Nitration nke toluene: Mmeghachi omume akụkụ

Ka anyị kwuo banyere otú ndị nitration nke toluene. Kwadebere n'otu aka ahụ, site n'obi mgbe ahụ a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ semifinished ngwaahịa na-eji na imewe nke explosives, pharmaceuticals.

Mkpa nke nitration

Benzene nkwekọrịta dị ka aromatic Nitro ogige dị na oge a na chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Nitrobenzene na aniline bụ onye n'etiti ngwaahịa, senti, ọgwụ mmepụta. Ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe mgbaze ọtụtụ organic ogige, gụnyere cellulose na nitrite na-etolite a gelatinous uka na ya. Na mmanụ ala na ụlọ ọrụ ọ na-eji dị ka a purifier maka n'ígwè. Mgbe nitration nke toluene dị njikere benzidine, aniline, aminosalicylic acid, phenylenediamine.

Njirimara nitration

Nitration ji uzo mmiri NO2 otu n'ime molekul nke organic compound. Dabere na-amalite ihe onwunwe, nke a wee site na a buu, nucleophilic, electrophilic usoro. N'ọrụ ahụ eme ihe dị ka nitronium cations, ion na radicals NO2. Toluene nitration mmeghachi omume na-ezo aka ndochi. N'ihi na ndị ọzọ organic bekee nwere ike nnọchi nitration, na mgbakwunye na nke abụọ nkekọ.

Nitration nke toluene na a molekul nke aromatic hydrocarbon a rụrụ iji nitrating acid (igirigi ibu sulphuric na nitric asịd). The mkpali egosipụta Njirimara na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na-eje ozi dị ka usoro pụtara vodotnimayuschego.

usoro akụkụ

Nitration nke toluene agụnye nnọchi nke otu hydrogen atọm site Nitro. Olee otú atụmatụ nke-aga n'ihu usoro?

Iji kọwaa nitration nke toluene, mmeghachi omume akụkụ nwere ike na-anọchi anya dị ka ndị a:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ar-NO2 + H2 O

Ọ-enye gị ohere-ekpe ikpe na na n'ozuzu N'ezie nke mmekọrịta, ma ọ dịghị igosipụta niile atụmatụ nke usoro a. N'eziokwu, e nwere a mmeghachi omume n'etiti aromatic hydrocarbons na ngwaahịa nke nitric acid.

Nyere na ngwaahịa nwere a mmiri molekul, ọ na-ebelata ịta nke nitric acid, nitration nke toluene mere slows. Iji zere nsogbu a, usoro a rụrụ na ala okpomọkụ iji nitric acid na ngafe ego.

Tụkwasị na nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid ka dehydrating mmadụ mee , acetic anhydride, polyphosphoric acid, boron trifluoride. Ha nwee snizat oriri nke nitric acid, dịkwuo arụmọrụ nke na mmekọrịta.

The nuances nke usoro

The nitration nke toluene a kọwara ná ngwụsị afọ iri na itoolu na narị afọ V. Markovnikov. Ọ bụ ike iru a njikọ n'etiti ọnụnọ ke mmeghachi omume ngwakọta lekwasị na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na usoro eruba ọnụego. Na oge a na mmepụta nitrotoluene anhydrous nitric acid na-eji, iwere nta ngafe.

Ọzọkwa, sulfonation na nitration nke toluene agụnye iji dị dehydrating boron Fluoride akụrụngwa. Ya iwebata n'ime mmeghachi omume usoro enyere belata na-eri nke ngwaahịa nwetara, nke na-eme dị na nitration nke toluene. Akụkụ-eru usoro n'ozuzu dị ka ndị a:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ar-NO2 + BF3 · H2 O

Mgbe mmezu nke mmeghachi omume mmiri na ẹkenam, adịru monohydrate boron Fluoride dihydrate iche-iche. Ọ na-e wepụrụ na vacuo, mgbe ahụ, tinye calcium Fluoride, na-alọghachi mbụ compound ụdị.

Specificity nke nitration

E nwere ụfọdụ ndị dị na usoro ndị a na-oke nke reagents, mkpụrụ iji mmeghachi omume. Tụlee ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ha ihe nhọrọ:

• 60-65 percent nitric acid na a ngwakọta nke 96 percent na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid;
• ngwakọta nke 98% nitric acid na lekwasị na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid maka mmeghachi omume obere organic bekee;
• potassium nitrate ma ọ bụ ammonium na ndọpụ igirigi ibu sulphuric acid - bụ ihe magburu onwe oke maka mmepụta nke polima nke Nitro ogige.

The kinetics nke nitration

Aromatic hydrocarbons, mmekọrịta na a ngwakọta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric na nitric asịd, Nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov ike mara na specificity nke mmekọrịta. The usoro na-ewe ebe ọtụtụ nkebi. Nitrosernaya acid a na mbụ guzobere, nke dabara dissociation na okenye ihe ngwọta. Nitronium ion na-meghachi omume na toluene na-etolite dị ka a ngwaahịa nitrotoluene. Mgbe atụkwasịkwara a ngwakọta nke mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-adị n'oge deceleration.

Na solvents na organic agwa - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - enye ohere guzobe nke cation dịkwuo ọnụego nke nitration.

Ihe nitronium cation mmasị ka aromatic ntọala nke toluene, si otú kpụrụ n'etiti. Ọzọkwa, e nwere a proton ọdịiche, na-eduga na guzobe nitrotoluene.

N'ihi na a nkọwa zuru ezu nke na-aga n'ihu usoro anyị pụrụ ịtụle guzobe a "sigma" na "pi" mgbagwoju. Education "sigma" nke mgbagwoju bụ ọnụego-na ịmachi nzọụkwụ nke mmekọrịta. The mmeghachi omume ọnụego na-na metụtara rapidity nke nitronium cation nkekọ carbon atọm na ntọala nke aromatic ogige. proton gbawara anya nke toluene a rụrụ fọrọ nke nta ozugbo.

Naanị na ụfọdụ, e nwere ike ịbụ ụfọdụ nsogbu na nnọchi metụtara na a ịrịba isi kinetic isotope mmetụta. Nke a bụ n'ihi na osooso nke nloghachi usoro na ọnụnọ nke mgbochi nke iche iche iche iche.

Mgbe ahọpụta a mkpali na a dehydrating gị n'ụlọnga na ndọpụ igirigi ibu sulphuric acid usoro e nwere ịha mgbanwe kwupụta guzobere mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa.

ọgwụgwụ

Ọ guzobere nitration nke toluene nitrotoluene, nke bụ a bara uru ngwaahịa nke chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ nke a umi bụ ihe mgbawa compound, otú ina na ọgbụgba ọkụ arụmọrụ. N'etiti nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya ulo oru rụpụta, mara na ojiji nke a ọkpụrụkpụ ego nke ndọpụ igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.

Iji nagide nsogbu a, chemists na-achọ ụzọ iji belata mmefu na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid nwetara mgbe nitration usoro. Dị ka ihe atụ, usoro a na-rụrụ na ala okpomọkụ, na-ajụ na-eji bụ mfe regenerable. Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid nwere ike oxidizing Njirimara, nke na-ezighị ezi na-emetụta ndị corrosion nke ọla na-mụbara ihe ize ndụ ka ndu eme ntule. Na nnabata na niile nchekwa ụkpụrụ nwere ike isi die nsogbu ndị a, inweta elu àgwà Nitro ogige.