Ònye na mgbe mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen? Gịnị afọ mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen?

Site n'oge mgbe n'oge nwoke mbụ malitere ịmụ ịbịaru na ide, e nwere ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ maka nke a. First, ọrụ na-egwuri agụmakwụkwọ osisi mkpisi a oké nkume. Ha nwere ike na-ahapụ image na ájá ma ọ bụ na a oké nkume. Na 4th narị afọ BC. e. ndị mmadụ malitere ide na-enyemaka nke ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ osisi ruo na tinye ya n'ime mmiri ụrọ mbadamba. Na Gris oge ochie na-eji maka nke a mkpanaka na a kapịrị ọnụ n'ọnụ (mkpịsị) na efere kpuchie a mkpa wax oyi akwa. Taa, anyị na-eji niile uru nke mepere anya, na otú ahụ dị mfe na ndị o yiri dị mfe ngwá ọrụ dị ka a pen, nanị adịghị ntị. Ị nzọ! Otú ahụ na ngwongwo mgbe ọ bụla ụlọ ọrụ ọkọnọ ụlọ ahịa (ma ọ bụghị naanị) ke ngafe nke: ballpoint, jel, mmanụ, ink ... The nso bụ otú n'obosara, na n'anya diverge. Ma, ọ bụghị mgbe niile. Ka anyị Chọpụta ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke a ngwaahịa na chọpụta mgbe na onye mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen.

Background. The chọpụtara pyramid

Ònye na mgbe mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen? N'ezie, azịza nke ajụjụ a, ọ bụghị otú doro anya na - nnyocha ụfọdụ kweere na echiche nke na-eke ihe a edere onunu wee ndị Ijipt oge ochie. N'ílì Tutankhamen chọpụtara progenitor nke oge a handle - tube mere nke-edu ndú-free na nwere a kapịrị ọnụ ọgwụgwụ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na ya oghere na-chọpụtara a amì jupụtara ink, na, ya mere, ngwa na-eji maka ide.

Mgbe ahụ, mgbe jiri akpụkpọ anụ echepụta, anyị dọọrọ uche gaa ama okụre edikabade emi pen. Ọ na-kweere na mbụ na-eji itienna ide malitere Spaniards. Iji kwadebe maka mbụ ojiji nke pen ẹkenịmde ke ọkụ ájá, mgbe ahụ, mụwo na a kpọmkwem n'akuku. Dabere na n'akuku nke-odide style nwere ike ịdị iche iche. N'ihi ya, e mepụtakwara isi obodo leta. Ọtụtụ mgbe na-eji maka ide feathers nke geese. Naa nkịtị ugoloọma na ọbụna ekwuru ụlọ feathers. Good pen bụ a prestigious onyinye, dị ka ọ dị taa, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ika Parker ST Dupont. Ma mgbe ndị na-mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen?

Site ọgazị feathers na capillary mkpanaka

Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18, ya na nke mbụ mepụtakwara pensụl-edu ndú. Nke a na-eme onwe ha Australian na French echepụta. A ugboro na-atụle ga-mmalite nke mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ nke agụmakwụkwọ. Na 1803, e nwere a prototype nke ígwè pen. Na mbụ, e nweghị longitudinal oghere na Atụmatụ nke feathers, otú dee ha bụ iru ala. Mgbe afọ 27, e nwere ígwè Atụmatụ nke feathers na ha mma version. Na na na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 metal itienna kpamkpam dochie ojiji nke ot, ji ọlaọcha mee, nchara na gold.

American nchepụta Lewis Waterman e nyere a ọhụrụ version nke e dere ngwá - pen. Ya ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe dabeere na nnata nke ink site ọzọ oghere. Waterman tọrọ ntọala Ezigbo Pen ụlọ ọrụ, ma nnọọ anya ya mepụtara, a ọhụrụ osompi - a ballpoint pen.

Na ihe afọ bụ oge mbụ mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen? Echiche nke John Lauda

The usoro nke na-eke a ballpoint pen n'elu akụkọ na-aga n'ihu na. Eleghị anya na otu oge na e nwere otu nwoke bụ onye bịara na nke mbụ pen. Otu onye nwere ike ikwu n'ezie onye ọ bụ na mgbe. Chepụtara na ballpoint pen n'ụdị nke anyị maara ya taa, anyị, ndị American si Massachusetts Dzhon Toonụ. Patent maka ya, ọ natara October 30, 1888.

N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ndị mbụ imewe reminiscent nke oge a mpịakọta-on deodorant. N'ime bụ a oké mkpanaka, nke nta nke nta na Debe ink ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, na-ahapụ a nzọ ụkwụ. The mbụ pen ha juputa-ink ndị ọzọ karịa ndị na-eji maka iyi itienna. Ya mere adịghị anya na Lauda ọ pụtara a otutu mpi - ọtụtụ chọrọ nweta gị onwe gị patent maka imewe nke ink. Ọ bụ na-akpali na John Lauda n'oge nke mepụtara, a bọl nke na-ebe pen bụ 44 afọ, na ọ bụ onye nkịtị akụ ukochukwu.

Otú ọ dị, iji nweta ihe ndị ha chọrọ uru bụ ekwe omume onye ọ bụla, n'ihi na nchepụta nlezianya zoo ha na nzuzo, fọdụrụ agbagha ndú. Itienna, bụ ndị nwara ere na ahịa nke ya asọmpi, nke ogbenye mma - na ink asọpụta site na ha na-ama esịn na bọl. Ọ bụ ezie na mepụtara nke John na Lauda ya flaws. Ka ihe atụ, ink si a ballpoint pen ọ na-asọpụta n'oge na-ekpo ọkụ ihu igwe. Na oyi, na Kama nke ahụ, ha froze.

Improvement handle Laszlo Biro

Researchers na-achọpụta onye na mgbe mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen, mgbe mgbe, mara aha nke nta akụkọ nke Hungarian Laszlo Biro. Echiche bịara nchepụta n'oge mgbe ọ na-ele akwụkwọ akụkọ e biri ebi na-ebi akwụkwọ igwe. Laszlo mmasị ma i nwere ike dịrị a pen na ink ya nkụ dị ka nke ọma dị ka na-ebi akwụkwọ usoro. Ọ bụ ike na-akpali echiche nke nwanne ya George, bụ onye a ọgwụ, na nwere mma version nke ballpoint pen e kere 1938.

Malite nke mmepụta

Ụmụnna na-enwetazi a patent na Paris, ma na-emeghe ha uka mmepụta okpu n'ihi na mgbe ọnọdụ ọchịchị. N'ezie, akara aka nke mbụ mmepụta nke ballpoint itienna bụ na-aka nke ikpe. Mgbe Hungarian nta akụkọ mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen, o nwere ihe ọ bụla haziri nzukọ onye pụrụ inyere ya aka na nke na ire nke ngwaahịa. Biro ozugbo zuru n'elu Mediterranean n'ụsọ oké osimiri na e site ohere zutere na Augusto Yusto, na onyeisi oche nke Argentina. Isi nke State bụ nnọọ mmasị mepụtara nke ụmụnna na-atụ aro na ha na-emeghe ha onwe ha na mba manufactory n'ihi na mmepụta nke bọl nke na-ebe itienna.

Mgbe afọ ise gachara, ụmụnna ka jisiri ka a eziokwu nke echiche. Ha kwaga ka Argentina na e jụrụ maka enyemaka si Juan Mayne - a isi ọṅụ. Ha itienna e resịrị n'okpuru aha Birome - si jikọtara surnames Biro na Maine. Na Argentina ka ọ bụla ballpoint pen na-akpọ "Beer".

Asọmpi: na-alụ na-enwe ọganihu

Mgbe mepụtakwara oge a ballpoint pen (Laszlo Biro amaghị na na America na-ama mere ihe a chọpụtara), e kpebiri mụbaa ahịa na-ewetara ya ahịa ná mba ọzọ, ahịa na South America. Otú ọ dị, Biro ụmụnna nwoke na ha nkwado esesịn outstripped ndị nwoke na-ere Milton Reynolds, onye nọ na Argentina ma patented ngwaahịa mmepụta ke United States. Steel handle nnọọ ewu ewu n'etiti ndị ọchụnta ego - na a n'agbanyeghị price nke 12.5 dollar apiece!

Na na Soviet Union wee a ballpoint pen na 60s. Na mbụ, mkpara ndị dị ụkọ, ya mere ndị mmadụ haziri refilling itienna noo ngwa. N'oge anyị a, a pen eji banyere 92% nke ụwa bi.

O siri ike inye ihe kpọmkwem ụbọchị mgbe mepụtakwara na ballpoint pen. Laszlo Biro, Dzhon Toonụ, Lewis Waterman - ọ bụla n'ime ndị a echepụta mee ka n'ozuzu usoro nke ihe e kere eke na mma nke ahụ na dị ka a n'ihi na ọ ghọọ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka anyị na-ahụ ya taa. Sam Laszlo Biro nwụrụ na 1985 na Buenos Aires. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ bụla afọ na Argentina ya ọmụmụ - 29 September - adia na Day nke nchepụta.