Ọla - ihe alloy. ọla Atụmatụ

Ọla - bụ ihe alloy nke dabeere ọla kọpa. Kwado metal nwere ike ịbụ nickel, zinc, tin, aluminum, na ndị ọzọ. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ele anya na ụdị, na nkà na ụzụ atụmatụ, chem. ọla mejupụtara, na ụzọ maka ya rụpụta.

nhazi ọkwa

1. The chemical mejupụtara nke metal nwere ike kewara abụọ iche iche. The mbụ - a tin ọla. Ha tin bụ isi alloying mmewere. Nke abụọ - Tinless. N'okpuru ebe anyị na-ekwu banyere nke a na ihe zuru ezu.

2. nkà na ụzụ atụmatụ ọla nwere ike kere n'ime aluworo na nkedo alloys. The mbụ na-ọma edozi nrụgide. Nke ikpeazụ na-eji ekara oge ọgbụgba.

Nke a metal tụnyere ọla nwere a ka mma mgbochi esemokwu, n'ibu Njirimara na corrosion eguzogide. Nnoo, ọla kọpa - ọla kọpa-tin alloy (dị ka isi inyeaka otu). Nickel na zinc adịghị ebe a bụ isi alloying ọcha ji mee ihe maka nzube a components dị ka aluminum, tin, manganese, sịlịkọn, idu ndú, na nke ígwè, beryllium, chromium, site, magnesium, zirconium na ndị ọzọ.

Gbamgbam ọla: nēfe

Ka anyị hụ ihe kasị dị otú ahụ a metal. Gbamgbam ọla (foto n'okpuru egosi nkedo akụkụ) - a anọ na na nwere fluidity obere karịa nke ọzọ umu. Otú ọ dị, o nwere ihe na-adịghị mkpa volumetric shrinkage, nke na-enye ohere iji nweta ekara ọla nkedo. A Njirimara ime ka nọ n'ọrụ ngwa ke mgbatị ọla antifriction akụkụ. Ọzọkwa, alloys eji imewe nke valves bu n'obi maka ke okenye na-ajụ (gụnyere mmiri nke oké osimiri) ma ọ bụ na uzuoku, na mmanụ n'okpuru elu nsogbu. E nwere na-akpọ na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nēfe ọla oké egwu ngwa. Ha na-eji na mmepụta nke biarin, Kwadobe, bushings, mgbapụta akụkụ, malouplotnitelnyh yiri mgbaaka. A n'akụkụ na-iji na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru elu nsogbu na elu gbapụrụ ọsọ na ala ibu.

ụzọ ọla

Nke a subspecies nke nēfe tin alloys eji imewe nke biarin, akàrà na ekara oge ọgbụgba. Ihe e ji mara ọla ndị dị otú ahụ ala n'ibu Njirimara, nke mere na na usoro nke n'ichepụta agba bushes na ha na-nanị etinyere nchara mkpụrụ dị ka a nnọọ mkpa oyi akwa. The alloys nke otu na a elu tin ọdịnaya nwere elu n'ibu Njirimara. Ya mere, ha ga-eji na-enweghị a ígwè kpuchie ya.

Gbamgbam ọla: luworo

Alloys esichara mgbali nwere ike kere n'ime ndị na-esonụ iche iche: tin-phosphorous, tin-zinc na tin-zinc-edu ndú. Ha ka a na-etinyere na pulp na akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ (gụnyere eme okporo) na n'ibu engineering (mmepụta nke isi iyi, biarin na igwe akụkụ). Ọzọkwa, ndị a ihe na-eji imewe nke bimetallic isiokwu, mkpara, etere, ìgwè, Kwadobe, Kwadobe, bushings na oké ọrụ gwongworo gaskets, akpa instrumentation, manometric iyi. Ke eletriki injinịa, ọtụtụ were ọla (deformable) bụ n'ihi na ndị magburu onwe n'ibu Njirimara (tinyere na elu eletriki arụmọrụ). Ọ na-eji na imewe nke ugbu a-ebu isi iyi, ikwunye njikọ, na kọntaktị. Na chemical ụlọ ọrụ nke tin bronzes emepụta spring waya na nkenke arụzi - kwesịrị ekwesị, na akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ - scrapers, na akpakanamde na akpakanamde - bushings na biarin.

Ndị a alloys nwere ike ọnọ ke a karịsịa siri ike, siri ike, ọkara siri ike na juu (annealed) ọnọdụ. Gbamgbam bronzes na-na-esichara oyi (site na inyefe ma ọ bụ ịbịaru). Hot metal na-enwe naanị. Nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị ọla a na-ahụ n'ụzọ zuru okè esichara na oyi na-ekpo ọkụ.

beryllium ọla

Nke a alloy bụ ìgwè nke afọ-hardenable ọla. Ọ nwere elu n'ibu, anụ ahụ, na-agbanwe Njirimara. Beryllium ọla nwere a elu larịị nke okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, corrosion-eguzogide ma na ike ọgwụgwụ ike. Ọ bụ eguzogide ọgwụ ala okpomọkụ, ọ bụghị nju na-egbochi ikerike n'elu mmetụta. Tempering beryllium ọla bụ rụrụ na okpomọkụ nke 750-790 degrees Celsius. Na mgbakwunye na nke cobalt, ígwè na nickel-enyere mgbe okpomọkụ emeso deceleration adọ mgbanwe adị, a ukwuu mmemmem agadi na-ekwesi technology. Ọzọkwa, na mgbakwunye na nke nickel akwalite recrystallization okpomọkụ, na manganese nwere ike dochie, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu, dị oké ọnụ beryllium. Sị na e ji mara ekwe n'elu ọla alloy eji imewe nke isi-iyi, na resilient akụkụ na membranes nche ụlọ ọrụ.

Ọla kọpa alloy na manganese

Ndị dị otú ahụ pụrụ iche ọla ji elu n'ibu Njirimara. Ọ edozi nsogbu dị ka oyi na-atụ, ka na-ekpo ọkụ. Nke a metal e ji elu okpomọkụ-eguzogide ma na corrosion eguzogide. The alloy ọla kọpa na mgbakwunye na nke manganese e n'ọtụtụ ebe na combustion eletrik.

Silicon ọla

Nke a alloy, nke na-agụnye nickel, ọ dịkarịa ala - manganese. Ndị dị otú ahụ a dị iche iche metal ultrahigh n'ibu, mgbochi esemokwu na-agbanwe Njirimara. Mgbe a sịlịkọn ọla tụfuru ya plasticity na ala okpomọkụ. Good solder alloy na-emeso na elu nsogbu na na ala okpomọkụ. E lee ya anya metal nju ndị na-enweghị ikerike n'elu mmetụta. Nke a na-akọwa nile eji ọla (sịlịkọn) na mmiri shipbuilding ụlọ ọrụ na imewe nke antifriction akụkụ, biarin, isi iyi, gratings, evaporators, grids na ndu bushings.

Foundry alloys Tinless

Nke a na ụdị e ji mma corrosion bronzes, eji Njirimara na elu ike. Ha na-eji imewe nke na akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ na oké ọnọdụ. Nke a, ka ihe atụ, Kwadobe, valves, aka uwe, Kwadobe maka ike turbines na cranes, ikpuru nke na-arụ ọrụ na ebua na obi tara mmiri ígwè akụkụ, biarin, na-arụ ọrụ na elu nsogbu na ujo loading.

Olee otú ime ka ọla?

Ụgha nke metal a ga-eme pụrụ iche ite-ọku uku eji maka-agbaze ọla kọpa alloy. The ụgwọ ọla nwere ike ekewet nke ọhụrụ metal ma ọ bụ na mgbakwunye na nke sekọndrị n'efu. The agbaze usoro a na-emekarị rụrụ n'okpuru a agbanwe oge oyi akwa ma ọ bụ unyi.

The usoro eji a ọhụrụ ndebe nke metal na-ewe ebe a na-usoro. Akpa, na kpamkpam loaded oven preheated achọrọ ego nke agbanwe agbanwe oge ma ọ bụ unyi. Mgbe ahụ, e na-enịm ọla kọpa. Ichere ruo mgbe ya agbaze, kpo oku okpomọkụ na-ụba na 1170 degrees. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gbazee ga-deoxidized, nke e kwukwara phosphorous ọla kọpa. Usoro a nwere ike rụrụ ná nkebi abụọ: ozugbo na ọkụ, na mgbe ahụ na a ladle. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ mmako na-ẹkenam ke hà n'ike-n'ike. Ọzọkwa, gbazee e kwukwara ụtọ 120 degrees mkpa alloying ọcha. Refractory mmiri ga-ndinọ n'ụdị nwe alloys. Ọzọ, a wụrụ awụ ọla (photos, n'okpuru na-egosi agbaze usoro) e kpaliri ruo mgbe zuru ezu na mgbasa nke niile bekee kwukwara na kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ka a gaghị agara okpomọkụ. Mgbe na-esite na n'ihi alloy si ọkụ, tupu mgbatị, ọ ga-abụ kpamkpam deoxidized fọduru (50%) phosphorous ọla kọpa. Nke a na-eme nyak oxides si ọla na mma fluidity nke gbazee.

N'oké dabeere na recycled ihe

Iji mepụta ọla eji abụọ ọla na n'efu gbazee-rụrụ na-esonụ iji. First gbazee ọla kọpa na phosphorous deoxidized ya nwekwara. Mgbe ahụ kwukwara ka gbazee nke recycled ihe. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ichere kpamkpam gbazee metal na alloying ọcha na-ẹkenam ke usoro. Ke edinam na-ndebe-emi esịnede a obere ego nke dị ọcha na ọla kọpa, ọ dị mkpa mbụ gbazee ọla ugbu a, wee tinye ọla kọpa na alloying ọcha. Agbaze a rụrụ n'okpuru a agbanwe oge oyi akwa ma ọ bụ unyi.

Mgbe-agbaze ihe-ndebe na kpo oku ya ndị chọrọ okpomọkụ ẹkenịmde ikpeazụ ngwakọta nke phosphorous deoxidized ọla kọpa. Ọzọkwa, gbazee kpuchie on top na oven-Fikiere coal ma ọ bụ ndị a mịrị amị agbanwe oge. ikpeazụ oriri nke 2-3 percent site arọ nke metal. The kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ gbazee na-nọgidere na-enwe 20-30 nkeji, oge ịkpali, na mgbe ahụ wepụrụ si n'elu nke ahọrọ slag. Ihe niile dị njikere maka ọla nkedo. N'ihi na mma mwepụ nke slag na ladle ike ịgbakwunye quartz ájá, nke na esi ya. Iji chọpụta maka nēfe n'ime Ebu njikere ma ọla kọpa, ẹkenịmde a pụrụ iche na nkà na ụzụ sample. Mgbaji ọkpụkpụ nke sample ga-edo ma dị ọcha.

aluminum ọla

Nke a ọla kọpa na aluminum alloy dị ka ihe alloying mmewere. The agbaze usoro nke metal bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche si n'elu n'ihi na chemical e ji mara nke inyeaka akụrụngwa. Tụlee otú ka ojiji nke aluminum ọla na alloying mmiri. Ke imewe nke ụdị alloy na eji emegharị ihe na ihe-ndebe ime ihe deoxidation phosphorous mmiri anaghị emetụta. Nke a bụ n'ihi na phosphor nwere ala mmekọrita maka oxygen ụmụ irighiri karịa aluminum. Ọzọkwa mara na ụdị ọla dị nnọọ mwute na okpomọkụ, otú ahụ ka okpomọkụ ekwesịghị gafere 1200 degrees. Na overheated ala nke oxidized aluminum na ọla alloy nke jupụtara, haruru. Ọzọkwa, oxide, kpụrụ n'oge agbaze nke a n'ụdị ọla, na-adịghị weghachiri eweghachi site na mgbakwunye na nke reductants, na ọ bụ nnọọ ike na-ewepụ si gbazee. The oxide film nwere nnọọ elu agbaze okpomọkụ, nke budata ebelata fluidity na-akpata ọla alụmdi na nwunye. Agbaze a rụrụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa, na elu ókè nke kpo oku okpomọkụ. Ke adianade do, anyị ekwesịghị igbu oge okokụre gbazee na ọkụ. Mgbe-agbaze aluminum ọla dị ka a mkpuchi oyi akwa na-atụ aro iji a agbanwe oge nke bụ 50% soda ash , na 50% cryolite.

Njikere-agbazekwa tupu nēfe na forms nụchara site ewebata nime ya manganese chloride ma ọ bụ zinc chloride (0.2-0.4% site na ibu ibu nke ụgwọ). Mgbe a usoro, na alloy kwesịrị nọ maka nkeji ise ruo mgbe zuru ezu cessation nke gas evolushọn. The ngwakọta ahụ gbanwee ka chọrọ okpomọkụ na wụsara n'ime Ebu.

Iji gbochie na-adọ nkewa na gbazee ọla na a elu ọdịnaya nke-edu ndú adịghị (50-60%) ọ bụ ihe amamihe tinye 2-2.3% nickel n'ụdị ọla kọpa-nickel nwe alloy. Ma ọ bụ dị ka a agbanwe oge a ga-eji alkali metal sulphate nnu. Nickel, silver, manganese, ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ akụkụ nke ọla-atụkwasịkwara gbazee tupu usoro nke tin mmako. Ọzọkwa, iji melite ogo nke alloy gbanwetụrụ ya mgbe ụfọdụ obere nwekwara dabeere refractory ọla.