Podkopaev, MI Systemic nzukọ Voice Atụmatụ

MI Podkopaev

Voronezh State Academy nke Arts

System nzukọ Voice Atụmatụ

(Podkopaev, MI System nzukọ nke olu ọrụ // Ajụjụ olu Education: Iwu maka ndị nkuzi nke elu na nke sekọndrị, agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche oru Moscow - St. Petersburg, 2003. - S. 80 - 88).

Otu n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na-eju na uwa nyere mmadụ bụ audible okwu, akpan akpan, ya pụrụ iche n'ụdị na - abụ abụ ma ọ bụ ụda olu okwu (okwu e ji mgbe na-abụ abụ onu a na-ewere si ele ihe anya nke physiology ma ọ bụ acoustics).

Ọ maara na olu ọrụ, na-akpụ a ụda akụrụngwa nke olu okwu, ọ dịghị ihe kpọmkwem anatomical ngwa usoro, nke siri ike n'echiche nwere ike na-akpọ akụkụ nke phonation. N'ihi na nke a ọrụ a onye na-eji a akụkụ okuku ume, ilo, ie, ọchịchị ibido zubere maka mkpa na ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ná ndu uru nke ọrụ; phonation ha ozi dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na site na mberede. Nchikota ndị a ozu maka a ogologo oge na-akpọ olu ngwa. Ikpeazụ maka na-agụ egwú na-abụghị nanị ngwá nke ya ọkachamara ọrụ, ma ihe nke kpọmkwem pedagogical mmetụta na usoro nke olu ọzụzụ. Taa ole na ole na-arụ ụka na tesis na ihe ọmụma nke ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi na-apụtaghị ìhè na-eme nke olu ngwa, bụ otu n'ime ndị dị mkpa ọnọdụ ọma ọrụ na ya e kere eke. A.Varlamov ka ya "School of abụ" (1840) dere, sị: "Iji na-abata na ọzụzụ na-abụ abụ na-amaghị ama, ị ga-ịdabe ya na ezi ihe ọmụma nke akụkụ okuku ume na olu usoro ma na-abịaru ndị bụ isi na iwu nke physiology ka ha."

Emekarị, anatomical na n'ahụ echiche nke olu ngwa, abụ abụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta dị ka akụkụ nke pedagogical okirikiri nke isi ọzụzụ - a N'ezie nke olu Usoro. Na obere oge e nyere omume, ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-enweta ma assimilate a ọtụtụ ndị na-egosi site na Mmebe, physiology, acoustics na inwe otu echiche nke ihe owuwu ma na ihe nakawa etu esi nke ọrụ nke olu ngwa. N'otu oge ahụ, àgwà nke a na ihe ọmụma ga-agbanwe agbanwe na ebumnobi nke guzobere ihe gụrụ akwụkwọ ma ruru eru ọkachamara, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-agụ egwú na-ejikọ ya ọrụ na pedagogy. Dị ka omenala, na-amụ ihe nke nkebi nke a nke usoro ọmụmụ e wuru si n'ọnọdụ nke oge gboo (ngwa) physiology, ịdabere bughi na gbasara nyocha obibia. Na ya ọnọdụ ahụ mmadụ kemgbe e weere dị ka a collection of iche iche ozu, jikọtara nural na humoral (mmiri ọgwụ) iwu. Akwụkwọ ọ bụla na Mmebe, physiology, wdg wuru na ụkpụrụ nke ngwa, na-agụnye ngalaba na onye anatomical systems - ya bụ, obi, akụkụ okuku ume na, muscular, endocrine, wdg Mgbe nke a myirịta, kemgbe oge M.Garsia olu ngwa-atụle iso nke ndị na-esonụ components: "generator" nke ụda - laryngeal tie-azụ (resonator) nke - nke pharynx, gọzie gị oghere na paranasal sinuses, na "ike" nke ngwaọrụ - na oghere eji ekunye ume, bronchi, akpa ume , akụkụ okuku ume na akwara, articulation akụkụ - ọnụ. ire, ezé, egbugbere ọnụ, ike na juu okpo ọnụ. Na nke a, na ọ na-ekwu na "akụkụ ahụ niile na ọrụ nke nzukọ ibe usoro Central ụjọ usoro" (nke e kwuru na. Dmitriev LB, Telelyaeva LM, SL, wdg Taptapova phoniatrics na fonopediya .. - M., 1990 P.20) .. Ma ihe na-eme ndị a na ozu na-adịghị phonational specificity na nke dị iche iche anatomical systems, integrated na nzukọ, ihe bụ usoro nke mkpakọrịta dị otú ahụ na iji hụ ike n'ezi ihe nke ịrụ ọrụ nke olu ngwa? Organic na bughi obibia azịza ajụjụ ndị a adịghị. N'ebe a, ngwa nke usoro a na-amụ olu (olu) ọrụ bụ mmachi na dịtụ ekwekọghị maka a mere metụtara na nke a enweghị guzobe nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eweta a coherent nzukọ nke olu ngwa.

A fundamentally ọhụrụ obibia nke nghọta nke n'ahụ ọrụ nke postulated systemic obibia, dị ka na-adịbeghị anya, ebe nile ma na-eji na ụkpụrụ nke sayensị. The physiology nke a Ịhazi obibia dabeere na nchepụta nke ọtọ usoro (na TPS) mepụtara amụ ọrụ IP Pavlova - Academician PK Anokhin na natara a oge a na mmepe na ọrụ na-ama ya nwa akwụkwọ - Academician KV Sudakova.

Dị ka a pedagogical nnwale na olu ngalaba nke Voronezh State Academy nke Arts site na-ede akwụkwọ nke ọrụ a bụ mgbalị ịme ihe nke TPS ka a methodological ndabere nke na-ezi olu na Usoro na-usoro obibia. Isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ọrụ a bụ ịkụziri ndị na-amụrụ ihe echiche, otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa atụmatụ nke ndị systemic.

Na nke a akwụkwọ anyị machibido onwe anyị n'ikwupụta n'ozuzu okwu ahụmahụ nke itinye isi ndokwa nke TPS usoro ọmụmụ nke ụkpụrụ nke nzukọ nke olu (olu) ọrụ mmadụ.

Kama nke oge gboo physiology nke akụkụ, na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke Mmebe), TPS ọkwa systemic nzukọ ọrụ. PKAnohin mbụ dọọrọ uche gaa n'eziokwu na usoro ndu eme ntule, ọ bụghị naanị ndokwa onye ọcha dị n'ime ha, na ikpokọta ha iji nweta ụfọdụ ihe pụta eme, ya bụ na-ebu ụfọdụ dị oké mkpa ọrụ. Ya mere, ndị dị otú ahụ na usoro a na-akpọ ọtọ. Dị ka Anokhin, usoro na physiology nke a set nke ozu metụtara kpọmkwem ọrụ. N'ihi ya, n'ihi omume nke na-ahazi usoro agwakọta onye akụkụ n'ime a dum, na si otú a na-eduga idé akpata. Ọ bụ iji nweta a ụfọdụ n'ihi kwukwara ọtọ usoro (FS).

Voice ọrụ, dị ka ihe niile ndị ọzọ ụmụ mmadụ ọrụ, na-adabere a systemic nzukọ. The mbụ ọnọdụ nke nkọwa nke systemic nzukọ nke olu ọrụ anyị na-eji isi mmalite, Jizọs maara nke TPS. N'ịbụ nkịtị ka niile faịlụ usoro nke ahụ, ha na-ahụkarị FS phonation na olu okwu. Ke ofụri ofụri, na ọdịnaya nke ndị bụ isi mmalite, Jizọs maara nke TPS ebelata ka ndị na-esonụ. Òtù nke niile FS organism nwere otu ụdị Ọdịdị, nke-ahụkarị nke FS phonation. Nke a Ọdịdị na-agụnye a Central ọnụ na elu mmiri na ndokwa:

Y N'ihi ọrụ dị ka a na-eduga FS njikọ (ya "kaadị") - ihe nke kere FS;

Y unit-anata Njirimara (parameters) nke-enweta ihe a na-eme - anabata pụta;

Y nzaghachi ọwa na-ebunye ozi na Central ụjọ usoro banyere n'ihi omume na kwa nke a N'ihi ya, nke na-enyere ahụ dị ka a dum na-amata na ogo nke ọma na àgwà ya na-eme;

Y Central njikọ FS, ikwe ya achikota ime ihe na-anọchi anya òtù ọcha nke ọkwa dị iche iche nke Central ụjọ usoro;

Y FS Executive usoro.

The mbụ N'ihi ọrụ dị ka a na-akpata nke FS phonation na olu okwu bụ guzobe nke olu ụzọ nke now mgbaàmà, na-eje ozi dị ka a ndabere na-ama maka ọgwụgwụ arụmọrụ - onye na-abụ abụ olu phonemes ẹkwọ okwu, nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ. Ka prefinite, na ọgwụgwụ N'ihi FS eme nwere ọtụtụ nke onwe ha variables, ie, bụ mnogoparametrichnymi. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ebu ihe ọmụma banyere ihe owuwu nke now olu (now parameters) - elu, ike spektral mejupụtara (ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị a elu na / ma ọ bụ ala na-abụ abụ formant, wdg). Ọzọ kwa na-agụnye ọmụma banyere phonemic ụda Ọdịdị - artikulyayurnye (ma ọ bụ kinesthetic) parameters. Ịbụ njikọ chiri anya na now kwa, nke ikpeazụ ekwe ịmata na-akọwa na ọnọdụ na usoro nke ụda agụmakwụkwọ, ie ịchọpụta ji mara pronunciation nke ụdaume na consonants.

Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na n'ihi nke parameters dị iche bughi nani n'etiti olu na olu abụ, ma n'ime ihe dị iche iche olu Genres - agụmakwụkwọ na-abụ abụ, pop-abụ abụ, mpako na-abụ abụ, wdg All parameters na-ekpebisi ike site n'ihi nke na-eme ihe n'ahụ na biophysical Filiks na hụ ya ihe, ya bụ: 1) phonation, nke na-enye ọgbọ olu na ya kwekọrọ ekwekọ now Ọdịdị, 2) articulation, nke na-enye ọzụzụ na a akọwapụta okwu na-ada phonemic ụda Ọdịdị. Ntem haziri na abụọ ọtọ subsystems - FS FS phonation na articulation.

N'ihi ya, ọ nhọrọ nchikota ndi mmadu di iche iche na akụkụ na anụ ahụ, nke bụ nke dị iche iche anatomical usoro ke kwesịrị ekwesị FS. Nsonye nke dị iche iche akụkụ, nke ọnụ na-akpọ olu ngwa, a olu FS dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke nhọrọ na ijikọta dị iche iche akụkụ FS. Na nke a, n'otu ahụ pụrụ ime multiple FS, ke adianade do, a dịgasị iche iche nke PS ma ọ bụ PS otu subsystem (dị ka na ihe banyere olu FS) iji nweta esi ike iji dị iche iche ma ọ bụ otu ọchịchị. Na nke a, ọ bụla ngwa nke olu ngwa na-agụnye ọtụtụ ndị na ọrụ metụtara na phonation, na n'echiche a bụ multifunctional. Dabere na direction nke FS ma ọ bụ subsystem agụnye ihe ngwa nke olu ngwa, ya nwere dị iche iche chọrọ, ma na ọ dị mkpa nke enweta naanị ndị na-Njirimara nke gosipụtara ya bụ na FS.

Site na nke a n'ọnọdụ, otu ahu na dị iche iche FS olu okwu-enweta pụrụ iche iche iche Njirimara. Ka ihe atụ, oghere eji ekunye ume na bronchi na-gụnyere ke FS zvukogeneratsii ịrụ ọzọ ọrụ, dị ka tụnyere na otu oghere eji ekunye ume na bronchi esịne ke FS phonational respiration. Ma ọ bụ olu folds kpamkpam dị iche iche show ya ọtọ Njirimara, gụnyere ihe atụ, na faịlụ usoro articulation, ebe ha na-egosipụta fonemoobrazuyuschaya ọrụ, ma ọ bụ FS zvukogeneratsii, ebe ha na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke now ike. N'otu aka ahụ, akụkụ okuku ume na akwara bụ akụkụ dị iche iche FS jikọtara phonation, ya bụ, FS phonational ume ha na-arụ a pneumatic ọrụ na FS articulation usoro aka hyphenation.

FS phonation bibiri agụnye nural na mmiri ọgwụ iwu etoju. Adịbeghị anya otú ọnọde a pụrụ iche "ndokwa", bibiri esịnede endocrine thyroid, gonads na adrenal glands. Ụjọ usoro ọkọnọ nhọrọ Nsonye nke dị iche iche na akwara emmepe.

Onye ọ bụla mmewere na-bibiri esịne ke FS phonation. mmekọrịta na ndị ọzọ na ihe nke usoro, ifịk ifịk na-eme ka ihe nweta nke ikpeazụ n'ihi ya FS. Ndị dị otú ahụ na mmekọrịta FS ihe na TFS aha ya bụ vzaimosodeystviya (PKAnohin). Vzaimosodeystviya mmiri nyere site ọnụnọ nutrisistemnyh agbụ na ya onwe ya na-akọwa vzaimosodeystviya Filiks iwu usoro.

Ọ bụla faịlụ usoro, gụnyere faịlụ usoro nke olu, bụ a onwe-inye iwu na usoro. Ịchịkwa onwe na FS dịgidere ndị ọchịchị unit, na-eleru ikpeazụ N'ihi. Na nke a ngwa bụ n'ihi ịmara na kwa nke elu akwara endings - anabata, bred na olu ngwa, na distantly ya. Koodu ọmụma banyere N'ihi-enweta site na oke ihe nnabata abatakwa kwesịrị ekwesị akwara emmepe (cortex, limbic usoro enye obi akụrụngwa nke okwu na-abụ abụ, ndị emmepe nke medulla oblongata). Dabere na ọmụma natara bụ bibiri ndị na njikọ aka FS olu na olu okwu nakawa etu esi nke ọkwa dị iche iche nke Central ụjọ usoro maka mobilizing Executive akụkụ na usoro (Mmeghachi omume ngwa). Site na ọdịdị nke ozi natara na Central ụjọ usoro nke olu tract anabata iche dịkarịa ala ise iche iche nke uche: auditory, vibratory (-enwe, dị ka e gosiri V.P.Morozovym, resonant uwa), muscle, pneumatic (ikuku mere na resonance ụzọ, na ọrụ nke akụkụ okuku ume na akwara), visual. Na nchikota, ha na-enye a kpọmkwem set nke na-abụ abụ sensations na echiche banyere n'ime workings nke olu ngwa, ma ọ bụ ka ha na-asị, na-kpụrụ n'ime uche na-agụ egwú si olu na aru atụmatụ - onye esịtidem sensations usoro na-adị mgbe ha bụsịrị abụ phonation. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-agụ egwú ọ bụla oge nke akara ya ụda guzobere. Olee kpọmkwem m nwere R.Yusson. "Kwa ụdị olu Usoro site kpọmkwem olu-corporeal circuit, ọnụnọ nke nke n'aka stabilizes na technology" (3. p. 109).

N'ihi ya, N'ịchọpụta usoro a olu igwe (na-akpọ "olu analyzer" na-agụ egwú) anamde nlekọta na usoro iwu ọrụ. Na nke a, FS phonation na olu okwu na-eduzi ndị nzaghachi ọwa: ha bụ, dị ka e gosiri na V.P.Morozova, na-abụ abụ na ndị resonance technology bụ a jijiji ọwa nke na-eburu ezoro ezo ọmụma banyere ọrụ nke olu resonators bụ dịghị ihe ọzọ yiri ka na-ata ahụhụ site na masking mmetụta mpụga mmetụta (now arụmọrụ ọnọdụ, wdg).

Otu ihe dị mkpa ndokwa nke TFS enwe bara uru maka olu pedagogy bụ ajụjụ banyere ọnụnọ nke FS akara unit. Ebe ọ dị oké mkpa na-esonụ. The FS phonation ya Central ngalaba - ụbụrụ nwere a mgbagwoju corticosubcortical akwara owuwu na-anọchite anya a amụma igwe ( "na-atụ ịme ngosi uwe") na nwale nke N'ihi enweta. Nke a unit ( "acceptor nke N'ihi nke edinam" site Anokhin), "anya" n'ikpeazụ Njirimara nke N'ihi ya, na-ekpebi feasibility na irè nke usoro ihe omume nhọrọ iji nweta ihe pụta, na-eziga na onye omume site na-adịgide adịgide tụnyere abanye Central ụjọ usoro nke ọwa nzaghachi ọmụma banyere afọ nke N'ihi enweta. Ọ na-emepụta a ụdị "n'onyinyo" nke lekwasịrị, nke na-agụ egwú metụtara na kacha ọrụ resonators na nzaghachi ọwa, na-atụgharị uche n'ọrụ a - vibration (resonator) sensations (Morozov, 2002, 2008). A isi ọrụ ke guzobe nke ngwa nke amuma na nwale nke ikpeazụ n'ihi nwere a nso nke ọkọlọtọ vocalist abụ abụ ụda na olu-pedagogical na mmekọrịta nke onye nkụzi na-amụrụ ihe. Ọzọkwa nke dị oké mkpa na-na inwetara ngwaọrụ amuma ọma kpụrụ na-amụ olu nkà nkụzi ọnụ ntụziaka iji na-akpụ a resonant na-abụ abụ na Usoro dị ka nke ọma dị ka ọnụnọ nke kwupụtara na-akpali nke na-agụ egwú na mastery bụ resonant na-abụ abụ na Usoro nyere site ugbu art nke na-abụ abụ.

Ukwuu anya n'ọmụmụ architectonic FS olu okwu na-akwụ ụgwọ ka onyeisi usoro nke olu, na-anọchite anya a set nke ọkà okwu na n'ahụ Filiks, iji na-ọbọ kacha FS pụta na huu mkpa ọkachamara àgwà na-abụ abụ olu kwekọrọ ekwekọ na kwa nke agụmakwụkwọ olu ọkọlọtọ. Nke dị oké mkpa na-amụ actuators bụ isi ọmụmụ R.Yussona, Fanta, Sundberg. L.B.Dmitrieva. A pụrụ iche n'ebe a na mpaghara ya na nkà mmụta sayensị na usoro iwu na ihe pụtara bụ ọrụ gburu anụ ụlọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị - ọkachamara na V.N.Sorokinym V.P.Morozovym onye echiche na-gụnyere ha mepụtara chepụtara - Ozizi okwu (V.N.Sorokin, 1985) na resonant abụ abụ ozizi art (The .P.Morozov, 2002, 2008). Akpatre maka olu Ịrụ na olu-pedagogical omume bụ nke paramount mkpa. Resonance ozizi na-abụ abụ na ndị ozizi nke ọtọ systems radically na-agbanwe agbanwe echiche banyere ọdịdị nke actuators na ọrụ nke olu ngwa.

Isi actuators enye olu okwu, na-phonation na articulation nke na-nyere na nwoke FS. N'ihi ya, ndị a na usoro-agụnye ya mejupụtara otu elu Executive mmiri, ma nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke etiti ụkpụrụ. Biophysical ndabere nke niile nke actuators nke usoro bụ olu-resonance usoro. Na omume bụ a akwa n'etiti phonation na articulation bụ zvukogeneratsii ndabere, na site na mgbanwe nke ọrụ ụdịdị na now resonators bụ na-akụ akara usoro na ọnọdụ ụkpụrụ aha nkọlọ na yiri tembroobrazovaniya usoro. Nke a na-dịgidere ọnụnọ ke resonance ụzọ FS phonation pụrụ iche nzaghachi n'etiti resonators na isi mmalite nke now vibrations enwe a ọkà okwu (resonant) okike.

Nke a now nzaghachi enye gị ohere na-atụgharị na-echebe usoro nke eji ekwu okwu na (na-echebe ọrụ nke resonators Morozov), nakwa dị ka ikwado ya ọrụ, na-ebelata oké nrụgide nke laryngeal uru (ọrụ a resonators nwere ike kọwaa dị ka onye inyeaka ọrụ nke English enyemaka -. Nyere, enyemaka).

A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke olu ngwa dị ka a usoro nke nzukọ bụ ọnụnọ nke na-atụ na backward linkages n'etiti Executive mmiri nke usoro (nkọlọ, cavities, ume) multimodal uwa (now, pneumatic, neuro-mpiaji) (Morozov. 2002, 2008). Ọnụnọ nke na-atụ na backward linkages ma ekwesị (n'etiti Central management na akara na onyeisi mmiri) na ịgbasapụ (n'etiti ndị òtù nke usoro dabeere na ụkpụrụ vzaimosodeystviya ọcha nke onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ - ogwooro, akụkụ okuku ume na resonator) na-ekpebi ọrụ nke FS olu na olu okwu ka mgbagwoju integrative usoro. Ọ bụla, gụnyere pedagogical mmetụta ọ mkpatụ dị ka a dum na mmetụta ọ bụla nke ya akụkụ ozugbo ekere ke ọzọ. (Morozov, 2002, 2008)

ọgwụgwụ

1. Voice ọrụ na-anya metụtara olu okwu (abụ abụ), nakwa dị ka ihe niile ndị ọzọ ọrụ nke onye ahụ, nwere a usoro nzukọ bụ njedebe N'ihi ọrụ nke pụrụ iche ọtọ phonation usoro, nke bụ a cyclic, a onwe-inye iwu nzukọ, bibiri na ijikọta dị iche iche akụkụ na-etoju nke ụjọ na humoral iwu iru ya ikpeazụ n'ihi - guzobe olu ụda okwu akụrụngwa - olu, ụda olu okwu ka phonetic nkeji forms ation ezigbo ịrụ ọrụ nke na-abụ abụ phonation, mkpa parameters nke ọkọlọtọ agụmakwụkwọ olu (ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ olu Genres) na-enye ọkachamara quality olu abụ.

2. The olu FS nwere ike mata dịtụ onwe ha ma oyiri subsystems, nke bụ isi mmiri nke onyeisi effector usoro nke olu okwu - nnyefe nke "umi" nke ụda - ikuku na isi mmalite nke now vibrations, zvukogeneratsii, articulation. Na-usoro obibia, na refracted ìhè na resonant abụ abụ ozizi na-aghọ na-ekwesịghị ịdị nhazi ọkwa nke ogwooro na "generator" usoro (ngalaba) nke olu ngwa. Nke ikpeazụ bụ eziokwu karịsịa dum resonator tract olu tract na nkọlọ bụ naanị otu n'ime now ike n'ihi na ikuku eruba mgbanwe olu jijiji olu folds.

3. Voice ngwaọrụ - ọ bụ naanị ndị FS item na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi (effector) unit nke usoro.

4. The eluigwe na ala ụkpụrụ nke FS nke ahụ, nakwa dị ka ihe ọmụma ha nke mkpokọta Ọdịdị na Njirimara ndị a ụdị "isi" maka owuwu nke FS olu na olu okwu, architectonic rijuru afọ a FS na ya subsystems mkpa ọdịnaya.

5. Ngwa nke ụkpụrụ nke ozizi nke ọtọ usoro n'ọmụmụ ihe nakawa etu esi nke olu ọrụ ke N'ezie ụkpụrụ, dị ka ahụmahụ egosiwo, ọ na-akwalite mmepe nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 'usoro echiche na kpọmkwem algọridim na-ewu nke iche echiche ọrụ, nakwa dị ka isi ọdịdị nke guzobere nke oge a echiche banyere ọrụ nke usoro olu na olu okwu ka a functionally ike dum.

akwụkwọ

1. Phoniatrics na fonopediya / Dmitriev LB, LM Telelyaeva, Taptapova SL, Ermakova II - M., Medicine, 1990.
2. Morozov VP Bu resonant na-abụ abụ. Fundamentals nke resonance ozizi na Usoro. - Moscow, 2002 (2nd ed -. M., 2008).
3. VN Sorokin Ozizi okwu mmepụta. - M., 1985.
4. Yusson R. abụ abụ olu. - Moscow, 1974.