Russian Oil na Gas Industry

Mmanụ ụgbọala na ego inye ume bụghị naanị dum ụlọ ọrụ na mba ọ bụla nke ụwa, ma fọrọ nke nta niile na ngalaba nke mmadụ ọrụ. The akụkụ kasị mkpa nke mmanụ ụgbọala na ume mgbagwoju nke Russia bụ mmanụ na gas oru.

Mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ - a ọnyà aha nke mgbagwoju ulo oru mmepụta, ụgbọ njem, nhazi na nkesa nke ikpeazụ ngwaahịa nke mmanụ na gas nhazi. Nke a na-otu ike ndi nke Russian Federation, na-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu kpụrụ akpụ site na mmefu ego na itule nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nke mba, na-enye mba ọzọ mgbanwe enwetakwa na ịnọgide na-mba ego ọnụego.

History of development

Mmalite nke e guzobere mmanụ ubi na ulo oru ndi oru na-atụle ga-1859, mgbe ndị United States maka mmanụ n'ibu-egwu mbụ eji. Ugbu a, ọ fọrọ nke nta niile crude mmanụ na-emepụta site na olulu mmiri bụ naanị a dị iche nke mmepụta arụmọrụ. Na Russia, mmanụ mmanụ si n'olulu mmiri gbapuru malitere na 1864 na Kuban. Debit mmepụta n'oge ahụ 190 ton kwa ụbọchị. Iji nwekwuo uru na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ukwuu anya na mmịpụta nke ígwè ọrụ, na ná mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 Russia na-edu ndú na mmanụ mmepụta.

The mbụ isi ebe nke mmanụ mmịpụta bụ North Caucasus na Soviet Russia (Maikop, Grozny) na Baku (Azerbaijan). Ndị a depleting okenye ubi ke izute mkpa nke ndị na-emepe emepe ụlọ ọrụ, na ịrịba mgbalị e mere na-emeghe ọhụrụ ubi. N'ihi ya, na-etinye n'ime ọrụ a ole na ole dị n'ubi Central Asia, Bashkortostan, Perm na Kuibyshev mpaghara, a na-akpọ Volga-Ural isi e guzobere.

Olu nke mmanụ na-emepụta ruru 31 nde tọn. Na 60s na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amịpụtara nwa gold bilitere na 148 nde tọn, nke 71% dara na Volga-Ural mpaghara. Na afọ 70 anyị na a chọpụtara na etinyere n'olu ego nke West Siberia efere. nnukwu ego nke gas ego a hụrụ C mmanụ ngagharị.

The uru nke mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ maka aku na uba nke Russia

Mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ nwere a ịrịba mmetụta na Russian aku na uba. Ugbu a, ọ bụ ihe ndabere maka guzobe nke mmefu ego na ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na ndi nke aku na uba. The na-eri nke mba ego bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabere na ụwa mmanụ ahịa. Gbazere na Russia, carbon ike nwere ike n'ụzọ zuru ezu izute anụ ụlọ ina mmanụ ụgbọala, inye ume nche nke obodo ma na-a ịrịba onyinye ụwa ike na ngwaọrụ aku na uba.

The Russian Federation nnukwu hydrocarbon nwere. Russian mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ bụ otu n'ime ụwa na-eduga, n'ụzọ zuru ezu-emezu ihe ndị dị ugbu a na-eme n'ọdịnihu esịtidem ina mmanụ, eke gas na nụchara anụcha ngwaahịa. A ịrịba ego nke hydrocarbon ego na ha na ngwaahịa na-exported, na-enye replenishment nke ego mee. Russian na-ewe nke abụọ kasị ukwuu olu nke mmiri mmiri hydrocarbon mee si banyere 10% ike. Mmanụ mee e enyoba na mepụtara ke ogbu nke 35 Russian mpaghara.

Mmanụ na Gas Industry: Structure

E nwere ọtụtụ bughi isi Filiks nke mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ: ụlọ ọrụ maka mmịpụta nke mmanụ na gas njem na nhazi.

• Hydrocarbon mmepụta - a mgbagwoju usoro gụnyere ngagharị, mkpọpu ala, mmepụta na kpọmkwem site isi ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri, sọlfọ na ndị ọzọ adịghị. Mmịpụta na pumping nke mmanụ na gas na ọnụ aku azụmahịa ajụjụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ bughi nkeji, nke akụrụngwa na-agụnye booster mgbapụta na ịgba ụgbọ, orùrù nke mmiri na mmanụ.
• Transportation nke mmanụ na gas si mmepụta saịtị na-aza ajụjụ nkeji, ka processors na kacha n'ji rụrụ site n'aka pipeline, mmiri, okporo ụzọ na okporo ígwè iga. Paịpụ (azu na ogwe) ndị kasị echekwa ụzọ ibufe hydrocarbons, ọ bụ ezie na dị nnọọ oké ọnụ nrụnye na mmezi. Pipeline iga nke mmanụ na gas aga karịrị anya, gụnyere dị iche iche na-enye. Ụgbọ njem waterways iji ụgbọ mmiri tanker na barges na a Ndahie nke ruo 320 puku. Ise rụrụ ke anya na nkwukọrịta. Okporo ígwè na azụmahịa ugbo ala nwekwara ike ga-eji na crude mmanụ ụgbọ njem karịrị anya, ma ihe kasị eri irè maka dịtụ mkpirikpi ụzọ gasị.
• Nhazi nke raw hydrocarbon ike emepụta nweta dị iche iche nke mmanụ ala na ngwaahịa. Mbụ, ha dị iche iche nke mmanụ a na ngwaọrụ maka inwekwu chemical nhazi. The usoro a rụrụ na mmanụ osisi. The ikpeazụ nhazi nke ngwaahịa, dabere na chemical mejupụtara, na-ekewa n'ime dị iche iche na ụdị. The ikpeazụ n'ichepụta nzọụkwụ na-enwetara site agwakọta dị iche iche mmiri iji nweta ihe ndị ha chọrọ mejupụtara kwekọrọ a akpan akpan ika nke mmanụ ala na ngwaahịa.

RF ubi

Russian mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ na-agụnye 2352 mepere emepe oilfields. Russia kasị ukwuu mmanụ na gas region bụ Western Siberia akụkọ ihe 60% nke niile amịpụtara nwa gold. Ukwuu nke mmanụ na gas na-emepụta na KhantyMansiysk na Yamalo kwurula ebe. Olu nke mmepụta nke ngwaahịa na ndị ọzọ na mpaghara nke Russian Federation:

• Volga-Ural isi - 22%.
• Eastern Siberia - 12%.
• Northern ego - 5%.
• Caucasus - 1%.

Ruru Western Siberia ke eke gas esịmde fọrọ nke nta 90%. The nnukwu ego (banyere 10 puku ijeri cubic mita) na-na Urengoy ubi na Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Olu nke gas mmepụta ke ọzọ n'ógbè nke Russian Federation:

• Far East - 4.3%.
• Volga-Ural nkwụnye ego - 3.5%.
• Yakutia na Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
• Caucasus - 2.1%.

Nhazi nke mmanụ na gas

The ọrụ nke nhazi iji tọghata crude mmanụ na gas na azụmahịa na ngwaahịa. mmanụ ala na ngwaahịa na-agụnye mmanụ, mmanụ ụgbọala maka ugbo ala, ugboelu mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel. The usoro na-agụnye ejegharịrị esi, agụụ esi, catalytic ịgbazigharị, cracking, alkylation, isomerization na hydrotreating.

eke gas nhazi agụnye mkpakọ-amine ọcha, glycolic ihicha. The usoro nke fractionation agụnye nkewa nke gasị eke gas stream n'ime ya constituent akụkụ: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane na eke mmanụ ụgbọala.

The kasị ibu na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na Russia

Ná mmalite, ihe niile nke kasị mmanụ na gas ubi e mepụtara nanị site na steeti. Ka ụbọchị, ndị a ụlọ ọrụ dị maka site onwe ụlọ ọrụ. Total mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ na Russia nwere ihe karịrị 15 isi na Ngwuputa ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere maara nke ọma "Gazprom", "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Surgutneftegaz".

The kasị ibu Russian ụlọ ọrụ na ubi nke gas mmepụta na nhazi bụ "Gazprom" na "Novatek". Na mmanụ ala na ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga itie ke ahịa nke "Rosneft", dị ka na-eduga ụlọ ọrụ ndị na "Lukoil", "Gazprom Neft" na "Surgutneftegaz".

Mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ: nyochaa nke ọnọdụ na ụwa

Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pụtara mmanụ mee nke Russian Federation họọrọ isii na ụwa. Gosipụtara mee bụ ndị na ike na-enweta site na iji oge a na teknụzụ. Eduga ọnọdụ na ụwa na-ewe Venezuela. The ego nke mmanụ mee na mba - 298 ijeri barel. Pụtara eke gas mee na Russia bụ 47,6 puku ijeri cubic mita. Ọ bụ mbụ index na ụwa na 32% nke ụwa ọnụ. The abụọ gas soplaya n'ụwa bụ na Middle East.

Mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ na ụwa na-enye ohere anyị aka idozi mkpa akụ na ụba, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekọta mmadụ nsogbu. Mgbe mma ọnọdụ na ụwa ume ahịa, ọtụtụ suppliers nke mmanụ na gas na-efu nke enwetakwa site ebupụ emejuputa ịrịba investments na akụ na ụba mba, na-egosi enweghị ibu Ọnọdụ. The kasị mara ihe atụ nwere ike ga-atụle ka mba na South-West Asia, nakwa dị ka Norway, nke bụ ala ulo oru mmepe, ekele hydrocarbon mee, aghọwo otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ọgaranya mba Europe.

development atụmanya

Russian mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabere na nke omume nke ahịa isi rivals maka mmịpụta: Saudi Arabia na United States. N'onwe ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amịpụtara hydrocarbons anaghị ekpebi ụwa ahịa. The kasị index bụ pasent nke mmịpụta na otu mmanụ ike. The na-eri nke mmepụta nke 1 gbọmgbọm na mba dị iche iche-isi nke mmepụta dịgasị ukwuu: kasị ala na Middle East, na kasị elu na United States. Mgbe ahaghị nhata olu nke mmanụ ahịa nwere ike ịgbanwe na otu ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ụzọ.