Ulo ozu temple Fero Mentuhotep II: afọ nke ntọala, photos, nkọwa

Steepụ Pharaoh Mentuhotep II temple onye na-achị si XI Dynasty Ijipt n'otu na njedebe nke m mgbanwe, emi odude ke West n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Luxor (ochie Thebes). Ọ e wuru na oge nke ndị Ijipt pyramid, na-agụnye ọtụtụ ndị ọcha. Ikekwe chọọchị ọbụna nwere a pyramidal superstructure. n'ili nke aha - "Ebe ofufe Nebhepetra enwu nnọọ."

History of research

N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ndị funerary temple nke Fero Mentuhotep II (lee foto. N'isiokwu) bụ isi iyi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nchoputa, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ya research aka a dịgasị iche iche nke iwu. Ọ bụ nke mbụ na ụlọ nsọ dị na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Thebes, ebe òtù nzuzo nke chi nwanyị bụ Hathor, na bụ eweta a ọhụrụ nkà mmụta okpukpe echiche nke "Nsọ nke ọtụtụ nde afọ", nke ga-ewu ewu n'oge New Alaeze.

Temple Fero Mentuhotep II, afọ nke ntọala nke - 2000 BC. e., a chọpụtara na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19 site Jehova Dufferin. Eduar Navil na Genri Holl na May ghọrọ ndị mbụ oge a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ya na afọ 1903-1907 na nkwado nke Research Foundation nke Egypt. Site 1911 na 1931 ọ na-amụrụ mgbagwoju ìgwè nke New York si Metropolitan Museum nke Art n'okpuru nduzi nke Herbert Winlock. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị ezu gwupụtatụrụla okpu, ka chọọchị na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-enyocha tupu German Archaeological Institute na Cairo, n'okpuru nduzi nke Dieter Arnold emebeghị ka gwupụtara na 1968-1971, karị.

Ebe bụ ụlọ nsọ nke Fero Mentuhotep II?

Pharaoh họọrọ saịtị na a nkume ugwu a nke oge a gba gburu gburu el-Bahri, ebe ụfọdụ nke ya ụzọ First wuru mgbanwe-Saff n'ili. Saff na Arabic pụtara "ọnụ ọgụgụ" na-akpọ n'ili nke ahịrị ogidi gburugburu ha facades. Kasị Egyptologists kweere na ulo ozu temple Fero Mentuhotep II jikọtara ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ihe nke ili na pyramid okụre, ọ bụ ezie na nanị ole na ole na-na a otutu mmadu kwenyere banyere ya na mbụ anya.

The mgbagwoju ẹkewetde nke Ndagwurugwu nke Nsọ, mkpọmkpọ ebe nke nke na-edina n'okpuru ubi na nsọtụ nke Naịl ndagwurugwu ahu, na, ma eleghị anya, na-n'okpuru mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ nsọ nke Ramses IV. Tere agba, steepụ, na mpụga Pharaoh Mentuhotep II temple (foto ahụ. Edemede) ikpe agbakwunyere na nkume, na-ala ili ozu ụlọ. Winlock kweere na ya na-ewu ama ada itie ke 3 nkebi, mgbe Arnold kwuru anọ n'ụzọ. The mgbagwoju gbakwasara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ma deviates ubé n'ebe ugwu.

atụmatụ nke temple

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ihe a maara banyere Valley nke Nsọ, meghere ụzọ maka ya, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ yiri owuwu emeghe, na akpụ nke Osaịris tinyere n'akụkụ na oge ufodu etiti oge. Ọ biri na isi temple mgbagwoju mbara èzí gburugburu a na nkume nzu mgbidi.

Na azụ yad n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ guzo a oke, ogologo funerary temple nke Fero Mentuhotep ii. Facade ala kọlụm ẹkewetde nke a owuwu ụzọ mbata ulo wuru nke nkume nzu blocks. Nke a owuwu ụzọ mbata na a abụọ n'usoro nke ogidi, e kewara abụọ ramp na-eduga na nke abụọ Ofel. Ná mmalite, n'ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata mgbidi e mma na Kọmitii nke agha.

Temple Pharaoh Mentuhotep II na gba gburu gburu el Bahri dị ka mgbe e mesịrị ụlọ nsọ ndị dị ebe a nwere a ramp nke nkume nzu nkanka na kụrụ ke ukem ahịrị Platanus tamarisks na-enye ohere nke abụọ isi larịị. Terrace nwere ike kere atọ n'akụkụ - na elu ulo na owuwu ụzọ mbata na veranda nwere ogidi gburugburu cloister si n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, hiwere n'etiti ndị gallery.

The elu òkè nke owuwu ụzọ mbata nke a n'ogo dị ka ala, ugbua ka enwere ahịrị abụọ nke ogidi nkume nzu. Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ "elu pillared ulo." The n'ihu akụkụ nke kọlụm e mma na Mpaghara e sere Mentuhotep II na dị iche iche na chi, na e dere na ala ala enyemaka. The n'azụ mgbidi nke Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Ogidi gburugburu n'ime veranda na-ubé angled na mma n'ime na. Anyị nwere ike iche na mgbe ha mere mpụga facade nke gallery. Nke a na ndị ọzọ na-egosi na ada Egyptologists ikwubi na columned ulo e wuru mgbe e mesịrị.

Ụzọ mbata nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa nku nke Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Ogidi nke owuwu ụzọ mbata dị na isi axis nke mgbagwoju na-eduga ná n'ime gallery. Nke ikpeazụ, si ele ihe anya nke Ijipt oge ochie ije, nwere ike na-akpọ a akụkụ nke ụlọ Ọdịdị nke ọnu envelopu na-akwado site na ogidi. Ọtụtụ mgbe, veranda gburugburu ihe n'èzí jakị, ma na nke a ọ na-ekpuchi n'ime isi nke ụlọ. Na nke a gallery ahịrị abụọ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na atọ e nyere ahịrị si n'akụkụ nke ọzọ guzo 140 octagonal ogidi. Gallery dimly ìhè site n'oghere dị ná mgbidi nso ná mpụta owuwu ụzọ mbata.

Temple Fero Mentuhotep II: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke e kere eke

Inside na gallery dị, dị ka Egyptologists, atụ version nke mbụ olili mounds. Ọ na-kweere na ọ na e mere nke siri ike ụrọ Olee ihe enyemaka cubical eleghị anya gburugburu na nkume nzu slabs. O nwere ike na-eme na elu Ofel site gallery. Ma ọ bụ a okwu nke arụmụka.

Naville, mbụ onye nyochaworo na Fero Mentuhotep II temple na gba gburu gburu el-Bahri, kweere na ọ bụ isi nke pyramid wuru na nkume ala. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị refutes ya amụma. Dị ka ihe atụ, Arnold Naville jụrụ esemokwu, tumadi n'ihi na ọ kọrọ ọ bụla na-egosi nke nwere ike inwe ike ya iji gosi na. Ọ dịghị ebibi mmasị mgbidi nke pyramid na ya n'elu, n'ihi ya, ọ na-emeso ya dị ka a ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere akụkụ anọ ewepụghị Ofel na ụlọ na a stylized onodi nke mbụ mkpọmkpọ. Shtadelmann Arnold awade nhọrọ nke a aja ugwu, kụrụ na osisi. Ọ svyazyvet oge ochie mkpọmkpọ na okwukwe na Osaịris.

Pyramid ma ọ bụ?

Arụmụka na ndị a okwu ịmaliteworị bụghị nanị na-enwe mmetụta na-anọghị nke ọ bụla Ọdịdị mkpọmkpọ ebe nke elu Ofel, ma na njikọ na controversial akwụkwọ isi mmalite. Ka ihe atụ, Abbott Papyrus maa na-akpọ ndị na-ewu nke pyramid. Arnold na-eduga ná 2 papaịrọs c aha-ebi akwụkwọ owuwu ma na ọ bụghị a pyramid. American Egyptologist L. ehi-aghọta aha dị ka "truncated pyramid ma ọ bụ obelisk, na-ebili n'elu ụlọ ndị ọzọ." The obelisk yiri ka anyanwụ disk, nke ehi-ekwu nke ya "dị ka a na-achị, na-dabeere na abụọ ibé ọ bụla nke ndị ọzọ." E dere na stele XII Dynasty Tutu bụ onye kasị ukwuu temple Fero Mentuhotep II na gba gburu gburu el Bahri odide ịrịba ama pyramid. Near n'ụlọ nsọ nke New Alaeze oge graffiti hụrụ, nke na-emeso n'ili ka a Ofel na obelisk, ahụ na pyramid onu ire.

N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọtụtụ ndị Egyptologists na-achọ na-eche na n'elu nke pyramid Nleta superstructure nwere. Ka ihe atụ, na Abbott Papyrus ọzọ ili, nke o doro anya na na-adịghị pyramid, na-akpọ pyramid. Ya mere, Egyptologists kweere na ulo ozu temple Fero Mentuhotep II nwere ụdị ili ozu pyramid. Dịcha, ọdịnala nnukwu ili e mere anya metụtara na pyramid n'oge a na ya agwa e ji na-ezo ihe ndị ahụ owuwu. O sina dị, nke a arụmụka bụ n'ebe dị anya n'ebe n'elu. Ikekwe ọhụrụ ochie e gwupụtara ga-enwe ike dokwuo anya ajụjụ a.

olili nwunye

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke abụọ larịị Ofel a chọpụtara a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isii aro ili bee n'ime nkume. Ha na-n'ụzọ doro anya na ike n'ime ụlọ nsọ, mgbe mmụba nke ụlọ ọrụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ha ala ụgbọ e wuru nke nkume nzu blocks, na ụgha ibo ụzọ na ihe a kpụrụ akpụ ofufe. O doro anya na, n'ebe anēlì ozu ha ka e liri ndị eze ezinụlọ nwanyi òtù. Na-akpali mmasị, ha nile nwuru-eto eto, ndị kasị ochie nke ha bụ afọ 22 na-eto eto - naanị 5 afọ. Egyptologists na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike ịnwụ na banyere otu oge ruru ka ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Naanị anọ n'ime ha na-enwe aha nke eze nwunye. Arnold na-ekwere na ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ priestesses nke chi nwanyị Hathor, ọ bụ ezie na Callender na-azọrọ na ha bụ "diplomatic" Mentuhotep II nke di na nwunye, ọ dị mkpa maka stabilization na ịdị n'otu nke mba mgbe jupụtara afọ nke mbụ ndị mepere oge.

E nwere ndị inyom abụọ n'etiti ọdọ, karịsịa dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ha, nubiyka, onye dị mkpa na-egosi na a mma osisi akpati ozu, na aha ya bụ Ashayet. Ọzọ, Cavite, bụ a sarcophagus mere nke nkume nzu na ezi a tụrụ, nke bụ ugbu a na nke ndị Ijipt Museum nke Antiquities na Cairo.

hypostylus

Ulo ozu temple Fero Mentuhotep II e akp n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ-adịghị anya mgbe e ji wuo ya. Nke a pụtakwara na-agụnye ihe na-emeghe okụre na ogidi, nke mbụ bụ na Egypt nnukwu hypostylus, banye n'Ụlọ Ekpere maka chi dị iche iche, na awara awa na nkume temple, kwuru na dị ka Speos. Sandstone e ji na-ewu yad. Si n'ebe ndịda, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu yad gburugburu octagonal kọlụm. Ke adianade do, hypostyle bụ 82 ogidi. Hall n'ala e mere nke na nkume nzu, na mgbidi - mere nke sandstone.

Speos

Na Speose na anya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke mgbagwoju bụ ogologo vaulted ụlọ na a niche maka a oyiyi na njedebe. Ebe a flooring mere nke sandstone na nkume nzu mgbidi. E a ala ramp na ada na ebe ịchụàjà nke nkume nzu n'azụ (ọdịda anyanwụ), setịpụrụ n'ihu niche na ụba oyiyi nke Fero. Ebe ịchụàjà a, dị ka Mark Lehner bụ center nke temple mgbagwoju. The ụlọ bụ na mbụ a ụgha ụzọ. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ okpukpe ihe dị na Speose - ọdụ oyiyi nke chi Amon. Obere uka, emi odude ke n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ndọtị nke yad na-eje ozi dị ka ebe a na-anọ efe ofufe a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị isi chi, gụnyere Amun, Monta, Osaịris na Hathor, onye kpụrụ akpụ na-hụrụ na zitere maka safekeeping ka onye Ijipt Museum nke Antiquities.

The olili ulo

On veranda nwere ogidi axis yad a n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ annexe bụ arched n'ala Itie ibido mma na nkume nzu, nke a na mberede-ebipụ, na ndi fọduru nọ esịnede Ntụ oké nkume. Ọ na-eduga ala n'ime ụlọ, na-akpọ na-eli-ulo nke Fero. Naville enyocha paseji na-eli ozu na-ulo na 1906, IA Arnold - na 1971. Na niches tinyere mgbidi paseji, e nwere ihe isii e ji osisi na ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke bụ akụkụ nke ogbako ụdị, bakeries na ụgbọ mmiri. The olili ulo bụ banyere 12 mita ala site n'ọnu-miri. Ọ na-mere nke konkiri na a n'uko n'ụdị a sadulu. -Ulo na-kewara abụọ n'akụkụ, otu onye nke - alabasta uka topped otu ibu konkiri slab, n'ọnụ ụzọ nke e mere ka a abụọ osisi ụzọ, enyene a nnukwu ebe. Naville kwubiri na ụlọ a bụ maka ihe atụ olili "ka" ndị eze, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ obi, n'ihi na e nwere a sarcophagus. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị Egyptologists na-now na-na-ekweta na ya nkwubi okwu. Ha kweere na sarcophagus nọ alabasta ụlọ.

mberede chọpụtara

Otu ihe mere nke a bụ na 1899, ndị a ma ama chọpụtara Tutankhamen n'ílì, Howard Carter, ma ọ bụ kama, ya ịnyịnya, n'ụzọ nkịtị sụọ ngọngọ n'elu a ọhụrụ mgbaghoju anya na mgbagwoju nke Mentuhotep II. Mgbe ụgbọala na yad n'ihu mgbagwoju ịnyịnya ya sụọ ngọngọ. Ọ rịturu, iji hụ ma ọ na e merụrụ, na hụrụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ala akụkụ nke temple mgbagwoju. N'ihi otú nke mmezu nke chọpụtara, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, otu ìgwè nke na-ewu Carter na-akpọ Bab al-Hassan, nke pụtara "ụzọ ámá nke ịnyịnya."

Nbanye malitere dị ka ihe na-emeghe miri dọrọ, ma n'oge na-adịghị ebe n'ime ndị vaulted paseji. Na a omimi nke banyere 17 m, Carter chọpụtara ụzọ nke anọ na-ewusiri akara adobe. Nke a bụ nanị ihe mgbochi korido wee na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na mesịrị n'ebe ugwu. Nke a na saịtị na a hụrụ na n'ala nke m. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị abụọ mita miri, ọ na-anọgide na nke a osisi obi ahuru ntekwasa na ya aha nke onye na-achị. The abụọ aro bụ na ezigbo olili ụlọ.

Kenofant

Ebe a na-otu Carter chọpụtara foduru nke ihe efu osisi akpati ozu nenadpisannogo, ceramik na ọkpụkpụ nke àjà ụmụ anụmanụ. Ma ndị kasị mkpa chọpụtara bụ ugbu a ma ama oyiyi Mentuhotep II ese sandstone, ọbọp ke ọcha linen, na okpu-eze nke Lower Egypt na isi ya. Nke a ihe bụ na-now na Museum nke Antiquities. Ikekwe n'ihi na nke a oyiyi Arnold na-ekwere na ala ebe bụ ihe atụ, t. E. Ọ a cenotaph, na-ejikọta ya na-eme ememme Seda Mentuhotep II. O doro anya na ndị ọzọ kweere na, a na-eli-ulo ke n'elu akụkụ nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ bụ ezigbo n'ili nke Fero.