Nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ: ụkpụrụ

Nnọọ niile nke ihe ndị na-na na oru ngo na-ama na-ewu ma ọ bụ na-na-ewu, nwere ike kewara abụọ na ụdị, owuwu na ụlọ. Akpọ Ụlọ n'ala Ọdịdị, nke ụlọ ụlọ maka ọzụzụ, ntụrụndụ, ọrụ, na na. Site na owuwu na-họọrọ technical owuwu: àkwà mmiri, ọkpọkọ, paịpụ dams na ndị ọzọ. Nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ, akụkụ, ogige nwere otutu nuances.

ulo oru ụlọ

N'aka nke ya, na ụlọ a na-kewara abụọ isi iche iche - obodo na ulo oru. Site ụlọ ọrụ na-agụnye:

• n'ichepụta;
• anụ ụlọ;
• ike;
• warehousing;
• mmekọ.

Civil ụlọ na-kewara abụọ iche iche - residential na ọha.

residential ụlọ

Ọ bụghị ike na-eche na ebe a na-họọrọ ogige adabara mmadụ na-ebighị, ya bụ:

• ụlọ;
• dormitories;
• hotels;
• ebi ebi;
• nwa ara na-obibi.

na-elekọta mmadụ ụlọ

• ọzụzụ ụlọ ọrụ;
• ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ;
• ụlọ ọgwụ na-agwọ ebe;
• ụlọ ọrụ maka egwuregwu eme;
• klọb, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na na;
• shopping ebe, ọha isi nri na n'ji ọrụ;
• iga;
• ụlọ na anyị na ọrụ;
• multifunctional ụlọ na okụre.

E nwere a nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ na owuwu. The chọrọ bughi atụmatụ na-enweta na-enyemaka nke teknuzu egosi, ha were na-usoro ewu codes (SNIP). Akwụkwọ a na-eji a dịgasị iche iche nke nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ site ụdị. Ọzọkwa review isi.

umu nhazi ọkwa

1. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke storeys. Mgbe ọ na-guzosie ike a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ala bụ: efe n'elu, teknuzu, n'uko, n'ala (na proviso na n'elu Ọdịdị na-positioned n'elu n'etiti ala atụmatụ akara na-erughị 2 mita).

• a ole na ole nke ala - elu nke ụlọ ruo 2 ala;
• nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke storeys - nke 3 na 5 ala;
• ọnụ ọgụgụ ka elu nke storeys - 6 ruo 9 ala;
• multistory - site 10 ruo 25 ala;
• High-ịrị elu ụlọ - 26 ala n'elu.

2. Mgbe ihe onwunwe site na nke mgbidi na-mere:

• Nkume (brick ma ọ bụ eke nkume);
• ihe (ekwekọghị n'okike nkume, ihe nkanka);
• ihe;
• metal;
• osisi.

3. nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ dị ka usoro nke Mee:

• nke obere-sized mmiri (a constructive ihe nke ụlọ, nke na-akpali na-ewu ihe owuwu eji obere ngwá ma ọ bụ aka);
• nke nnukwu-sized mmiri (maka echichi ndị a, ndị na-eji oke cranes na ígwè ọrụ);
• Monolithic (tupu mere ihe mix enịm ke ebu na na-ewu ihe owuwu, bụ ebe e nwere ya solidification).

4. anwụ ngwa ngwa:

• M - oge nke ọrụ ruo ihe karịrị 100 afọ;
• II - site 50 ruo 100 afọ;
• III - site 50 ruo 20 afọ;
• IV - ruo 20 afọ (nwa oge ụlọ).

5. na isi obodo:

• 1st klas - Ọdịdị, ike izute ụba choro. Isi ụlọ n'ime obodo a presumptive oge nke ọrụ karịrị afọ 70 (ụgbọ, ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, eme ihe nkiri, omenala emmepe). Nke a nwere ike na-agụnye pụrụ iche ụlọ nke mba dị mkpa na a ndụ nke ihe karịrị 100 afọ (Kraist, Onye nzọpụta Cathedral, Kremlin Obí Congresses , na na. D.).
• Mezuwo 2 - Ọdịdị, ike izute nkezi chọrọ. Oke-ewu, nke bụ ihe ndabere nke obodo mmepe, na a presumptive oge nke ọrụ na-erughị afọ 50 (ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ, hotels, multi-storey residential ụlọ).
• Nke atọ na klas - Ọdịdị na ike izute chọrọ nke na-ajụ-sized na-ebelata (fechaa ụlọ na ala isi obodo ọrụ presumptive oge nke 25 ruo afọ 50).
• 4th ọkwa - ụlọ na kacha nta chọrọ.

Dabere na klas họọrọ ụlọ ahụ ma na-ewu ihe. N'ihi na elu-ọgwụgwụ nrụnye nke siri ike na oge-pụtara refractory slabs na ihe ndị na-eru nke na-enye serviceable na ogologo oge na-enweghị ugboro ugboro mmezi.

Nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ na owuwu n'ihi na ọkụ odachi

All ụlọ na ọkụ ize ndụ na-ekewa n'ime klaasị. Nkewa-adabere na ụdị nke na ngwa nke ụlọ na otú nchekwa nke ụmụ amaala na ikpe nke na ọkụ bụ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ọ na-elebara afọ, n'ahụ ọnọdụ, ihe gbasara nke puru nke ịbụ na a ala nke na-ehi ụra, na ụdị ndị bụ isi na ọtọ Ọdịdị na ya ike.

Nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ na owuwu:

• F1 - Ọdịdị kọwaa maka nwa oge ọnụnọ nke ụmụ amaala (ọmụmụ, ọrụ, hotels, isi nri, wdg) nakwa dị ka ihe na-adịgide adịgide obibi.
• F2 - ohere maka omenala eme.
• F3 - azụmahịa ụlọ ahụ na ụmụ amaala 'ọrụ (ụlọ ahịa, isi nri, n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, n'ụlọ ọgwụ, post ọfịs, mmiri, wdg).
• F4 - ogige zubere maka nnyocha sayensị, agụmakwụkwọ njikọ, ụlọ njikwa, ngalaba mgbanyụ ọkụ.
• F5 - ogige na ụlọ ọrụ nke ulo oru ma ọ bụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nzube,-edebe ihe ochie. Manufacturing na nkwakọba ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere laboratories na noo na ụlọ nke na klas F1, F2, F3 na F4, F5 na-họọrọ na klas.

Dị nnọọ mkpa nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ na owuwu. Basic ọkụ nchekwa ndokwa emetụta usoro iwu chọrọ maka esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile na ikpe nke na ọkụ.

Nhazi ọkwa nke ụlọ na owuwu n'ihi na ọkụ na-eguzogide

Àgwà nke na-ewu na-kpatara yitewere nke ọkụ ha na-eguzogide, site nke a pụtara oge mgbe nke na ikpe nke na ọkụ na e nwere otu nke atọ na-egosi:

• obvalivanie yitewere;
• dị na n'uko site cracks ma ọ bụ n'olulu (combustion, haruru banye n'akụkụ ụlọ) ;
• kpo oku nke slab na okpomọkụ na akpasu n'amaghi combustion nke ihe na n'akụkụ ụlọ (140-220S).

The ike nke ụlọ ala e ji ọkụ na-eguzogide fim. Ụdị ọkụ na-eguzogide nke ụlọ:

• M - na nkume owuwu (fireproof).
• II - na nkume owuwu (nonflammable na nonflammable).
• III - na nkume owuwu (nonflammable, nonflammable na flammable).
• IV - techie na osisi.
• V - na osisi techie.

ọku ókè-ala:

• seramiiki brik - 5 h;
• silicate brick - 5 h;
• ihe slab - 4 awa (gbawara emee n'ihi ọnụnọ na mejupụtara nke mmiri ka 8%);
• osisi na a plaster mkpuchi - 1 h 15 min;
• ígwè Ọdịdị - 20 nkeji (1100-1200S - metal aghọ ductile);
• n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ na-doro ire ọkụ retardant ọgwụgwọ - 1 hour.

Porous ihe, oghere brick nwere a elu ọku eguzogide. Kacha nta ọkụ na-eguzogide fọrọ nke gụrụ metal echichi, na kacha - mesikwuru ihe.