Optical iko na a convex-concave ebupụta: rụpụta, were. Lens, etokwa iko

Optical iko - ọ na-akpan mere uzo iko, nke a na-eji dị ka akụkụ nke ngwa anya ngwaọrụ. Ọ dị iche si na-emebu-adị ọcha na nghọta, Ime Otu na colorless. Ọ na-erube nnọọ ụkọ dispersion na Refractive ike. Nnabata na ndị dị otú ahụ a chọrọ enwekwu mgbagwoju na-eri nke mmepụta.

akụkọ

Ị nwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke anụ ụlọ iji anya m, dị ka a etokwa iko - nkịtị etokwa iko - ọ na-enyere ike a obere ntule si nkịtị smart ekwentị, ma ngwa anya iko abụghị ogologo oge gara aga.

The anya m nwere a mara ebe oge ochie, kama nke mbụ njọ iji ike a window nke yiri nke na-eji oge a ngwaọrụ, nwere ike ekewet na Asaa na narị afọ. N'ihi ya, German mmiri ọgwụ Kunkel na otu nke ọrụ ya kwuru phosphoric acid na boric acid ke iko akụrụngwa. O kwukwara borosilicate okpueze, nke dị nso na ụfọdụ oge a ihe mejupụtara. Nke a nwere ike na-akpọ nke mbụ nke ọma ahụmahụ ke imewe nke iko, na-enwe ụfọdụ ngwa anya Njirimara na a zuru ezu ogo anụ ahụ na chemical homogeneity.

na ụlọ ọrụ

Imewe nke ngwa anya iko na ihe ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ malitere na n'oge XIX narị afọ. Swiss Gian njikọ na Fraunhofer ẹkenam ke otu n'ime ụlọ mmepụta ihe na Bavaria dịtụ mụ usoro ndị dị otú ahụ na iko. The ịga nke ọma nke n'ikuku a gbazee agwakọta eji a okirikiri ngagharị ekwesị mikpuru ụrọ iko mkpara. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ike iji nweta ihe ngwa anya iko na-eju afọ àgwà, na a dayameta nke 250 mm.

oge a na mmepụta

Na nkwadebe acha ngwa anya iko mee mmako ihe na ọla kọpa, selenium, gold, silver na ndị ọzọ na ọla. Nri na-abịa site ogbe. Ọ na-kwajuru n'ime fireproof ite, nke, n'aka, na-enịm ke otu iko agbaze ọkụ. The ụgwọ mejupụtara pụrụ ịgụnye ruo 40% nke n'efu iko, ihe dị mkpa na-ekwu bụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke iko cullet na nri. Glass gbazee n'oge nri nọgidere kpaliri na a spatula mere nke ceramik ma ọ bụ platinum. N'ihi ya, ọ na-enweta a homogeneous ala.

N'oge ruo n'oge, gbazee ẹka ikpe, nke àgwà a na-achịkwa. Nzọụkwụ dị mkpa bụ esi bleaching: ke iko si clarifiers umi mbụ kwukwara na mejupụtara nke ihe-ndebe, amalite nhọrọ ọkpụrụkpụ ego nke, haruru. Nleta nnukwu egosipụta na-ebili ngwa ngwa, nwụchiri n'otu oge nta egosipụta-apụghị izere ezere kpụrụ n'oge nri usoro.

Ná mmechi, ite na-amịpụtara si kwanyere ọkụ na mgbe cools nwayọọ nwayọọ. Jụrụ, onye na-adịghị pụrụ iche usoro, nwere ike ịdịru ruo ụbọchị asatọ. Ọ ga-edo, ma ọ bụ nwere ike guzobere uka nke n'ibu nsogbu na-eme ka cracks.

Njirimara

Optical iko - a ihe maka mmepụta nke anya m. Ha, n'aka, na-ekewa site ụdị na ikpokọta na dispersing. Anakọtara ezo biconvex na plano-convex oghere na a concave-convex, na-agba aha "nti meniscus".

The ngwa anya iko nwere ọtụtụ e ji mara:

• Refractive index kpebisiri ike site abụọ spektral edoghi, nke na-akpọ sodium doublet;
• nkezi ndịiche, nke a kọwara dị ka ihe dị iche n'etiti Refractive index nke acha uhie uhie na-acha anụnụ anụnụ e nke ụdịdị dị iche iche;
• dispersion akpata - ọnụ ọgụgụ nyere site ruru nke nkezi dispersion na Refractive index.

Acha ngwa anya iko na-eji maka mmepụta nke absorption nzacha. Dabere na ihe onwunwe, e nwere atọ isi ụdị nke ngwa anya iko:

• inorganic;
• Plexiglas (organic);
• ịnweta ma organic.

The mejupụtara nke inorganic iko gụnyere oxides na fluorides. Gwakọtara ngwa anya iko nwekwara akọ inorganic (chemical usoro SiO _2). Quartz nwere a ala Refractive index na elu index nke ìhè nnyefe, ya e ji iguzogide okpomọkụ. Wide nghọta nso nwere ike ji mee n'oge a telekomunikashions (eriri optic cable, wdg), dị ka silicate iko dị oké mkpa ke imewe nke ngwa anya anya m, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ka etokwa iko nke quartz.

Na ndabere nke sịlịkọn

Uzo silica iko nwere ike ịbụ ma ngwa anya na oru. Optical arụpụtara site-agbaze nkume crystal, naanị otú nwetara n'ụzọ zuru ezu homogeneous Ọdịdị. The opaque iko maka agba nke obere gas egosipụta n'ime ihe.

Na mgbakwunye na silica iko-emepụta na a sịlịkọn isi na ndị na-akpọ sịlịkọn iko, nke, n'agbanyeghị nke yiri isi nwere dị iche iche ngwa anya Njirimara. The sịlịkọn ọcha nwere ike diffract X-ụzarị na infrared radieshon gafee.

plexiglass

The na-akpọ acrylic iko dabeere a sịntetik polima ihe onwunwe. Nke a uzo na ihe siri ike ihe onwunwe bụ a thermoplastic na a na-eji dị ka a dochie quartz iko. Plexiglas eguzogide ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi ihe ndị dị ka iru mmiri na ala okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ softer na ya mere ndị ọzọ susceptible ka n'ibu nchegbu. N'ihi na nke softness nke organic ngwa anya iko dị nnọọ ke nhazi - ya nwere ike "na-" ọbụna mfe ngwaọrụ nke ịcha metal.

A ihe onwunwe bụ n'ụzọ zuru okè kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na laser ọgwụgwọ, ọ dị mfe itinye a ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ osise. Dị ka a oghere, o zuru okè na-egosipụta infrared ụzarị ma Site n'ibu ultraviolet ìhè na X-ụzarị.

ngwa

Optical iko bụ ọtụtụ ebe ada maka amị anya m, nke, n'aka, na-eji ọtụtụ ngwa anya na usoro. Single ikpokọta oghere eji dị ka a etokwa iko. Usoro anya m bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke bụ isi ma ọ bụ na usoro dị ka maka anya abuo, scopes, microscopes, theodolites, telescopes, ese foto na akụrụngwa.

Dịkwa mkpa bụ ngwa anya iko maka mkpa nke ophthalmology, n'ihi na enweghị ha ike ma ọ bụ gaghị ekwe omume iji dozie adịghị ike nke n'anya (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, nsogbu nke ulo na ọrịa ndị ọzọ). Eyeglass na diopters nwere ike ma si quartz iko, na nke elu àgwà plastic.

astronomy

Optical iko dị mkpa na ndị kasị oké ọnụ akụrụngwa nke ọ bụla teliskop. Ọtụtụ Fans onwe ha na-anakọta refractors, a na-achọ a ntakịrị, ma ihe kacha mkpa - plano iko oghere.

Ná mmalite nke narị afọ gara aga na-eme ka onye dị ike na mbara igwe anya m, na ndị ọzọ kpomkwem ya polished, ọ pụrụ iri ọtụtụ afọ. Ihe atụ, na 1982, na nde Charles Yerkes tụgharịa isi nke University of Chicago Vilyam Harper na-arịọ ego Observatory. Yerkes-etinye n'ime ya puku narị atọ dollar, na puku mmadụ iri anọ na nọrọ na Ịzụ nke anya m ike kacha ike n'oge nke teliskop na mbara ala. Observatory aha mgbe ndị financier Yerkes, na otú anya a refractor oghere na a dayameta nke 102 cm a na-ewere ndị kasị ibu n'ụwa.

Telescopes na a nnukwu dayameta bụ reflectors, e nwere a ìhè-owuwe ihe ubi mirror mmewere.

E nwere ihe ọzọ ụdị anya m ji na mbara igwe, na ophthalmology - iko na convex-concave ebupụta, nke a na-akpọ meniscus. O nwere ike ịbụ nke abụọ na ụdị: na chụsasịrị nzukọ. The chụsasịrị meniscus ihu òkè thicker center na thinner na collection bụ a akụkụ.