Semiconductor Lasers: ụdị ngwaọrụ, na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ, na ojiji nke

Semiconductor lasers bụ kwantum generators dabeere okporo ọkụ ifịk-ajụ, nke ngwa anya amplification site kpaliri emission na-kere na ntughari n'etiti kwantum ike na ọkwa na a elu ịta nke free ụgwọ ebu dị n'ógbè ahụ.

Semiconductor laser: ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe

Nọmalị, ọtụtụ ndị electrons emi odude ke valency larịị. N'oge obibia photon ike uku ike gbalaga ọdịiche, a okporo ọkụ, electrons abata ala nke excitation, na-agbasa a machibidoro iwu mpaghara, na-akpụ akpụ n'ime a free mpaghara, na-etinye uche na ya ala nsọtụ. N'out oge, a oghere guzobere valence larịị, na-ebili ka ya elu ókè. The electrons na free mpaghara recombine na oghere, radiating ike hà ka ike nke-agbawa mpaghara, n'ụdị photons. Recombination nwere ike enwekwukwa photons zuru ezu ike larịị. Space nkọwa kwekọrọ na Fermi nkesa ọrụ.

ngwaọrụ

The okporo ọkụ laser ngwaọrụ bụ a laser diode pumped ume electrons na n'oghere ebe p-n-mgbanwe - n'ókè nke na kọntaktị na conductive okporo ọkụ p- na n-ụdị. Ọzọkwa, e nwere okporo ọkụ lasers na ngwa anya ike itinye ihe na nke okporo osisi a kpụrụ site absorption nke photons nke ìhè na kwantum cascade lasers, nke dabeere na ikwu n'ụzọ n'ime zones.

Ọdịdị

Ahụkarị ogige eji okporo ọkụ lasers na ndị ọzọ na optoelectronic ngwaọrụ, dị ka ndị a:

• gallium arsenide;
• gallium phosphide;
• gallium nitride;
• indium phosphide;
• indium gallium arsenide;
• gallium aluminum arsenide;
• gallium-indium-gallium nitride;
• phosphide, gallium-indium.

wavelength

A ogige - kpọmkwem-ọdịiche Semiconductors. Indirect- (sịlịkọn) anaghị emit ìhè zuru ezu ike na arụmọrụ. The wavelength nke na ụzarị ọkụ nke diode laser na-adabere na ike nke photon ike na-eru nso mmachi ọdịiche nke akpan akpan compound. The 3- na 4-akụrụngwa okporo ọkụ ogige ike gbalaga ọdịiche nwere ike nọgidere iche iche n'elu a dịgasị iche iche. Na AlGaAs = Al _x Ga _1-x Dị ka ihe atụ, na-amụba aluminum ọdịnaya (abawanye na x) nwere mmetụta nke na-abawanye na ike gbalaga ọdịiche.

Ezie na ọtụtụ nkịtị okporo ọkụ lasers rụọ ọrụ na nso infrared akụkụ nke ụdịdị dị iche iche, ụfọdụ emit red (gallium indium phosphide), acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ acha odo odo (gallium nitride) na agba. Nkezi infrared okporo ọkụ laser (edu ndú selenide) na kwantum cascade lasers.

organic Semiconductors

E wezụga n'elu inorganic ogige ike ga-eji na organic. Kwesịrị ekwesị technology ka n'okpuru mmepe, ma ya mmepe kwere nkwa budata belata na-eri nke mmepụta nke lasers. N'ihi ya, anya, naanị mepụtara organic lasers na ngwa anya ike itinye ihe na elu-arụmọrụ electric mgbapụta erubeghị a ruru.

umu

Site a plurality nke okporo ọkụ lasers na dị iche iche kwa na ngwa uru.

Obere laser diodes emepụta a doo nke elu-edu n'ibu radieshon onye ike àmà site a narị ole na ole ka na narị ise milliwatts. na laser diode mgbawa bụ a mkpa akụkụ anọ efere, nke na-eje ozi dị ka a waveguide, ebe ọ bụ ụzarị ọkụ naanị a obere ohere. Crystal doped na abụọ ịmepụta a pn-mgbanwe nke a nnukwu ebe. The polished nsọtụ ịmepụta otu ngwa anya resonator nke a Fabry - Perot interferometer. Photon agafe uji eze ime ka recombination radieshon ga-amụba, na o ga-amalite ọgbọ. Ha na-eji laser pointer, CD- na DVD-Player, nakwa dị ka eriri optic.

Low ike lasers na ihe siri ike lasers na mpụga oghere n'ihi na ha na-adịghị pulses nwere ike mekọrịta ihe.

okporo ọkụ lasers na mpụga oghere ugbua ka enwere a laser diode, nke-arụ ọrụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke uru na-ajụ ọzọ laser-resonator. Ike nke na-agbanwe agbanwe na wavelengths na nwere a warara emission gbalaga.

Ọgwụ lasers bụ okporo ọkụ n'ógbè radieshon na a sara mbara gbalaga, nwere ike n'ịwa a ala àgwà doo ike nke ọtụtụ Watts. Ọ mejupụtara a mkpa ifịk oyi akwa ewekarị n'etiti p- na n-oyi akwa, akpụ a abụọ heterojunction. The usoro nke mgbochi nke ìhè na mpụta direction na-efu, nke utịp ke akwa doo ellipticity na unacceptably elu fọrọ okwukwo.

Ike diode arrays, esịnede otu n'usoro nke diodes, brọdband, ike nke na-amị a doo nke mediocre quality ike nke iri puku kwuru iri watts.

Ike abụọ akụkụ arrays nke diodes ike igbanye a ike nke ọtụtụ narị puku ndị watts.

N'elu-emitting lasers (VCSEL) emitting ìhè mmepụta doo àgwà ọtụtụ milliwatts perpendicular na efere. Na ụzarị ọkụ n'elu resonator mirror na-etinyere n'ụdị n'ígwé na dynes ¼-efegharị efegharị dị iche iche na Refractive indices. On a otu mgbawa nwere ike ọtụtụ narị lasers, nke ga-emepe-ekwe omume nke uka mmepụta.

C VECSEL lasers ngwa anya ike itinye ihe na mpụga resonator ike nke na-amụba a doo nke ezi mma ike nke ọtụtụ watts na a mode kpochidoro.

Ọrụ okporo ọkụ laser kwantum cascade ụdị dabeere na ikwu n'ụzọ n'ime ìgwè (dị iche na interband). Ndị a na ngwaọrụ emit n'etiti mpaghara nke infrared ụdịdị dị iche iche, mgbe ụfọdụ, na terahertz nso. Ha na-eji ihe atụ, dị ka gas analyzers.

Semiconductor lasers: ngwa na isi akụkụ nke

Elu-ike diode lasers na ukwuu electrically pumped na agafeghị oke voltages na-eji dị ukwuu irè n'aka kpọbata ike siri ike kwuo lasers.

Semiconductor lasers nwere ike rụọ ọrụ na a nnukwu iche iche nke frequencies na-agụnye anya, nso infrared na n'etiti infrared akụkụ nke ụdịdị dị iche iche. Kere ngwaọrụ-agbanwe izducheniya ugboro.

Laser diodes nwere ike ngwa ngwa ịgbanwee na modulate ngwa anya ike nke na-eji eriri optic nkwurịta okwu edoghi transmitters.

Àgwà ndị a mere ka okporo ọkụ lasers bụ technologically kasị mkpa ụdị maser. Ha na-eji:

• a telemetry sensọ, pyrometers, ngwa anya altimeter, rangefinders, nlegharị anya, holography;
• eriri ngwa anya nnyefe usoro na data nchekwa, coherent nkwurịta okwu usoro;
• laser na-ebi akwụkwọ, video projectors, pointers, mmanya koodu nyocha, image nyocha, CD-Player (DVD, CD, Blu-Ray);
• na nche na usoro, kwantum Cryptography, akpaaka, na-egosi;
• na ngwa anya metrology na spectroscopy;
• na ịwa ahụ, dentistry, cosmetology, ọgwụ;
• mmiri dị ọcha, ihe njikwa, pumping nke siri ike kwuo lasers, akara chemical Jeremaya mere na ulo oru sorting, ulo oru ígwè, mgbanye usoro, na ikuku na-azara ọnụ na usoro.

usu mmepụta

Kasị okporo ọkụ laser site a na-aga n'ihu ákwà. N'ihi na obere obibi oge nke electrons na conduction larịị ha na-adịghị nnọọ mma n'ihi na ha na a Q-Switched pulses, ma na-azọrọ-aga n'ihu mode nke ọrụ nwere ike budata dịkwuo kwantum generator ike. Ke adianade do, okporo ọkụ lasers mee ihe ọgbọ nke ultrashort usu mode-ekpochi ma ọ bụ ịmafe nke uru. Nkezi ike obere pulses, na-emekarị-ejedebeghị na a ole na ole milliwatts ma e wezụga VECSEL-optically pumped lasers, nke mmepụta wattage tụrụ picosecond pulses na a ugboro ole na iri puku kwuru iri gigahertz.

Mgbanwe ụda olu na stabilization

The uru nke obere obi elektrọn na conduction gbalaga nke okporo ọkụ lasers bụ ikike modulate na elu ugboro nke nwere VCSEL-lasers karịa 10 GHz. Ọ na-e-eji na ngwa anya data nnyefe, spectroscopy, laser stabilization.