthetic mkpesa nke ebe. Ịchọta n'etiti ezinụlọ n'efu bụghị onye ọ bụla ga-amasị. Unsightly anya, na-esi isi, ihe ize ndụ nke akụta ọrịa, ofufe nke mmiri na iyi - niile nke nwere ike budata imebi a fọdụrụ na ọdịdị.
• The mmetụta na idụhe. Plastic fim na iko na-egbu oge na-abịa site kwes radieshon nke ụwa, na-eme a obodo na-abawanye na griin haus mmetụta na ụwa elu okpomọkụ. Large Mkpokota nke ahịhịa ndị pụtara dị ike isi iyi nke methane, nke a tọhapụrụ ikuku, enwekwu griin haus mmetụta.
• ala ndọrọ ego. Landfills bụ ihe mere Mbelata ohere iputa ohere na ike ga-eji na-ewu, na-eke n'ámá ma ọ bụ ogige ntụrụndụ. Nke a na nke bụ nnọọ mkpa, karịsịa na gburugburu nnukwu na-ajụ-sized obodo.

Nhazi ọkwa nke siri ike n'efu

A n'otu usoro maka nkewa n'ime klas nke siri ike n'efu adịghị adị. Ná mmalite MSW na-anọchi anya otu ngụkọta arọ. Otú ọ dị, ọchịchị siri ike n'efu - ọ bụ nnọọ dị iche iche na chemical mejupụtara na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara nke mmiri. The kasị ebe nile n'etiti MSW bụ: metal, plastic, iko, osisi, akwụkwọ na katọn. N'ọtụtụ mba n'efu nhazi ọkwa bụ ihe ndabere nke iche iche collection na imegharị ihe maka iji. Ka ẹsịn a uka na mgbe echekwara na Na Russia, ha landfills.

Recycling nke ọchịchị n'efu

Mkpofu nke siri ike n'efu-agụnye iji ihe dị iche iche na usoro. Kacha nkịtị ugbu a ụzọ pụrụ nke ọchịchị siri ike n'efu - bụ:

• n'ibu nhazi ụzọ.
• Dumping siri ike wastes na landfills (landfills).
• N'igba ihe oku.
• Mgbagwoju nhazi.
• The ojiji nke biotechnology.

Mwepụ na polygons siri ike n'efu bụ omenala na ọtụtụ environmentally emerụ ụzọ "mkpofu" si MSW. Na mba anyị na ọ ka na-esetịpụ a-eduga ọnọdụ.

Iji belata ibu, nke na-emekọ na n'efu na landfills, ha na-emekarị setịpụrụ ọkụ, na-eduga ná mgbasa nke dị ize ndụ bekee na nnukwu ebe na-arịa ọrịa nke ikuku mma. Ekenyela n'oge combustion dumps ngwaahịa nwere nnọọ akpọ isi na na-emerụ ahụ ike. Akụkụ landfills na mba anyị na-mgbe niile na-amụba.

n'efu ọgwụgwọ

N'oge ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nke mkpofu. Isi ụzọ nke na-enyere hazie ọchịchị siri ike n'efu - bụ:

• Mechanical imegharị ihe maka iji - bụ a set nke nkà na ụzụ arụmọrụ nke egweri, na ịpị, briquetting. All a na-eduga ná compaction ma belata mmefu olu elu ugboro 10, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe njem na nchekwa. Otú ọ dị, ndị a ụzọ naanị simplifies mkpofu nsogbu ma apụghị idozi ya kpam kpam.

• Integrated ahihia oru na-agụnye ihe e kere eke nke n'efu sorting na n'efu ọgwụgwọ osisi. Na a nzọụkwụ mbụ ahụ n'efu partitioned dabere na ụdị nke ihe onwunwe (iko, plastic, metal na na. D.), Ma mgbe ahụ zitere maka nhazi na kwekọrọ ekwekọ osisi. Nke a na usoro nke mkpofu nwere ike bibie ọtụtụ ndị siri ike n'efu na inweta abụọ ngwaọrụ.
• Ndu ụzọ ekwe nhazi wepụ ọtụtụ ndị dị n'efu maka decomposition nke organic òkè nke microorganisms, nke converted n'ime a na-akpọ vermicompost. N'ihi nke a, omenala nje nke red Californian irighiri.

briquetting

Briquetting na-expediently rụrụ mgbe mmịpụta nke ọzọ bara uru mmiri. Ịnọgide mkpofu mechanically sụkọtara na packaged. The kpụrụ briquettes bụ ihe adaba na nchekwa, iga na mkpofu.

composting

Composting - a ndu usoro nhazi nke mkpofu nke siri ike n'efu a rụrụ site na e kere eke nke a na-akpọ compost obo. Dabere na larịị nke mmepe nke technology ndụ mmụta compost bụ site 2-10 izu 1-3 afọ.

Jiri nke wastes nke abụọ ngwaọrụ

Kasị ndụ akpọkwa natara, ịkpata a ọma kwuo na reused. Nke a na-eme na-emetụta na ụfọdụ Russian obodo. Glass, ígwè, aluminum na ndị ọzọ na ọla nwere ike gbazee na reused. Nke abua ike ga-eji na a ịrịba òkè nke n'efu akwụkwọ.

Recycling nke plastik si ezinụlọ n'efu na-adịghị ekenịmde ke Russia, dị ka ọ na-atụle ihe odide n'akụkụ. Ọzọkwa, na mba anyị na e nwere nnukwu ego nke mmanụ na gas, nke na-enye elu-edu ngwaọrụ.

N'igba ihe oku nke siri ike n'efu

MSW n'igba ihe oku nwere ike bibie nnukwu ichekwa n'efu, ma ọ na-nwere oké njọ drawbacks. Mgbe ọkụ na ikuku ọdịda plastik emerụ bekee, ọtụtụ nke bụ na-egbu egbu dioxin.

N'ihi nke a, na mba ndị mepere emepe na-now na-akpụ akpụ n'ebe usoro a ekpofu. An ọzọ isi iyi nke ofufe mgbe ọkụ MSW centrally - a soot umu anwuru na ash guzobere oghere bụghị nsure iberibe nke nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime atọ nke mbụ olu nke n'efu. All n'ime ha nwere a elu odachi klas karịa mbụ siri ike n'efu, ya mere na-achọ ndị ọzọ tiri ọnọdụ nke nchekwa na mkpofu.

Iji n'igba ihe oku me ka o kwere mee iji dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba bụ mgbalị iji ya dị ka isi iyi nke na-amị ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ. Nke a na-ebelata mkpa mmanu ndi mere onwe. Otu ihe atụ nke a bụ ihe ịga nke ọma co incinerator na Vienna. E nwere oge a na teknụzụ na-eji, site na nke combustion usoro-aghọ ndị ọzọ ala.

Collection of ezinụlọ n'efu na Russian Federation

Na Russia mwepụ nke siri ike n'efu site ebe ndị mepere emepe na-usoro isiokwu 13 nke iwu na "Production na Oriri Waste". Standard metal containers (ahịhịa nwere ike) na-eji maka collection of ezinụlọ n'efu. Nke a na-eme na-arụ ọrụ si Soviet oge.

Emekarị, ahịhịa na-ewekarị na mbara n'etiti ụlọ. Ugbu a, mgbalị na-mere ka nzukọ nke iche iche collection of n'efu, dị ka nyere dị na Nkeji edemede 13 nke Act. The nkewa bụ na e mere ndị na-esonụ ige: plastic nkwakọ, textiles, akwụkwọ, iko, metal, organic akwukwo nri n'efu. Otú ọ dị, n'ebe a na uka iwebata ezinụlọ n'efu sorting omume na-adịghị natara.

Mwepụ nke siri ike n'efu

N'ihi na njem nke siri ike n'efu iji pụrụ iche ígwè - mkpofu. Ha dị iche site na-esonụ atụmatụ:

• Iji: ígwè ọrụ eji na residential ebe na iga, e mere iji na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu n'efu (keukwu n'efu);
• site olu nke aru dum;
• dị ka usoro nke loading;
• pịnye n'ibu akara irighiri;
• ọdịdị nke orùrù nke siri ike n'efu.

The nzube bụ ụgbọ njem mwepụ nke siri ike mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. Na nnukwu obodo, unyi na-mgbagwoju anya site a nnukwu anya, nke a ga-ahụ mgbe nile merie igwe.

Collection na-adịru nwa nchekwa nke n'efu

Na mba anyị, na collection nke siri ike n'efu bụ ihe kasị oké ọnụ na ogbo nke ha itinye n'ọrụ. Anya, nke ga-agabiga na mkpofu ụgbọala na a nnukwu obodo, na a nnukwu ego nke mkpofu eme agha ka ime ihe maka ò atụmatụ nke collection usoro. N'ihi otu ihe ahụ, ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite tarifu maka n'efu mwepụ maka ụlọ ọrụ iwu kwadoro. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọzọ n'efu n'ihi ọrụ nke azụmahịa outlets, na pụtara n'ihi na mwepụ nke ndị dị otú irighiri bụ mgbe ezughị.

Otu omume ngwọta bụ inye onye n'etiti nchekwa ụgbọ MSW si keukwu n'efu nwere ike gaa na saịtị nke itinye n'ọrụ eji dị iche iche njem tinyere okporo ígwè.

Ụzọ sorting ezinụlọ n'efu

Mgbe n'efu sorting a dịpụrụ adịpụ site na ngụkọta nke ịdị arọ nke ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na ike ga-zitere maka imegharị ihe maka iji. Iji mee nke a, ndị na-esonụ ụzọ na-eji:

• Magnetik nkewa. Ọ na-dabere na ojiji nke ndị dị ike nju na-adọta dabeere na ferrous metal alloys. mgbake ruru bụ banyere 90% nke ngụkọta nke ịdị arọ nke metal na n'efu.
• Electrodynamic nkewa. Ọ na-eji maka na mwepụ nke níle Önwa, ọla na ọla. mgbake ọnụego karịa 80%.
• The aerodynamic nkewa a na-eji wepụ polima na ngụkọta arọ nke akwụkwọ n'efu. Nke a na usoro mejupụtara na-eke a ike ikuku eruba, adịru Mkpa ọkụ nta iche arọ.
• Ballistic nkewa dabeere na mberede mgbanwe ọsọ na direction nke ije nke n'efu site, nke na-enye ohere ikewapụ na-agbanwe mmiri si ọzọ viscous. Nke a na usoro ike ga-eji wepụ iko na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ ụdị irighiri.

N'agbanyeghị na-aga n'ihu mma nke mkpofu ụzọ, ego nke n'efu na-amụba site 3% n'afọ ọ bụla.