Ụkpụrụ nke superposition nke electric ubi

Ebumnobi bụ isi nke nkebi nke a na-chepụtara na ndị dị otú ahụ a ụzọ electrostatics: site gaghị agara nkesa na ohere na ego nke electric ebubo (ubi isi mmalite) iji chọpụta uru nke vector nke E ubi na niile ihe. The ngwọta nsogbu a bụ na o kwere omume na-adabere na nke ndị dị otú echiche dị ka ụkpụrụ nke superposition nke electric ubi (ụkpụrụ nke onwe nke mmetụta nke electric ubi): ike nke ọ bụla electric ubi usoro nke ebubo ga-hà geometric nchikota nke ubi na-eme, nke na-emepụta site na onye ọ bụla nke ebubo.

The ebubo na ike electrostatic ubi nwere ike kere na ohere ma ọ bụ diskertno ma ọ bụ nọgidere. Ke akpa idaha ubi ike :

n

E = Σ Ei₃

i = t,

ebe Ei - siri na otu isi nke ubi ohere N'ịbụ onye i-nke-isi usoro, na n - ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ diskertnyh ebubo nke na-gụnyere na usoro.

Otu ihe atụ nke idozi nsogbu ahụ, nke dabeere n'ụkpụrụ nke superposition nke electric ubi. N'ihi ya iji chọpụta electrostatic ubi, nke na-kere na vacuo anyịnya mgbe ebubo q₁, q₂, ..., qn, na iji usoro:

n

E = (1 / 4πε₀) Σ (Qi / r³i) ri

i = t,

ebe ri - okirikiri vector sii a n'ókè nke ụgwọ Qi na ewere onu nke pitch.

Lee ihe atụ ọzọ. Mkpebi siri ike nke electrostatic ubi nke na-eme site na-electric dipole na vacuo.

The electric dipole - a usoro nke abụọ yiri na zuru uru ma, si otú, nke na-abụghị ihe ịrịba ama ebubo q> 0 na -q, anya m n'etiti ha bụ dịtụ obere tụnyere anya ihe na-atụle. Jirinụ dipole vector ga-akpọ l, nke na-eduzi ndị na dipole axis ha mma elekọta ndị na-adịghị mma na numerically hà anya m n'etiti ha. Vector pₑ = ql - ihe electric dipole oge (electric dipole oge).

Dipole ubi ike E mgbe ọ bụla mgbe:

E = + E₊ E₋,

ebe E₊ na E₋ bụ ubi eme nke electric ebubo q na -q.

N'ihi ya, na ebe A, nke dị na dipole axis, ubi ike nke dipole ga-hà na vacuo

E = (1 / 4πε₀) (2pₑ / r³)

Na mgbe B, bụ nke dị na perpendicular na dipole axis belata si ya n'etiti:

E = (1 / 4πε₀) (pₑ / r³)

Na-ezighị ezi mgbe M, zuru ezu ime si dipole (r≥l), ike nke ya ubi unit bụ

E = (1 / 4πε₀) (pₑ / r³) √3cosθ + 1

Ke adianade do, electric ubi bụ ụkpụrụ nke superposition nke okwu abụọ:

1. Coulomb ike nke na mmekọrịta nke abụọ ebubo bụ na ọ bụghị ọnụnọ nke ọzọ ebubo na ozu.
2. Ka anyị iche na ihe-ndebe q interacts na-usoro nke ebubo q1, q2 ,. . . , Qn. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla nke na ebubo nke usoro-eme na ihe-ndebe q ịmanye F₁, F₂, ..., FN, karị, na nke pụrụ ịkpata ike F, etinyere ihe-ndebe q na akụkụ nke usoro bụ hà vector nchikota nke onye agha:
   F = F₁ + F₂ + ... + FN.

N'ihi ya, electric ubi superposition ụkpụrụ na-enye ohere na-abịa ka ihe dị mkpa na nkwupụta.

Dị ka a maara, iwu nke eluigwe na ala gravitation bụ nti bụghị naanị n'ihi na ebe-uka, ma n'ihi na bọọlụ na a spherically-symmetric ibu nkesa (akpan akpan, n'ihi na obi ụtọ na ebe uka); mgbe r - anya n'etiti emmepe nke bọọlụ (site n'ókè uka na etiti nke bọl). Nke a ndị a si mgbakọ na mwepụ ụdị iwu nke eluigwe na ala gravitation na ụkpụrụ nke superposition.

Ebe ọ bụ na usoro Coulomb iwu nwere otu Ọdịdị dị ka iwu ike ndọda, na Coulomb ike na-ahazi ubi superposition ụkpụrụ, ọ bụ omume na-eme ka a yiri ọgwụgwụ: coulomb ga emekọ abụọ ebubo bọl (ebe ndebe na bọl) na proviso na bọọlụ nwere spherically symmetric ụgwọ nkesa; uru nke r na nke a bụ ihe dị n'etiti emmepe nke bọọlụ (na a mgbe ụgwọ ka ndị bi).

Ọ bụ ya mere osisi ike nke ubi ebubo bọl bụ nke na obi ụtọ bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke a mgbe ego.

Ma na electrostatics, n'adịghị ike ndọda, na nke a echiche, dị ka a superposition nke ubi, anyị aghaghị ịkpachara anya. Ihe atụ, mgbe na-eru nso ghaghị ebubo metal bọọlụ * Tụkwasị symmetry na-agbajikwa: mma ebubo, ibe ịkwa anya, ga-agbasaghị kasị dị anya n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ na ngalaba nke bọọlụ (na emmepe nke oma ụgwọ ga-emi odude gbadakwuo iche karịa emmepe nke bọọlụ). Ya mere, na-asọ oyi ike nke bọọlụ na nke a bụ ihe na-erughị uru nke a na-enwetara site na Coulomb iwu site n'ọnọdụ r anya n'etiti emmepe.