N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ enzymes. Structure, Njirimara na ọrụ

The cell nke ọ bụla dị ndụ organism, ọtụtụ nde chemical Jeremaya mere-ebe. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha dị mkpa, ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ịnọgide na-agba nke na ndu Filiks na a elu larịị. Fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla mmeghachi omume a na-catalyzed site ya enzyme. Gịnị bụ enzymes? Gịnị bụ ọrụ ha na a onu?

Enzymes. definition

Okwu ahụ bụ "enzyme" na-ewepụtara Latin App - iko achịcha. Ha nwekwara ike na-akpọ enzymes si Greek en zyme - "na mmali na bụkwa mkpụrụ."

Enzymes - biologically-arụ ọrụ bekee, otú ọ bụla mmeghachi omume na-ewere ọnọdụ na cell, nwere ike ime na-enweghị ha. A ogige eme ihe dị ka akpali. Ntem, ọ bụla enzyme nwere isi ihe abụọ na Njirimara:

1) enzyme accelerates Biochemical mmeghachi omume, ma ọ na-adịghị gwusia.

2) The uru nke ịha mgbe nile adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ma naanị accelerates ihe nweta nke a bara uru.

Enzymes ọsọ Biochemical Jeremaya mere na puku, na mgbe ụfọdụ, a ugboro nde. Nke a pụtara na enweghị nke enzyme usoro niile intracellular Filiks ka nta ka ha kwụsị, na cell onwe ya na-anwụ. Ya mere, ọrụ nke enzymes ka n'ọrụ Efrata dị elu.

A dịgasị iche iche nke enzymes na-eme ka o kwe omume na diversify mezie cell metabolism. Na nke ọ bụla cascade nke Jeremaya mere na-ewere akụkụ dị iche iche ọmụmụ nke enzymes. Ndu akpali nwere a elu selectivity site a kpọmkwem conformation nke molekul. T. Iji. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu enzymes na protein na ọdịdị, ha nọ tertiary ma ọ bụ quaternary Ọdịdị. Ihe kpatara ya bụ ọzọ na specificity nke molekul.

The ọrụ nke enzymes na cell

The isi ọrụ nke enzyme - osooso kwekọrọ ekwekọ mmeghachi omume. Ọ bụla cascade Filiks, ebe ọ bụ na decomposition nke hydrogen peroxide na-agwụcha glycolysis, na-achọ ọnụnọ nke a ndu mkpali.

Proper ọrụ nke enzymes enweta elu specificity ka a kpọmkwem mkpụrụ. Nke a pụtara na mkpali naanị ike mee ngwangwa ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume na ọ dịghị ihe, ọbụna yiri nnọọ. Site ogo specificity nke enzyme, ndị na-esonụ iche iche:

1) enzyme na zuru specificity mgbe catalyzed site naanị otu otu mmeghachi omume. Ka ihe atụ, collagenase digests na collagen, na maltase cleaves maltose.

2) enzyme na ikwu specificity. Nke a na-agụnye ọgwụ ndị na-nwere ike catalyze a ụfọdụ klas nke Jeremaya mere, ihe atụ, hydrolytic cleavage.

biocatalyst ọrụ amalite na njikọ nke ya-arụsi ọrụ saịtị na mkpụrụ. N'otu oge ahụ na-ekwu banyere ndị na-arụkọ mmekọrịta yiri a mkpọchi na igodo. Nke a na-ezo aka a full egwuregwu na mkpụrụ Nleta ifịk center, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume mee ngwangwa ndị mmeghachi omume.

Nzọụkwụ na-esonụ mejupụtara ke N'ezie nke mmeghachi omume. Ya ọsọ abawanye site ihe nke enzyme mgbagwoju. Na njedebe, anyị ga-esi na enzyme, nke a na-ejikọta ya na mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa.

Final ogbo - wepụ mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa si enzyme, mgbe nke nọ n'ọrụ saịtị ọzọ na-aghọ free ọzọ ọrụ.

Schematically, ọrụ nke enzyme na onye ọ bụla na ogbo nwere ike e dere dị ka:

1) S + E -> Ghaat

2) Ghaat -> SP

3) SP -> S + P, ebe S - bụ mkpụrụ, E - na enzyme, na P - ngwaahịa.

nhazi ọkwa nke enzymes

Na ahụ mmadụ, i nwere ike ịhụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke enzymes. All ihe ọmụma banyere ha na ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-systematized, na dị ka a n'ihi na e nwere a nkịtị nhazi ọkwa, site na nke i nwere ike mfe ikpebi ihe bụ ihe a akpan akpan mkpali. Ebe a na-isii isi na klas nke enzymes, nakwa dị ka ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke subgroups.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Enzymes nke a na klas catalyze redox Jeremaya mere. Total natara 17 sub-iche iche. Oxidoreductases ndị na-emekarị ndị na-abụghị protein òkè nyere vitamin ma ọ bụ heme.

N'etiti oxidoreductases bụ mgbe hụrụ ndị na-esonụ subgroups:

a) Dehydrogenase. N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ-dehydrogenase enzyme na-arapara hydrogen atọm na-ebufe ya ọzọ mkpụrụ. Nke a subgroup bụ kasị nkịtị na Jeremaya mere, nke respiration, photosynthesis. Dị ka akụkụ nke dehydrogenase bụ bụchaghị ugbu n'ụdị coenzyme nad / NADH ma ọ bụ flavoproteins fad / FMN. Ọtụtụ mgbe e nwere metal ion. Ihe Nlereanya gụnyere enzymes dị ka tsitohromreduktazy, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase na kwa otutu imeju enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, na na. D.).

b) oxidases. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke enzymes catalyze na mgbakwunye na nke oxygen ka hydrogen, adịru mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa nwere ike ịbụ mmiri ma ọ bụ hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Ihe atụ nke enzymes cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase.

c) peroxidase na catalase - enzymes na catalyze na decomposition H ₂ O ₂ to mmiri na oxygen.

g) oxygenase. Ndị a biocatalysts mee ngwangwa oxygen nkekọ mkpụrụ. Dofamingidroksilaza - otu n'ime ihe atụ nke ndị enzymes.

2. Transferases.

Target enzymes nke otu a bụ nyefe nke radicals si umi nke na-enye onyinye umi nnabata.

a) methyltransferase. DNA methyltransferase - isi enzymes na ịchịkwa usoro nke DNA replication. Methylation nucleotides ekere òkè bụ isi na ụkpụrụ nke nucleic acid ọrụ.

b) acyltransferase. Enzymes a subgroup na-ebu site na otu molekul ọzọ acyl otu. Ihe Nlereanya acyltransferases: lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (eburu ọtọ otu na a ọdụdụ acid na cholesterol), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (acyl otu na-agafere lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - enzymes na-abuana ke na ntughari nke amino asịd. Ihe atụ nke enzymes alanine aminotransferase nke catalyzes njikọ nke alanine si pyruvate na glutamate site ebufe ihe amino otu.

g) phosphotransferase. Enzymes catalyze na mgbakwunye na nke a sub-otu nke phosphate otu. Aha ọzọ phosphotransferase kinez, bụ ihe nkịtị. Ihe Nlereanya gụnyere enzymes dị ka hexokinase na aspartate, nke na-mmasị ka hexose phosphate residues (ukwuu n'ime glucose), na aspartic acid , karị.

3. Hydrolases - a na klas nke enzymes na catalyze na cleavage nke nkekọ na molekul, sochiri mgbakwunye na nke mmiri. Bekee nke otu a - isi digestive enzyme.

a) esterases - agbaji Ester agbụ. Atụ - lipases na gbarie abụba.

b) glycosidases. N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ enzymes nke usoro isiokwu a dabeere na mbibi nke glycoside nkekọ nke Polymers (oligosaccharides na polysaccharides). Ihe atụ: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - enzymes na catalyze mmebi nke na-edozi na amino asịd. Peptidase metụtara enzymes dị ka pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - gārapara n'aru amide agbụ. Ihe atụ: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase wdg Ọtụtụ amidase enzymes na-hụrụ na ornithine okirikiri.

4. Lyases - enzymes maka ọrụ yiri hydrolases, Otú ọ dị na cleavage nke nkekọ na ụmụ irighiri bụghị iwesa mmiri. Enzymes nke a na klas mgbe niile nwere a akụkụ nke na-abụghị protein òkè, ihe atụ, na ụdị nke vitamin B1 na B6.

a) decarboxylase. Ndị a enzymes eme na C-C nkekọ. Ihe Nlereanya bụ glutamic acid decarboxylase ma ọ bụ pyruvate decarboxylase.

b) hydratase na dehydratase - enzymes na catalyze na cleavage nke C-O agbụ.

c) The amidine-lyases - ebibi C-N nkekọ. Ihe Nlereanya: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) R-O lyase. Dị otú ahụ enzymes na-na-rapara a phosphate otu si a mkpụrụ ihe onwunwe. Ihe Nlereanya: adenylyl cyclase.

N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ nke enzymes dabeere na ha mebere atumatu

The ike nke ọ bụla enzyme kpebisiri ike site n'otu n'otu, na ya pụta ụwa Ọdịdị. Ọ bụla enzyme - bụ isi protein, na ya Ọdịdị na ogo ịkpakọba egwu a dị oké mkpa ọrụ na-ekpebi ọrụ ya.

Onye ọ bụla biocatalyst e ji ọnụnọ nke nọ n'ọrụ center, nke, n'aka, na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ iche ọtọ ebe:

1) Catalytic Center - a pụrụ iche n'ógbè nke protein, nke na enzyme igbaso mkpụrụ. Dabere na conformation nke protein molekul catalytic center nwere ike na-a iche iche, nke ga-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi na mkpụrụ nakwa dị ka a mkpọchi na igodo. Ndị dị otú ahụ a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị-akọwa ihe mere na enzyme protein bụ na tertiary ma ọ bụ quaternary ala.

2) Adsorption Center - eje ozi dị ka a "njide". Ebe a, na mbụ nkwurịta okwu na-ewe ebe n'etiti enzyme molekul na mkpụrụ molekul. Otú ọ dị, njikọ na Nleta adsorption center, nnọọ na-adịghị ike, ma si otú ahụ catalytic mmeghachi omume bụ reversible na a ogbo.

3) Allosteric emmepe nwere ike dị na-arụsi ọrụ ike center, na gafee dum elu nke enzyme. Ha ọrụ - ụkpụrụ nke enzyme. Regulation-ewe ebe site na ụmụ irighiri inhibitors na activators ụmụ irighiri.

The activator edozi nkịtị na enzyme molekul, mee ngwangwa ya ọrụ. Inhibitors, on Kama nke ahụ, inhibit catalytic ọrụ, na nke a nwere ike ime na ụzọ abụọ: ma molekul ejikọ na allosteric center region nke nọ n'ọrụ center nke enzyme (mpi mgbochi) ma ọ bụ ọ na-mmasị ọzọ n'ógbè protein (noncompetitive mgbochi). Mpi mgbochi a na-ewere ndị ọzọ dị irè. Mgbe otú mechiri emechi ohere maka mkpụrụ nkịtị na enzyme, na usoro a bụ nanị kwe omume na ikpe nke ihe fọrọ nke zuru ukem ini nke inhibitor molekul na-etolite na-arụsi ọrụ center.

Enzyme mgbe adịghị iso nke amino asịd, kamakwa nke ndị ọzọ organic na inorganic bekee. Ntem, dịpụrụ adịpụ apoenzyme - proteinaceous òkè coenzyme - organic moiety na cofactor - inorganic akụkụ. Coenzyme nwere ike na-anọchi anya ulgevodami, abụba, nucleic asịd, vitamin. N'aka nke ya, ngalaba-akpata - bụ mgbe a na-akwado metal ion. Enzyme ọrụ kpebisiri ike site ya Ọdịdị: ọzọ bekee gụnyere ke mejupụtara, igbanwe catalytic Njirimara. Iche iche na ụdị nke enzymes - bụ n'ihi nke a Nchikota niile ihe ndị a na-etolite a mgbagwoju.

Regulation nke ọrụ enzymes

Enzymes ka biologically ifịk umi bụ bụghị mgbe niile na ọ dị mkpa maka ahụ. N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ nke enzymes bụ na ha nwere ike na ikpe nke oké catalysis nsogbu dị ndụ. Iji gbochie mmetụta ọjọọ na ozu enzyme mkpa n'ụzọ ụfọdụ mezie ọrụ ha.

T. Iji. Enzymes bụ protein na ọdịdị, na ha na-ngwa ngwa ebibi okpomọkụ. denaturation usoro reversible, ma ọ pụrụ budata emetụta umi.

onye Onyenwe anyị + na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụkpụrụ. Oke enzyme omume a na n'ozuzu hụrụ na-anọpụ iche onye Onyenwe anyị + (7,0-7,2). Ọzọkwa nwere enzymes na-arụ ọrụ nanị n'okpuru acidic ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ naanị na alkaline. N'ihi ya, na cellular lysosomes nọgidere na-enwe ala pH, na nke maximal ọrụ nke hydrolytic enzymes. Na ihe omume nke na mberede na kọntaktị na cytoplasm, bụ ebe bụ nso anọpụ iche, ọrụ ha ga ibelata. Nchebe dị otú ahụ si "samopoedaniya" dabeere na atụmatụ nke hydrolase.

Ọ bụ uru na banyere banyere mkpa coenzyme na cofactor na mejupụtara nke enzymes. Ọnụnọ nke vitamin ma ọ bụ metal ion budata emetụta ịrụ ọrụ nke ụfọdụ kpọmkwem enzymes.

Nomenclature nke enzymes

All enzymes nke ahụ ahụ na-akpọ dị ka ha bụ ndị ọ bụla nke ọmụmụ, nakwa dị ka mkpụrụ na nke ha na-eme. Mgbe ụfọdụ Ịhazi nomenclature eji ihe abụọ nke mkpụrụ na aha.

Ihe Nlereanya nke aha ụfọdụ enzymes:

1. Imeju enzymes: lactate degidrogen aza-glutamate-aza-degidrogen.
2. Full Ịhazi aha nke enzyme: lactate + nad-aza -oksidoredukt.

Chebere na-adịchaghị mkpa aha, nke na-adịghị rube isi na iwu nke nomenclature. Ihe Nlereanya bụ digestive enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

The usoro nke njikọ nke enzymes

The ọrụ nke enzymes na-ekpebisi ike ọbụna na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa larịị. Ebe ọ bụ na molekul bụ site na nnukwu -. Protein, na ya njikọ bụ kpọmkwem otu dị ka Filiks nke transcription na translation.

Njikọ enzymes emee dị ka ndị a. Ná mmalite, DNA na-agụ ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ndị ha chọrọ enzyme na-etolite mRNA. Ozi RNA-ebu ụzọ amata niile amino asịd na bụ akụkụ nke enzyme. Regulation nke enzymes nwekwara ike ime na DNA larịị, ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume catalyzed ezu site n'usoro transcription akwụsị na na Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na e nwere mkpa na ngwaahịa, ọrụ ọ na ndị transcription usoro.

Ozugbo mRNA e wepụtara na cytoplasm, ọzọ ogbo - Broadcasting. On ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum synthesized isi yinye esịnede amino asịd jikọrọ site peptide agbụ. Otú ọ dị, protein molekul ke akpan Ọdịdị ike ma ịrụ ya enzymatic ọrụ.

The enzyme ọrụ bụ dabere na protein owuwu. Otu EPS protein etịbe na-agbagọkwa, si otú akpụ mbụ sekọndrị na mgbe tertiary Ọdịdị. Njikọ nke ụfọdụ enzymes na-kwụsịrị na a na ogbo, ma welie mkpali ọrụ bụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa na-ekekọta na cofactor coenzyme.

Ụfọdụ ebe nke endoplasmic reticulum abịa mmasị organic mmiri nke enzyme: shuga n'ókè, nucleic asịd, abụba na vitamin. Ụfọdụ enzymes nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị ọnụnọ nke coenzyme.

Cofactor-arụ a dị oké mkpa ọrụ ke guzobere nke quaternary Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein. Ụfọdụ nke ọrụ nke enzymes dị naanị mgbe protein domain nzukọ. Ya mere, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ka ha ọnụnọ quaternary Ọdịdị na nke a na njikọ njikọ n'etiti multiple protein globules bụ a metal ion.

Multiple iche nke enzymes

E nwere ọnọdụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ enzymes na catalyze otu ihe ahụ, ma dị iche n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Ka ihe atụ, enzyme nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ 20 degrees, ma 0 degrees, ọ ga-enwe ike ịrụ ya ọrụ. Gịnị na-eme n'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, ndị dị ndụ ahụ na ala okpomọkụ?

Nsogbu a na-adị mfe edozi site ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ enzymes na catalyze otu ihe ahụ, ma dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ. E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị multiple iche nke enzymes:

1. Isoenzymes. Ndị dị otú ahụ na-edozi na-koodu site dị iche iche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ha na-ekewet nke dị iche iche amino asịd, ma catalyze otu mmeghachi omume.
2. Ezi multiple iche-iche. Ndị a na-edozi na-transcribed si na otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ma pụtara na ribosomes mgbanwe peptides. Na mmepụta emepụta iche iche nke otu enzyme.

N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ iche nke mbụ ụdị a kpụrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa larịị, mgbe nke abụọ - na post-translational.

pụtara enzymes

The ojiji nke enzymes na na nkà mmụta ọgwụ-abịa ala na nke ọhụrụ ọgwụ, dị ka akụkụ nke bekee na-ama na nri quantities. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-adịghị ma hụrụ a ụzọ na-akpali njikọ nke na-efu enzymes ke idem, ma ugbu a na-ekesa ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere ike ime ka elu maka oge nke ha mwepu.

Dị iche iche na enzymes na a cell na catalyze ukwuu nke Jeremaya mere metụtara ndị mmezi nke ndụ. Otu n'ime ndị a na-anọchite anya na-enizmov nucleases otu: endonuclease na exonuclease. Ọrụ ha bụ ịnọgide na-enwe a mgbe nile na-larịị nke nucleic asịd ke a cell, mwepụ nke mebiri emebi DNA na RNA.

Echefula banyere onu nke ọbara clotting. Dị ka ihe irè enyetụ nchebe, usoro a na-achịkwa a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke enzymes. Chief n'etiti ha bụ thrombin, nke na-atọghata na-adịghị ejekwa protein fibrinogen n'ime fibrin n'ọrụ. Ya eri na-emepụta a ụdị netwọk na occludes arịa ahụ mmerụ site, si otú na-egbochi oké ọbara ọgbụgba.

Enzymes na-eji winemaking, brewing, mmepụta nke ọtụtụ mmiri ara ehi na ngwaahịa. N'ihi na mmanya si glucose yist nwere ike ji mee, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ihe ịga nke ọma omume nke usoro a ma wepụ ezu nke ha.

Nti eziokwu banyere nke ị na-amaghị

- All nke ahụ bụ nke enzymes nwere nnukwu uka - 5,000 ka 1,000,000 Da. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke protein na molekul. N'ihi na ha tụnyere, molekụla arọ nke glucose - 180 Ee, na carbon dioxide - a ngụkọta nke 44 Ee.

- Iji ụbọchị, meghere ihe karịrị 2000 enzymes na na-dị na mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche na ntule. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bekee ka ghọtara.

- enzyme ọrụ a na-eji maka inweta irè saa ntụ. Ebe a, enzymes mezuo otu ọrụ dị ke idem: ha gbarie organic okwu, na a onwunwe na-enyere aka ọgụ tụrụ. Ọ na-atụ aro iji ndị dị otú ahụ a omo na okpomọkụ nke bụghị elu karịa 50 degrees, ma ọ nwere ike na-aga denaturation usoro.

- Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ, 20% nke ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nile na-ata ahụhụ site na enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke enzymes.

- Banyere Njirimara nke enzymes mara maka a ogologo oge, ma naanị na 1897, ndị mmadụ ghọtara na ọ bụghị yist, na otu wepụ si ha mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike ji mee ihe maka gbaa ụka nke sugar n'ime mmanya.