Qualitative mmeghachi omume alkenes. Chemical Njirimara na Ọdịdị nke alkenes

Gịnị bụ qualitative Jeremaya mere ka alkenes? Iji zaa ajụjụ a, anyị ga-akpa na-aghọta ihe Njirimara nnọchiteanya nke a na klas.

Njirimara klas

Iji malite iji nyochaa na Ọdịdị nke alkenes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons kwuru na ogige na-enwe izugbe usoro CnH2n. Ọdịdị nke ahụ linear alkenes, ma ha mebere atumatu na mgbakwunye na otu (mfe) njikọ, e nwekwara a mgbagwoju (abụọ nkekọ).

nomenclature

Tupu anyị mara na qualitative Jeremaya mere ka alkenes, ga-elekwasị anya na metụtara aha-ha. Usoro yiri alkanes klas, ma e nwere ụfọdụ pụrụ iche kwa, nke kwesịrị ịnọ iche iche. Mbụ anyị mkpa ịchọta ihe owuwu chọrọ site ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ carbon yinye nke na-agụnye a abụọ nkekọ.

Ọzọkwa, C atọm na-agukọta si n'akụkụ nke abụọ nkekọ na-emi odude nso n'elu nke yinye. Ọ bụrụ na ugbu a na molekul nke hydrocarbon radicals (ọzọ embodiments substituents), na ndị dị otú a ikpe a chọrọ na-egosi ọnọdụ ha nọmba. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ yiri radicals eru prefixes eji. Dịrị gaba n'ime ebe a na-akpọ isi yinye ya, itinye -en suffix. A mkpa (ma e wezụga n'ihi ethylene na propene) bụ dee a ọnụọgụ ọnọdụ multiple nkekọ.

nhọrọ isomerism

Qualitative Jeremaya mere ka alkenes metụtara ebe ke molekul site a abụọ nkekọ. Ndị dị otú ahụ na nduzi pụtara a ọzọ zuru ezu na-amụ nke nke isomeric unsaturated hydrocarbons. Dị ka ndị ọzọ so hydrocarbons onye ụmụ irighiri nwere bughi isomers nke alkenes. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'ihi na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke okwu nwere ike visualized C4H8 butenes na 2-methylpropene.

Ke adianade do, ndị nnọchiteanya nke a na klas nke unsaturated hydrocarbons e nwere positional isomers nke abụọ nkekọ. Ọ na-adabere ụfọdụ chemical Njirimara nke a na klas nke ya na ọnọdụ.

Ịmata n'etiti ụdị isomerism, ọ bụghị nwere ndị ọzọ na-anọchite anya nke CxHy, rịba geometric (akụkụ owuwu). Dabere na adiana nke abụọ nkekọ nke ihe alkene molekul iberibe pụrụ inweta CIS na trans isomers. Interclass isomerism ejikọ alkenes cycloalkanes. Ndị dị otú ahụ a dịgasị iche iche nke akụkụ, pụta ụwa na-anọchite anya nke homologous usoro nke ethylene, na-ekpebi ihe ndị kacha ha chemical Njirimara.

chemical Njirimara

Qualitative mmeghachi omume alkenes - ọ bụ ha na mmekọrịta ya na okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke halogens. Ndị a gụnyere bromo, iodo, chloro. Dị ka a n'ihi ihe ndị a chemical mmeghachi omume etịbe ekewa abụọ nkekọ isonyere halogen atọm. Dị ka ihe e ji mara nke a na mmekọrịta a na-ewere achagharị ayodiin (bromine) mmiri. Qualitative mmeghachi omume alkene abụọ nkekọ - ọ bụ ha na mmekọrịta ya na okenye ngwọta nke potassium permanganate na acidic ọkara.

Dị ka ngwaahịa a mmeghachi omume bụ sulfates na organic ngwaahịa. Ọ mkpatụ na oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga na a halogen ngwọta - a elu-edu omume alkenes. Hydrogenation ndị na-adịghị na ọdabara, ọ ga-enweta a N'ihi kwekọrọ ókè hydrocarbon (alkane). Dị ka na-adịgide adịgide ọnọdụ nke percolation sikwa fever, na mkpali ngwa.

Arụ Ọrụ alkenes bụ nnọọ ukwuu karịa nke paraffin. Ihe kpatara ya bụ dị n'etiti carbon atọm na abụọ nkekọ adịghị kwa ike agbụ.

Na combustion nke ọ bụla hydrocarbon CnH2n mejupụtara ka ikuku oxygen a hụrụ nkewa nke mmiri vepo, carbon dioxide na guzobe a zuru ezu ego nke okpomọkụ. Qualitative ule nwere ike iji alkenes-anọrọ ndị a ogige ndị ọzọ bekee.

hydration mmeghachi omume (mgbakwunye na nke mmiri) maka akpàràkpà alkenes emee dị ka Markovnikov n'ọchịchị. Dị ka a isonyere emee hydrogen atọm ka carbon, na nke a na-ẹdude a ukwuu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hydrogen. Hydroxide ion ga-ahụ ga-mmasị ka carbon na abụọ nkekọ, ebe ala N.

A yiri usoro na iwu alkenes eme na ya na ụmụ irighiri nke hydrogen halides.

Interest bụ mmeghachi omume nke polymerization, n'ihi na elu molekụla ibu ogige ii. N'ihi ya, site na-ahọpụta dị ka isi iyi nke ethylene monomer na a polymerization mkpali emepụta polyethylene nke bụ a bara uru akụrụngwa n'ihi chemical ụlọ ọrụ.

nkịtị Njirimara

The mbụ nnọchiteanya nke homologous usoro nke ethylene bụ gaseous bekee, ihe fọrọ odorless. Ha na-anaghị eme nke ọma soluble na mmiri, soluble na organic ogige. E nwere a kpọmkwem mmekọrịta dị n'etiti-abawanye na ikwu molekụla arọ na mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ihe (agbaze uche), mgbanwe site na gaseous na mmiri mmiri ala, a siri ike kwuo nke aggregation.

ọgwụgwụ

Olee ebe ndị nnọchiteanya nke unsaturated hydrocarbons ethylene usoro? Ethylene bụ a bara uru akụrụngwa n'ihi chemical mmepụta. Site na nke a, o nwere ike nweta styrene, vinyl chloride, ethanol, acetic aldehyde, acid, na dichloroethane. Na polymerization nke alkenes kpụrụ polyvinylacetate, lubricants, rubbers. Ná nkezi, ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmepụta nke polyethylene bụ 100 nde tọn kwa afọ. Na ulo oru mpịakọta dị mkpa maka propylene polima njikọ. Ọzọkwa, propene bụ feedstock maka imewe nke oxide, isopropanol, cumene, butyraldehyde, glycerol.

Butins n'ozuzu ya mkpa ike polyisobutylene, methyl ethyl ketone, butyl roba, isoprene. Isobutylene bụ ihe magburu onwe chemical ngwaọrụ ke imewe nke tertiary butanol, butyl roba na isoprene. Ọ isobutylene chọrọ maka alkylation nke phenols na mmepụta nke surfactants. Copolymers na butenes eji dị a sealant na mmanu nwekwara. Higher unsaturated hydrocarbons nke ethylene usoro na-eji ọ bụghị nanị na na mmepụta nke polymeric ihe, ma na-na mmepụta nke elu organic alcohols.