Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie oxides na nesoleobrazuyuschie

Oxides bụ mgbagwoju bekee, esịnede abụọ ọcha, otu onye nke na - na oxygen nke abụọ ọxịdashọn ala.

Na chemical akwụkwọ maka nomenclature oxides rube isi na ụkpụrụ ndị a:

1. Mgbe ede formulas oxygen na-mgbe na-etinye na nke abụọ ebe - NO, CaO.
2. Akpọ oxides, ibido-eji okwu oxide, mgbe ọ bụ na genitive abụọ mmewere aha: BaO - barium oxide, K₂O - potassium oxide.
3. Ọ bụrụ na mgbe mmewere werekwa ihe oxides mgbe ya aha na brackets na-egosi na ọxịdashọn ala nke mmewere, e.g. N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V), Fe₂O₃ - ígwè oxide (II), Fe₂O₃ - ígwè oxide (III).
4. Akpọ ọtụtụ nkịtị oxides bụchaghị mkpa mmekọahụ atọm kwa molekul numerals Họpụtara kwekọrọ ekwekọ Greek: N₂O - dinitrogen oxide, NO₂ - nitrogen dioxide, N₂O₅ - dinitrogen pentoxide, NO - nitrogen monoxide.
5. Inorganic acid anhydrides ọ bụ na-achọsi ike na-akpọ otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka oxides (e.g., N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V)).

Oxides pụrụ inweta na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche:

1. Na-emeghachi omume na oxygen dị mfe bekee. Simple bekee na-oxidized n'okpuru kpo oku mgbe hapụ okpomọkụ na ìhè. Nke a usoro a na-akpọ ọkụ
   C + O₂ = CO₂
2. N'ihi na ọxịdashọn nke mgbagwoju bekee nwetara oxides nke ọcha nke na-gụnyere ke mejupụtara nke na-amalite ihe onwunwe:
   2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂
3. decomposition nke nitrates, hydroxides, carbonates:
   2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
   CaCO₃ = CaO + CO₂
   Cu (OH) ₂ = CuO + H₂O
4. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ọxịdashọn nke metal oxides nke ọzọ ọcha. Yiri Jeremaya mere bụ ihe ndabere metallothermy - mgbake nke ọla si ha oxides na a karị metal:
   2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃
5. Site decomposition nke elu oxides ma ọ bụ ọxịdashọn nke ala:
   4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
   4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
   4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂

Nhazi ọkwa dabeere oxides nke ha chemical Njirimara gosiri ha nkewa n'ime nnu na-akpụ oxides na nesoleobrazuyuschie (indifferent). Nnu na-akpụ oxides, n'aka, kewara acidic, isi ma amphoteric.

Isi oxides ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ahụ isi. Ka ihe atụ, Na₂O, CaO, MgO - isi oxides, ebe ọ bụ na ha-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ndị isi - NaOH, Ca (OH) ₂, mg (OH) ₂. Ụfọdụ oxides (K₂O na CaO) ngwa ngwa na-eme na mmiri na-etolite na nwoke isi:

CaO + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH

Oxides nke Fe₂O₃, CuO, Ag₂O na mmiri na-adịghị eme, kama ihe acid na-neutralized, adịru dị oké mkpa:

Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O

Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O

Ahụkarị chemical Njirimara nke ụdị oxides - mmeghachi omume ha na asịd, dị ka a N'ihi nke a, dị ka a na-achị, na-emepụta mmiri na nnu:

FeO + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O

Basic oxides eme na-na acidic oxides:

CaO + CO₂ = CaCO₃.

Acidic oxides-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi asịd, n'ihi na ihe atụ, oxide N₂O₃ kwekọrọ nitric acid HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - perchloric acid, HClO₄, SO₃ - na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid H₂SO₄.

Isi chemical onwunwe dị otú ahụ oxides bụ mmeghachi omume ha na bases kpụrụ nnu na mmiri:

2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O

Kasị acidic oxides eme na mmiri, akpụ kwekọrọ ekwekọ acid. N'otu oge SiO₂ oxide bụ fọrọ nke nta ka unyi anaghị agbasa na mmiri, ma ọ ga neutralize isi, ya mere, ọ bụ ihe acidic oxide:

2NaOH + SiO₂ = (anọ na) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O

Amphoteric oxides - oxides bụ na dabere na ọnọdụ na-egosi acidic na isi Njirimara, i.e., site omume na asịd na-akpa àgwà dị ka isi oxides, na site mmeghachi omume na bases - ka acid.

Ọ bụghị ihe niile amphoteric oxides emekọ dokwara na ndọkwasi nile na asịd. Ụfọdụ nwere ihe akpọ isi Njirimara, ndị ọzọ - acidic.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị zinc oxide ma ọ bụ chromium dokwara mkpatụ na asịd na bases, mgbe ahụ oxide Fe₂O₃ isi Njirimara ebukarịghị.

Njirimara nke amphoteric oxides ZnO na-e gosiri na ihe atụ a:

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O

ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides adịghị etolite ma asịd ma ọ bụ bases (atụ, N₂O, NO).

Ọzọkwa, ha adịghị enye Jeremaya mere yiri ndị nnu na-akpụ oxides. Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides pụrụ imeghachi omume na asịd ma ọ bụ alkalies, ma adịghị na-etolite na ngwaahịa na na-ahụkarị nke nnu na-akpụ oxides, dị ka 150⁰S na 1.5 MPa CO mkpatụ na sodium hydroxide na-etolite a nnu - sodium formate:

CO + NaOH = HCOONa

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides rasprostranenіy bụghị ka obosara ọzọ ụdị oxides ii, tumadi metụtara divalent nonmetals.