Nnukwu ụlọ osisi ndị Russia

Russia - ulo oru na obodo na a ogologo oge nke ulo oru mmepe. N'ihi ya, Russian igwe-ewu osisi ikere òkè bụ isi na akụ na ụba mba. Mkpokọta olu nke ulo oru mmepụta òkè nke engineering ngwaahịa bụ na nso nke 20%. Nke a bụ ezi nkezi larịị, Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa na-amụba, n'ihi na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mba ndị mepere emepe, a na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nso ka 40% ma ọ bụ karịa.

Ebe ụlọ ọrụ na Russian ụlọ ọrụ

Russian n'ibu injinịa na Ọdịdị nke akụ na ụba mba aka na akpa ebe ya na mmanu ndi mere onwe mmanụ ụlọ ọrụ na budata karịa ndị ọzọ ndi nke aku na uba. Mgbe ida nke USSR, ya na-ekere òkè "general Piggy" na 28% (1990) akpọrepu ruo 16% (1995), ma mgbe ahụ malitere a ezigbo mgbake. Site na nmalite nke XXI narị afọ ọgụgụ ụba na 19%, na site 2015 - na 22%.

Na 2013, ndị Russian igwe-ulo ụlọ mmepụta ihe na-akwụ $ 190 ijeri (6 puku ijeri rubles). Total na Russia na e nwere 19 ulo oru okụre, ihe karịrị otu narị sub-ndi na onye ọrụ. The engineering aka n'elu 40,000 ulo oru nha na ụdị dị iche iche nke nwe (2000 nke ha - nnukwu ndị), nke bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ulo oru ụlọ ọrụ. 1/3 nke ngụkọta ọrụ bi na-arụrụ ọrụ na ndị ụlọ ọrụ: karịa 4.5 nde mmadụ (3.5 nde n'ime ha - na-arụ ọrụ). A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọrụ na-ekpebi na-elekọta mmadụ uru nke ngalaba ulo oru na-enye ọrụ.

ya mere eme

Peoples na Russia nọ na-achụ metal nhazi kemgbe oge immemorial. Na Urals, oge ochie mmezi hụrụ ebe gbazee metal na mere nke ya a dịgasị iche iche nke ngwaahịa ihe karịrị mmadụ 6,000 afọ gara aga. Na Kievan rus ama ke X narị afọ, e nwere nnukwu noo, na-emepụta mgbagwoju ngwaahịa. Na XII narị afọ, ndị nna nna anyị mụtara mbịne na -egwe ọka ígwè ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, nke mbụ igwe-ụlọ osisi na Russia pụtara na XVI na narị afọ. Ha na-ejikọta ya na ngwá agha bụrụ na enịm ke Tula. Production dabeere obodo ígwè ore, ma ọ bụ numerically obere, ezughi ezu na-abụghị systemic.

A revolutionary mgbanwe na ndị ụlọ ọrụ mere n'okpuru Peter m, bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ expansionist iwu. Ndị agha ya dị mkpa karịa oge a na ngwá agha, mgbọ na akụrụngwa. Na nchọpụta nke nnukwu ego na ígwè ore na Urals e kere na igwe-ulo ụlọ ọrụ, tumadi ngwá agha.

locomotives ụlọ ọrụ

The obosara nke ụdịdị dị iche iche nke arụpụtara ngwaahịa na-eduga ná eziokwu na ọtụtụ ndị nke nnukwu igwe-ụlọ osisi na Russia, ịbụ na-ekewaghị ekewa emeputa nke ụfọdụ na ngwaahịa, na n'otu oge ahụ nwere dịtụ obere sales mpịakọta na ego okwu. Na ndị kasị ibu Russian ụlọ ọrụ dị na mmanụ ụgbọala ụlọ ọrụ, nkà mmụta banyere ígwè na Petrochemical ọrụ ndị yiri na okwu nke mmejuputa a "AvtoVAZ" AHK "Sukhoi", OJSC "GAZ" otu "ihe ọṅụṅụ" na OJSC "KAMAZ".

The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-eduga na-agụnye tumadi akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ (obodo engineering sub-ndi oru na nke kachasi elu òkè Ọdịdị nke mmepụta nke engineering ngwaahịa) na MAỊ, na ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnukwu igwe-ụlọ mmepụta (na kwa afọ ntụgharị nke ihe karịrị 5 ijeri rubles) dịtụ obere.

Holdings na FPG

Russian n'ibu injinịa na-adịbeghị anya malitere n'ụzọ guzobere ejide ụlọ ọrụ na ego-ulo oru otu (fig). Mgbe a na-hụrụ ka a n'ihu mmepe nke igwe-ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ na ojiji, kere na aga na afọ (OMZ, ike engineering ụlọ ọrụ, "New Programs na Concepts" na ndị ọzọ), na e guzobere ọhụrụ dị iche iche a kpụrụ na ndabere nke isi obodo, akwụ na ndị ọzọ ọrụ. The kasị kwesiri ngosi mmụba na engineering ígwè ụlọ ọrụ, nke rụpụtara na guzobere akpakanamde ike FPG "RusPromAvto" na otu ìgwè nke ụgbọala na ụlọ ọrụ "Severstal". Dị ka a n'ihi nke otu ma ọ bụ a ole na ole nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ (iche iche) e guzobere kasị sub-ndi, na-ejide ha na a kasị ọnọdụ.

The kasị igwe-ụlọ osisi na Russia

The ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ na ihe karịrị 12,000 ọrụ, mgbada n'usoro site na iji (site na 120 ruo ọtụtụ iri na abuo). Top 10 ụlọ ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ dabere na onye agbanweela mgbanwe kemgbe afọ iri. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ mmepụta ihe na n'ezie odida, ndị ọzọ budata belata mkpara. Ka ihe atụ, anyị na-enye a comparative table nke engineering Refeyim na ha ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na taa.

A ọzọ zuru ezu ndepụta nke isi na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ site na mpaghara bụ dị ka ndị.

Central Federal District

Na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Russian elu-tech agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ na-lekwasị (eg, ugbo elu na rọketi mmepụta, ikuku na-azara ọnụ na usoro na Rada egbe, wheeled ugbo ala), ohere ụlọ ọrụ, manufactures a dịgasị iche iche nke dizel engines, ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ngwá, ígwè na akụrụngwa. Na Kaluga region e nwere a ụyọkọ nke ndị mba ọzọ na-emepụta nke autos. Ka ọ dịgodị, na anụ ụlọ na akpaaka Refeyim AZLK na ZIL efu ubom.

• EKR enterprise "Almaz-Antey" (ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Group ọrụ 98.000 ndị mmadụ). Ọ na-agụnye ndị Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Avangard" (mmepụta nke emegide ugbo elu agba), Dolgoprudnenskoe NPP (emegide ugbo elu agba), otu oru Ngo LEMZ (radars), Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (redio) na ndị ọzọ.
• Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva (43500 ndị mmadụ, Moscow.) - na-eduga ume nke rọketi na ohere ụlọ ọrụ. Amalite na-amị ụgbọelu Tammy "Proton", "Angara".
• Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Banner of Labor" na RAC "mig" (14,500 ndị mmadụ, Moscow.) - ntọhapụ nke alụso "mig".
• Car ụlọ mmepụta ihe na nke ndị mba ọzọ ụlọ ọrụ, "Renault Russia" ( "Avtoframos", 2300 ndị mmadụ, Moscow.), "PSMA rus» (PSA Peugeot Citroen na nke Mitsubishi, Kaluga mpaghara.), "Volkswagen Group rus" (Kaluga mpaghara.), "Volvo Vostok "(Kaluga region.) na ndị ọzọ.
• RSC "Energia" (Korolev) - na-eduga rọketi na ohere ụlọ ọrụ na ụwa.
• MAỊ "NPO Machine Building" (18,000 ndị mmadụ, Reutov.) - na roketi na ohere technology.
• MZ "ZIO-Podolsk" (4700 pers.) - ngwá maka nuklia ike osisi na CHP osisi.
• "Kolomna factory" (6400 pers.) - locomotives, electric locomotives, dizel akụrụngwa.
• Bryansk Engineering Works (6800 pers.) - locomotives, n'ụgbọala.
• "Autodiesel" (Yaroslavl Automobile) - mmepụta engines.

Northwest FD

Na St. Petersburg na Leningrad mpaghara nwere ndị kasị ibu igwe-ụlọ osisi na Russia. Obodo shipyards ogide a na-eduga itie ke ewu nke agha na obodo n'ụlọikpe. N'etiti anụ ụlọ akaebe ibu size ụlọ ahịa (200 hectare n'obodo center) guzo Kirovsky traktọ Plant, isi ego nke nke bụ mgbazinye ohere kama ntọhapụ profaịlụ mmepụta. Ọzọ ụzọ, a nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe "Ford" na Vsevolozhsk eme ,. Ọzọ igwe-ulo center nke obodo bụ obodo nke Severodvinsk, ebe ha na-ewu submarines.

• "Sevmash" (25,000 ndị mmadụ, Severodvinsk.) - na-ewu nke submarines.
• Shipyards of St. Petersburg: "Admiralty Shipyards" (akpa ụlọ ọrụ obodo nke 8,000 ndị mmadụ.) "Baltic Plant" (4000 pers.), "Severnaya Verf" (3500 pers.), "Mid-Nevsky" (ca. 1000 ndị ..) .
• ngwá maka ike mmepụta: na Leningrad Metal Works (na 2017 n'egosi 160th ncheta, na-arụpụta turbines), "Electrosila" (generators), "Izhora Plants" (maka nuklia ike na ngwá, egwupụta).
• Autoenterprise Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, nwoke, Scania.
• LOMO (St. Petersburg) - ngwa anya ngwá.
• Kirov traktọ Plant (8000 pers.) - mmepụta nke "Kirovets" traktọ, dị iche iche na ngwá.

Southern FD

Isi ịnya ụgbọ ike nke n'ibu injinịa na mpaghara bụ mmepụta nke ugbo ígwè na ume akụrụngwa. Kachasinu ụgbọ ala emeputa na TagAz Volgograd traktọ Plant kwuru odida.

• Engineering ụlọ ọrụ "Rostselmash" (10,000 ndị mmadụ, Rostov-on-Don.) - mmepụta nke ikpokọta-ewe ihe ubi "Don" na ndị ọzọ na-akọ ugbo na akụrụngwa.
• "Red boilermaker" (4400 Pax, Taganrog.) - kasị emeputa nke ji esi mmiri ọkụ na ngwá.
• "ATOMMASH" (Volgodonsk) - a na-eduga soplaya nke ngwá maka nuklia ike osisi na CHP osisi.
• ON "barricades" (3300 Pax, Volgograd.) - a dịgasị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ (ogbunigwe, agha usoro maka nuklia ike osisi na mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ).

Volga Federal District

Na mpaghara e nwere maara nke ọma igwe-ụlọ osisi na Russia: AvtoVAZ, GAZ, "Tyazhmash", KAMAZ, UAZ, "Kalashnikov" na ndị ọzọ. Nso nke ngwaahịa bụ ọtụtụ: si biarin (1/4 nke anụ ụlọ ahịa) na pụrụ iche ngwá maka ike ụlọ ọrụ, si ụgbọala na ụgbọelu.

• AvtoVAZ (52,000 mmadụ, Togliatti.) - na flagship na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-emepụta ụgbọala.
• "Tyazhmash" (7000 Pax, Syzran.) - ngwá maka oké ọrụ.
• Automobile ụlọ mmepụta ihe na nke otu "GAS": Gorky Automobile Plant (obere na-ajụ-oru gwongworo, agha ụgbọala, njem ụgbọala), "Pavlovsky Bus" (PAZ), Ulyanovsk Engine Plant na ndị ọzọ.
• KAMAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) - na-eduga emeputa nke ụlọ gwongworo.
• Izhevsk ogwe factory: "Kalashnikov" (n'oge gara aga "Izhmash", 4500 pers.), "IMZ" (7000 pers.).
• The ụgbọelu ụlọ ọrụ nke Bashkortostan: UMPO (21,000 mmadụ, UVA.) - ụgbọelu engines, UPPO (Ufa) - Aviapribor, KumAPP (Kumertau) - rụpụta na ndozi nke helicopters "Ka" usoro.
• Perm Motors Group (12000 ndị mmadụ). - agha na ugbo elu engines.
• MZ (7000 ndị mmadụ, Perm.) - Agha.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - SUVs na minivans.
• "Aviastar-SP" (10,000 ndị mmadụ, Ulyanovsk.) - kasị ugbo elu ụlọ osisi (ugbo elu "tu" ụdị, "AN", "IL").

Ural FD

Ural bụ ihe ọ bụla mberede na-akpọ obi nke ụlọ ọrụ nke Russia. Nnweta ọgaranya ịnweta ego na otu ihe dị mkpa usoro ebe ghọrọ prerequisites maka ikenye ebe a na nnukwu ulo oru ụlọ ọrụ, tumadi metụtara nhazi nke ọla na-azara ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ike kacha ike engineering emmepe bụ Yekaterinburg na Nizhniy Tagil.

• "Uralvagonzavod" (27,000 ndị mmadụ, Nizhny Tagil.) - onye nke flagships n'ime anụ ụlọ engineering ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ na-arụpụta a dịgasị iche iche nke ngwaahịa: si ibu ụgbọala tankị. N'alaka "Uraltransmash" (Ekaterinburg) emepụta onwe-propelled ogbunigwe na usoro na trams.
• "Uralmash" (14,000 mmadụ, Ekaterinburg.) - a ndú na mmepụta nke mkpọpu ala, Ngwuputa, Metallurgical akụrụngwa.
• Zeke (Ekaterinburg) --emegide ugbo elu agha usoro, ọrụ ugbo ala.
• Chelyabinsk traktọ Plant (13,000 ndị mmadụ). - traktọ, okporo ụzọ na-ewu ígwè, engines.
• Automobile Plant "Ural" (13,500 ndị mmadụ, Miass.) - gwongworo.
• "Kurgan" (4800 Pax, Kurgan.) - agha ụgbọala (BMP, traktọ).
• Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant - rocketry.

Siberia Federal District

Engineering mmepụta lekwasịrị anya agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ, ugbo elu na ngwá Ngwuputa arụmọrụ. Ọtụtụ isi enterprise odida ma ọ bụ ya nso. Ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara na mkpa nke modernization na nkwado.

• Aerospace ụlọ ọrụ: NAPO. VP Chkalov (6000 ndị mmadụ, Novosibirsk.) - mmepụta nke ugbo elu nke "akọrọ"; "Polyot" (4500 Pax, Omsk.) - Aircraft "An" Satellites "GLONASS" usoro, roket na ohere technology; Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant (. 6,000 ndị mmadụ) - otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu na-emepụta nke ugbo elu: helicopters "Mi" na ugbo elu "Su"; Irkutsk Aviation Plant - ụgbọ elu "Su", "Yak", "MS", components maka Airbus; "Ozi Satellite Systems" (8000 Pax, Zheleznogorsk.) - Satellites maka iche iche na nzube na nkwurịta okwu na usoro.
• "Tyazhstankogidropress" (Novosibirsk) - a na-eduga emeputa nke haịdrọlik presses, igwe ngwaọrụ, nfuli.
• Radiozavod ha. A. S. Popova (Omsk) - Radio engineering na nkwurịta okwu na usoro.
• "Altaivagon" (7000 Pax, Novoaltaysk.) - ntọhapụ nke ụgbọala.
• LVRZ Engineering Enterprise (6000 ndị mmadụ, Ulan-Ude.) - mmepụta na ndozi nke locomotives na ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Far Eastern Federal District

Okwu site onye nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ:

• KnAAZ ha. Gagarin (13,500 mmadụ, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.) - na-eduga ụgbọelu nke mba. Dị na ndị agha (ezinụlọ "Su", "eshgham FA") na ndi nkiti na (Sukhoi Superjet) ugbo elu, mmiri maka "Boeing".
• Enterprises nke shipbuilding na ịrụzi ụgbọ mmiri: Amur ano (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - na mbụ na-emepụta ngwá agha nuklia submarines ugbu a agha na ndi nkiti na ogige ahu; "Dalzavod" (Vladivostok); Seaside Factory (Nakhodka), Nakhodka ano.

ọgwụgwụ

Russian engineering na-aga site ike ugboro. N'agbanyeghị kama dị ike ulo oru nwere, ọtụtụ ndị flagships nke belata mmepụta, ọtụtụ hoo haa na-adị ndụ. The ụlọ ọrụ bụ oké mkpa mgbanwe, modernization nke ígwè na akụrụngwa, a ọhụrụ obibia management. Ka ọ dịgodị, na-ewu nke ọhụrụ elu-arụmọrụ ulo oru, tumadi obere na-ajụ-sized. Anyị a abụọ ifufe osisi n'ihi na mmepụta nke agha na ngwaahịa. Gosi oké mmasị na mba ọzọ mmekọ, karịsịa automakers. Mgbe mgbagwoju support nke ala na nzuzo enterprise engineering nwere ike ime ka a nnọọ ukwuu onyinye mba aku na uba.