Oge Geology. Neogene oge. Triassic oge. Jurassic

Dị ka oge a echiche nke ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị geological akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa anyị bụ 4,5-5 ijeri afọ. Na usoro nke ya mmepe na ọ bụ adaba kọwaa geological oge Earth.

ozi izugbe

Earth geological oge (Isiokwu n'okpuru) na-anọchi anya a usoro nke mere mgbe mmepe nke mbara ala ebe ọ bụ na e guzobere ya nke jikọrọ ọnụ. Na Itie nke oge n'elu e nwere dị iche iche na usoro dị otú ahụ dị ka ihe e kere eke na mbibi landforms imikpu n'ala ebe n'okpuru mmiri ma na-azụlite ha, icing, nakwa dị ka ọdịdị na ofufe nke dị iche iche ụdị nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ, na na. D. The planet agba doro anya metụtara agụmakwụkwọ ha. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na ha na-enwe ike idozi ha mgbakọ na mwepụ nkenke dị iche iche n'ígwé nkume.

The isi iche iche nke ego

Geologists, na-agbalị iji mepụtaghachi ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa, na-amụ n'ígwé nke nkume. Nabatara ego data na-ekewa n'ime ise isi dị iche iche, ọ pụta ìhè na-esonụ geological eras nke Earth: oge ochie (Archean), n'oge (Proterozoic), oge ochie (Paleozoic), nkezi (Mesozoic) na ọhụrụ (Cenozoic). Ọ na-kweere na ókè-ala n'etiti ha na-ẹkenịmde kasị evolutionary phenomena aa na mbara ụwa anyị. Atọ ikpeazụ eras, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa n'ime oge, dị ka ndị a sediments na ọtụtụ doro anya na ẹnịm foduru nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ bụla ogbo e ji ihe ndị nwere a bụrụkwa mmetụta na ugbu ọdịdị ala nke Earth.

Ndị mbụ ogbo

Archean oge nke na Earth nwere a kama jupụtara n'ọgba aghara mgbawa ugwu Filiks, nke rụpụtara na mbara ala elu elu bu igneous konkiri nkume - ndabere nke e guzobere continental efere. N'oge ahụ e adị naanị microorganisms na ike ndụ na-enweghị oxygen. Ọ na-chere na ego na Archean ọta cover nta dum iche iche ebe nke na-enye, ha nwere a otutu ígwè, silver, platinum, gold na ndị ọzọ na ores.

n'oge ogbo

Proterozoic oge nwekwara typical elu mgbawa ugwu ahụ. Mgbe oge a ugwu kpụrụ na-akpọ Baikal ịkpakọba. Ruo taa, ha fọrọ nke nta ka gaghị adị ndụ, ugbu a na-anọchi anya na ụfọdụ na-adịghị mkpa na-ewelite na mbara ọzara. N'oge a, ndị Earth mmadụ bi mmadụ nje na-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green algae, mbụ multicellular. Proterozoic rock strata ọgaranya minerals: mica, na-abụghị ferrous ores na ígwè ores.

oge ochie ogbo

The akpa oge nke Paleozoic oge ndị ji guzobe ugwu nke Caledonia orogeny. Nke a emewo ka a dị ịrịba ama Mbelata ke oké osimiri efere, nakwa dị ka ntoputa nke nnukwu ebe ala. Anyị ọbọhọ onye ridges nke oge: na Urals, na Arabia, South-East China na Central Europe. All ndị a ugwu "na-eyi si" na ala. The ọkara nke abụọ nke Paleozoic orogenic Filiks na-na-ji. Ebe a ridges kpụrụ Hercynian ịkpakọba. A oge bụ ndị ọzọ dị ike, e nwere ndị buru ibu ugwu na Urals na Western Siberia, Manchuria na Mongolia, Central Europe, nakwa dị ka Australia na North America. Taa ka ha na-anọchi anya ya nnọọ ala blocky arrays. Animals Paleozoic oge - ya si nākpu akpu na amphibians, oké osimiri na oké osimiri na-bi azụ. N'etiti osisi nke ụwa e-adịkwaghị algae. Palaeozoic (Carboniferous oge) e ji nnukwu ego nke coal na mmanụ, nke-kpatara na a oge.

Middle ogbo

Malite Mesozoic ji a oge nke dịtụ jụụ na gradual mbibi nke Ngwuputa usoro mepụtara mbụ, mmiri ewepụghị ebe (akụkụ Western Siberia). Nkera nke abụọ nke oge a, akara ke guzobere ridges Mesozoic ịkpakọba. E nwere nnọọ ọtụtụ ugwu ugwu, nke ọbụna taa nwere otu udi. Dị ka ihe atụ, ugwu nke Eastern Siberia, na Cordillera, na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Indo-China na Tibet. The ala biri kpuchie Ahịhịa, nke nta nke nta na-anwụ na adiahade. N'ihi na ọkụ ma na iru mmiri idụhe bụ ifịk guzobere peat bogs na swamps. Ọ bụ oge nke ibu ngwere - na dinosaurs. The bi Mesozoic oge (herbivores na carnivores) agbasawo n'ụwa nile. N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-egosi na mbụ mammals.

a ọhụrụ ogbo

Cenozoic Era, nke dochie n'etiti ogbo, na-aga n'ihu n'oge a. Na mmalite nke oge a ji na-abawanye na ọrụ nke esịtidem agha nke mbara ala, nke mere ka a n'ozuzu mkpọlite nke nnukwu ebe ala. Nke a epoch e ji ọdịdị ugwu Alpine ịkpakọba n'ime Alpine-Himalaya belt. N'oge a, ọ nweela oge a, ihe ndekọ nke Yurop Afrika. Ke adianade do, e nwere a ịrịba rejuvenation nke oge ochie massifs nke Urals, Tien Shan na Altai ugwu Appalachia. Gbanwere nnọọ ihu igwe na Earth, malitere a oge nke ike glaciation. Movement nke ice pụta gbanwere ọdịdị ala nke kọntinent nke Northern Hemisphere. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ha kpụrụ ugwu ugwu na mbara ọzara na otutu ọdọ mmiri. Animals Cenozoic oge - na-enye nwa ara, nākpu akpu na amphibians, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mbụ oge ma ruo ugbu a, mgbe ndị ọzọ ghọrọ nwuchapu (mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, saber-toothed tiger, ọgba bea, wdg) n'ihi otu ihe ma ọ bụ ọzọ.

Gịnị bụ geological oge?

Geological adọ dị ka unit nke geological oge ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbara ala anyị nwere ike kere n'ime oge. Ka anyị hụ ihe e kwuru banyere nke a okwu na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma. Oge (geology) - ọ bụ a nnukwu nkeji nke geological oge na nke nkume a kpụrụ. N'aka nke ya, ọ na-ekewa n'ime nta nkeji, nke na-akpọ epochs.

The akpa ogbo (Archean na Proterozoic) n'ihi zuru enweghị ma ọ bụ obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ha na abụba anụmanụ na akwukwo nri agwa ekewa ọzọ na saịtị rue mgbe. Palaeozoic agụnye Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, karbonsky na Perm oge. A na ogbo e ji kasị ukwuu ọtụtụ sub-etiti, na ndị ọzọ nọ na-ejedebeghị na na atọ. Mesozoic oge na-agụnye Triassic, Jurassic na nzu nkebi. Cainozoic oge ebe kasị mụọ oge, na-anọchi anya Paleogene, Neogene na quaternary subintervals. Ka anyị tụlee ụfọdụ n'ime ha.

Triassic

Triassic oge - a bụ nke mbụ sub-nkeji nke Mesozoic oge. Ya oge bụ banyere 50 nde afọ (n'oge - 251-199 nde afọ gara aga). Ọ e ji emelite mmiri na terrestrial fauna. N'otu oge ahụ nọgide na-adị ole na ole ndị nnọchiteanya nke Paleozoic, dị ka spiriferid, tabulate, ụfọdụ elasmobranch na ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime ihe ndị invertebrates nwere ọtụtụ umu Amon, nke nyere a ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ na iche-iche, ihe dị mkpa maka stratigraphy. Otu n'ime mmadụ isii-rayed coral ebukarịghị ụdị Brachiopod - terebratulidy na rinhonelidy, echinoderms otu - oké osimiri urchins. Vertebrates na-tumadi na-anọchite anya na-akpụ akpụ - Saurischia nnukwu dinosaurs. Nile thecodonts - n'ala ngwa-ngwa-akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ. Ke adianade do, mbụ nnukwu aquatic ntule ịpụta na Triassic oge - ichthyosaurs na plesiosaurs, kama n'ịdị elu ha ruru na na Jurassic oge. Ọzọkwa n'oge a na mbụ mammals pụtara, nke e chere n'ihu obere iche-iche.

Flora na Triassic oge (geological) tụfuru ọcha Paleozoic na-enweta Wezuga Mesozoic mejupụtara. Ọ na-adịkwaghị fern osisi, sagovoobraznye, conifers na Ginkgo. Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe-ji dị ịrịba ama na-ekpokwu ọkụ. Nke a na-eduga ná ihicha elu nke ọtụtụ n'ime n'ime obodo na oké osimiri, na ndị fọdụrụ n'ụzọ ụba salinity etoju. Ke adianade do, a ukwuu belata ebe n'ime obodo mmiri ozu, n'ihi na-emepe emepe desert Okirikiri. Ka ihe atụ, na oge a na-agụnye Tauride guzobere Crimea peninshula.

Jurassic

Jurassic oge nwetara aha ya si Jura ugwu na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Europe. Ọ bụ n'etiti akụkụ nke Mesozoic na kasị biri egosiputa isi atụmatụ nke mmepe nke organic a oge. N'aka nke ya, na ọ nwere ike kere atọ ngalaba: ala, n'etiti na elu.

The fauna nke oge a na-anọchi anya ekesa invertebrates - cephalopods (umu Amon, na-anọchi anya ọtụtụ umu na genera). Ha ọkpụkpụ na ọdịdị shells dị nnọọ iche si nnọchiteanya nke Triassic. Ke adianade do, na Jurassic oge na-enwe ọganihu ọzọ ìgwè nke molluscs - belemnite. N'oge a, ịrịba ama ruru a isii alaiyi-ụlọ ruby, mmiri fom, okooko lili na oké osimiri urchins, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ elasmobranch. Ma kpamkpam akwụsị Paleozoic brachiopod umu. Marine fauna vertebrate umu iche budata si Triassic, ọ esịmde a nnukwu dịgasị iche iche. Na Jurassic oge nile azu na aquatic nākpu akpu - ichthyosaurs na plesiosaurs. N'oge a, e nwere a mgbanwe site n'ala na adapting na mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi, agụ iyi na mbe. A nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke dị iche iche nke iru nke terrestrial vertebrates - akpụ akpụ. Otu n'ime ha ka ha ịma ifuru-abịa dinosaurs, nke na-anọchi anya ya herbivores, eri na ndị ọzọ na iche-iche. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ruo 23 mita n'ogologo, dị ka Diplodocus. The ego nke oge a chọpụtara a ọhụrụ umu nke nākpu akpu - na-efe efe ngwere, nke na-akpọ "pterodactyls". N'otu oge ahụ e na mbụ nnụnụ. Jurassic osisi esịmde pokopoko uto: gymnosperms, Ginkgo, otutu aho, conifers (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye na, n'ezie, ferns, horsetails, na club mosses.

Neogene

Neogene oge - nke abụọ oge nke Cenozoic oge. Ọ malitere 25 nde afọ gara aga na biri 1.8 nde afọ gara aga. N'oge a, e nwere ịrịba mgbanwe fauna. E nwere otu nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke gastropods na bivalves, ruby, foraminifera na coccolithophorids. Ebe mepụtara amphibians, mbe bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ. Na Neogene oge, a dịgasị iche iche nke iru na ala vertebrates etolite. Dị ka ihe atụ, e nwere ndị ngwa ngwa nwayọọ nwayọọ na-hipparion ụdị: hipparions, ịnyịnya, rhinoceroses, antelopes, kamel, Hobotova, ele, hippos, giraffes, òké, saber-toothed tiger, hyenas, na ndị ọzọ na nnukwu apes.

N'okpuru nduzi nke ihe dị iche iche n'oge a ngwa ngwa evolving organic ụwa: e nwere ọhịa-steppe, apịtị, ugwu na ndagwurugwu steppe. Na-ekpo n'ógbè - na Savannah na ohia mmiri ozuzo. Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe bụ nso n'oge a.

Geology dị ka a ọkà mmụta sayensị

Geological oge Earth sayensị ọmụmụ - geology. Ọ pụtara dịtụ na-adịbeghị anya - ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị na ya na-eto eto, ọ bụ resin wụsịrị ìhè na ọtụtụ esemokwu mbipụta na guzobe nke mbara ala anyị, nakwa dị ka mmalite nke e kere eke na-ebi na ya. Na nke a obere sayensị hypotheses, naanị ihe ndị kwuru na eziokwu na-eji tumadi. O doro anya na na-echekwara na n'ígwé nke ụwa metụtara nke mbara ala ọ bụla ikpe, ga-enye ihe ezi na foto nke gara aga, karịa ihe ọ bụla akwụkwọ dere. Otú ọ dị, na-enwe ike iji na-agụ eziokwu ndị a na-aghọta ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-adịghị nyere ka onye ọ bụla, ya mere, ọbụna nke a kpọmkwem sayensị, site n'oge ruo n'oge e nwere ike ịbụ na-ezighị ezi nkọwa nke ihe omume ụfọdụ. Ebe e nwere ndị metụtara nke ọkụ, o nwere ike ikwu kpọmkwem na ọkụ ahụ bụ; na ebe e nwere ndị metụtara nke mmiri, na otu obi ike nwere ike rụrụ ụka na mmiri bụ, na na. Otú o sina njehie-erukwa. Ghara-enweghị isi, ka anyị tụlee otu ndị dị otú ahụ ihe atụ.

"Frosting"

Na 1973 na magazin "Ihe Ọmụma - n'ọrụ" bipụtara otu isiokwu site ama bayoloji AA Lyubimtseva "kentuoyi ihe nakawa etu esi na iko." Na-ede na-adọta ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ 'anya ka pụtara ìhè myirịta nke ice ihe nakawa etu esi na osisi owuwu. Dị ka ihe nnwale, ọ na-photographed ụkpụrụ na iko ma gosiri foto m enyi ndị ọkà. Na na n'egbughị oge ghọtara na foto fossilized akara ukwu uke. Site n'akụkụ nke onwu nke ndị a ihe nakawa etu esi eme ruru crystallization nke mmiri vepo gas na-adọ. Otú ọ dị, ihe yiri nke ahụ na-eme nkwadebe nke pyrolytic graphite site pyrolysis nke methane jiriwo hydrogen. N'ihi ya, ọ hụrụ na e wezụga nke a agbanwe oge eme dendritic iche na ndị yiri nnọọ na-akụ residues. Nke a na-kọwara na eziokwu na e nwere izugbe iwu na-achịkwa guzobere inorganic iche nke okwu na ọdịdị.

N'oge geologists dere ogologo oge ọ bụla geological, dabeere na metụtara nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụdị dị na coal ego na ya. Na naanị afọ ole na ole gara aga, e nwere ndị a na-ekwu site na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na usoro a bụ na-ekwesịghị ịdị na na niile fossils - ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, dị ka a byproduct nke guzobere Ụwa n'ígwé. Ọ dịghị anya, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka tụọ niile ahụ, ma o kwesịrị ịbụ ihe ịkpachara anya obibia nke mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị mbipụta.

Na ma uwa glaciation?

Tụlee ihe ọzọ categorical nkwupụta nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ọ bụghị naanị ka geologists. All nke anyị, n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, mmụọ nsọ na-World glaciation na kpuchie na mbara ala anyị, na-eme ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-nwuchapu: mammoths, woolly enyí ọhịa na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na oge a na-eto eto mere ka elu na Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Ọkà mmụta sayensị na otu olu na-ekwu na geology - kpọmkwem sayensị, ọ bụghị ikwe ka ozizi na-eji nanị pụtara eziokwu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị otú. Ebe a, dị ka ọtụtụ ebe nke sayensị (akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkà mmụta ihe ochie, na ndị ọzọ), otu onye nwere ike na-edebe rigidity nke chepụtara na ịkwụsi ike nke ikike. Ka ihe atụ, ebe ọ bụ na mbubreyo iri na itoolu na narị afọ na sidelines of Science mụụrụ a kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ arụmụka banyere ma ma ọ bụ icing. Ke ufọt ufọt iri abụọ na narị afọ, ndị a ma ama ọkà mmụta sayensị-geologist IG Pidoplichko e bipụtara anọ olu ọrụ "Na ice afọ." Na nke a akwụkwọ, na-ede akwụkwọ nke nta nke nta na-anwapụta insolvency version nke zuru ụwa ọnụ glaciation. Ọ dịghị adabere ọrụ nke ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta, ya onwe ekenịmde geological gwupụtara (ụfọdụ nke na ọ nọrọ dị ka onye agha nke Red Army, na-ekere òkè agha megide German mwakpo) n'ime ókèala ndị Soviet Union na Western Europe. Ọ rụrụ ụka na glasia ike ekpuchi dum na Afrika, na-eyi na a obodo agwa, na ndị ọ na-mere ka ikpochapu nke ọtụtụ umu anumanu, na nnọọ dị iche iche ihe - na kpata ajọ ihe ndị na-ada ka Ndahie nke okporo osisi ( "na-akpali akpali akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Earth" A . Skliarov); na aku na uba ọrụ nke onye.

Omimi, ma ọ bụ ihe mere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọpụta ndị doro anya

N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ àmà e nyere Pidoplichko, ọkà mmụta sayensị na ọ dịghị ọsọ ọsọ hapụ adiaha version nke glaciation. Ma mgbe ahụ ọbụna ihe na-akpali. na-ede akwụkwọ na ọrụ na-ebipụta na n'oge 50s, ma na ọnwụ nke Stalin, niile ihe mpịakọta anọ na-napụrụ ọbá akwụkwọ na mahadum nke mba, o chebekwara nanị na vaults nke Ọbá akwụkwọ, ma na-ha n'ebe ahu nnọọ adịghị mfe. Na Soviet ugboro, onye ọ bụla rie akwụkwọ a na ọbá akwụkwọ e n'ihi pụrụ iche ọrụ. Na ọbụna taa, e nwere ụfọdụ nsogbu na-anata akwụkwọ a. Otú ọ dị, ekele Internet, onye ọ bụla nwere ike inwe ịmata na ọrụ nke na-ede akwụkwọ, nke na-enyocha n'ụzọ zuru ezu oge geologic akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa, na-akọwa si malite ụfọdụ tracks.

Geology - kpọmkwem ọkà mmụta sayensị?

Ọ na-kweere na geology - a sayensị kpere ibuo, nke na-kwubiri na nanị ihe ọ na-ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ikpe bụ na-enyo enyo, ọ dịghị ekwu ihe ọ bụla, ọ na e chere, nwere ike na-atụle, postpones a mkpebi ikpeazụ ruo mgbe dị otú oge ruo mgbe ị natara doro nnọọ anya chọpụtara. Otú ọ dị, dị ka omume-egosi, sayensị, kwa, na-emehie (eg, physics ma ọ bụ mgbakọ na mwepụ). O sina dị, njehie adịghị a ọdachi ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ewe oge na ziri ezi. ha na-abụkarị ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọdịdị, na nwere a obodo uru, gị na mkpa iji nwee obi ike na-anabata ndị doro anya, ise n'aka nri ubiere na-aga izute ọhụrụ nchoputa. Modern ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egosi radically abụghị omume, n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ìhè nke sayensị na oge ya natara utu aha, kwuo na imata maka ọrụ ha, ma ugbu a ha na-achọghị kpọwaa ha. Na àgwà dị otú ahụ a na-ahụ abụghị naanị na geology, kamakwa ndị ọzọ na ngalaba nke ọrụ. Naanị ike ndị mmadụ na-adịghị atụ egwu na-ekweta ha mejọrọ, ha na-enwe ohere na-ịzụlite n'ihu, n'ihi na nchọpụta nke njehie - ọ bụghị a ọdachi, kama a ohere ọhụrụ.