Site na ya ogige. Uru ojiji nke site ogige

N'etiti nri dị mkpa ka igbunye a pụrụ iche na ebe ọ bụ site. N'ihi na ọ na-apụghị-adị enweghị ndị dị otú ahụ dị mkpa ogige, dị ka ATP ma ọ bụ phospholipids nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ organic bekee. Agaghi asu inorganic na a mmewere bụ nnọọ ọgaranya dị iche iche ụmụ irighiri ihe. Site na ya ogige na-ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ, dị mkpa nketa oke na ndu Filiks, na-eji dị iche iche ubi nke mmadụ ọrụ. Ya mere, anyị na-atụle ihe kasị nke mmewere, ihe bụ nke ya mfe umi na ihe ndị kasị mkpa ogige.

Site: a n'ozuzu nkọwa nke mmewere

Itie ke oge usoro nwere ike kọwara na a ole na ole na paragraf.

1. The ise otu, isi otu.
2. A atọ obere oge.
3. Serial nọmba - 15.
4. Atomic uka - 30,974.
5. E nhazi 1s atọm ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3S 3p ^{2 3.}
6. Ekwe Omume ọxịdashọn steeti -3 ka +5.
7. The chemical akara - P na formulas pronunciation "Pee". Aha nke mmewere - site. The Latin aha nke Site.

History of nchọpụta nke atọm nwere na mgbọrọgwụ ya na anya XII narị afọ. Ọbụna na ndekọ nke alchemists zutere ozi, na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe na-na-amaghị "luminous" okwu. Otú ọ dị, na ukara ụbọchị nke chọpụtara na njikọ nke site malitere na 1669. Odida shopping Brand ahịa search nke ọkà ihe ọmụma si nkume enweghị usoro synthesized umi, nke nwere ike emit a na-egbuke egbuke na-egbukepụ egbukepụ na ọkụ na-ekpu ìsì ire ọkụ. O mere nke a site na ugboro ugboro calcination mmadụ mmamịrị.

Mgbe ọ onwe banyere otu ụzọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọrụ mmewere na natara:

• J. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle;
• A. Marggraf;
• K. Scheele;
• Lavoisier.

Taa, otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu na usoro nke njikọ nke umi - mweghachi nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ site-nwere minerals na okpomọkụ n'okpuru nduzi nke carbon dioxide na silica. The usoro a rụrụ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche Ighe Ihe. Site na ya ogige ndị dị oké mkpa bekee maka ndụ nakwa dị ka a dịgasị iche iche nke syntheses na chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ihe bụ ifịk mmewere dị ka a dị mfe umi na ebe ke uwa ẹdude.

Simple umi site

O siri ike aha ọ bụla njikọ, na ikpe nke phosphorus. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke allotropic mgbanwe na nwere nke a mmewere. E nwere ihe anọ isi ụdị nke mfe bekee nke phosphorus.

1. White. Nke a compound onye usoro R _4. Ọ bụ a na-acha ọcha, a obodo umi-enwe a nkọ wetara isi nke garlic. Ọ ignites spontaneously ikuku na nkịtị okpomọkụ. Asakde luminous acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Nnọọ na-egbu egbu na ize ndụ ndụ. Oké elu reactivity, n'ihi ya, ọ na-akwadebe ma echekwara n'okpuru a oyi akwa nke ọcha mmiri. Nke a kwere omume n'ihi na ndị ogbenye solubility na polar solvents. Ọ kasị mma n'ihi na nke a kwesịrị ekwesị disulfide ọcha site na organic okwu. Mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, ọ nwere ike zigara ndị na-esonụ allotropic forms - red site. Mgbe obi jụrụ na condensing na Alụlụụ bụ ike na-etolite n'ígwé. Na aka nke kegriiz, adụ, mfe ọnwụ mma, na-acha ọcha (ubé odo). The agbaze n'ókè nke 44 ⁰ C. N'ihi reactivity na-eji na njikọ. Ma n'ihi na nke toxicity nwere obosara ulo oru ngwa.
2. Yellow. Nke a bụ ihe ọjọọ ọcha ụdị ọcha site. Ọ bụ ọbụna ihe nsi, dị ka wetara-esi isi nke garlic. Ignites na Burns na a na-egbuke egbuke ire ọkụ achasi green. A-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ aja aja kristal adịghị igbari ke mmiri kpamkpam, zuru ọxịdashọn klọb emit ọcha anwụrụ ọkụ mejupụtara P ₄ O _10.
3. Red site na ya ogige bụ kasị na-akacha eji na ụlọ ọrụ nke modifying n'ụlọnga. Red pasty uka, nke dị na elu nsogbu nwere ike gafee n'ụdị violet kristal bụ na ya na-adịghị ejekwa. Nke a polima bụ ike nke na dissolving naanị na ụfọdụ ọla na karịa ihe ọ bụla. Na okpomọkụ nke 250 ⁰ C na-sublimated site agafe a ọcha mgbanwe. Non-egbu egbu dị ukwuu dị ka ndị gara aga ụdị. Otú ọ dị, na ruo ogologo oge n'ebe ahụ na-egbu egbu. Ọ na-eji na-etinye a mkpuchi na mgbanye matchboxes. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ọ na-apụghị edita spontaneously, ma mgbe denotation na esemokwu explodes (udo).
4. Black. Dị ka mpụga data dị yiri nnọọ graphite, ọ bụkwa a obi ike aka. Nke a okporo ọkụ eletrik. Dark kristal, nke onwunwu, na-adịghị ike a gbazee ọ bụla solvents na niile. Na ọ ka ìhè nwuo, i kwesịrị nnọọ elu okpomọkụ na tupu raskalivanie.

otú a kwa na-enweghị mmasị na ogologo-emeghe ụdị site - na metal. Ọ bụ a na-eduzi ya na nwere a cubic crystal lattice.

chemical Njirimara

Chemical Njirimara nke site na-adabere na ụdị nke ọ na-emi odude. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ihe kasị ike na-acha odo odo na-acha ọcha mgbanwe. Ke ofụri ofụri, site ike iwe iwe na:

• ọla-akpụ phosphides na-eme dị ka ndị oxidant;
• ndị na-abụghị ọla, na-eme dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na-etolite obodo ma na-abụghị obodo ogige nke a dị iche iche ụdị;
• ike oxidants agafe n'ime phosphoric acid ;
• na ndọpụ caustic alkali site disproportionation ụdị;
• na mmiri na dị nnọọ elu okpomọkụ;
• na oxygen na-etolite dị iche iche oxides.

Chemical Njirimara nke site yiri ndị nke nitrogen. n'ihi na ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu ìgwè pniktogenov. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ nke ọtụtụ iwu nke ịdị ukwuu elu, ekele dịgasị iche iche nke allotropic mgbanwe.

N'ịbụ agwa

Dị ka nri, site bụ a nnọọ nkịtị. Ya pasent bụ 0,09% na jikọrọ ọnụ. Nke a bụ a pụtara nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ. Ebe hụrụ nke a atọm na ọdịdị? E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi ebe:

• akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke osisi, ha osisi na mkpụrụ osisi;
• anụmanụ na nsụkọrọ (muscle, ọkpụkpụ, ezé Enamel, ọtụtụ mkpa organic ogige);
• Earth jikọrọ ọnụ;
• ala;
• nkume na mineral;
• oké osimiri mmiri.

Na nke a anyị nwere ike ikwu naanị banyere yiri iche-iche, ma adịghị mfe. Mgbe niile, ọ bụ ya bụ nke nọ n'ọrụ, na ọ na-adịghị ekwe ya ka ọ bụrụ free. N'etiti ndị kasị baa ọgaranya minerals site na:

• Inglish;
• ftorapaptit;
• svanbergite;
• site na ndị ọzọ na.

The ndu nke a pụtara ihe na-apụghị overemphasized. Mgbe niile, ọ bụ ya bụ a akụkụ nke ogige dị ka:

• na-edozi;
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• fosfoproteidy;
• enzymes.

Nke ahụ bụ, ndị niile dị mkpa na na Mee na dum dum. Daily norm maka nkịtị mmadụ okenye nke banyere 2 grams.

Site na ya ogige

Dị ka a nnọọ ọrụ, ifịk ifịk mmewere Nleta a plurality nke dị iche iche bekee. Mgbe niile na ọ forms na phosphide, na ya onwe ya na-eme dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga. N'ihi nke a, o nwere ike na o siri ike na-akpọ ihe mmewere nke ahụ ga-inert na mmeghachi omume ya. Na Ya mere ogige nke usoro site nnọọ iche iche. Otu nwere ike nyekwa a ọnụ ọgụgụ klas nke bekee na guzobere nke ọ bụ na-ekerechi òkè.

1. Ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige - oxides, phosphides, hydrogen obodo compound, sulfide, nitride, na ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ihe atụ: P ₂ O _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _3, PH _3, na ndị ọzọ.
2. Mgbagwoju bekee: salts niile ụdị (nkezi, acidic, isi, abụọ, mgbagwoju), asịd. Ihe Nlereanya: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ O _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (NH _{4) 2} HPO ₄ na ndị ọzọ.
3. Oxygen-nwere organic ogige: ndi na-edozi, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, na ndị ọzọ.

Ọtụtụ ụdị nke bekee kwuru na ndị dị mkpa na ulo oru na ndu uru. The ojiji nke site na ya ogige ma ikekwe maka ọgwụ nzube na n'ihi na mmepụta nke nkiti ihe n'ụlọ.

Ogige na ọla

Ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige nke site na ọla na nonmetals ndị na-erughị electronegative aha phosphides. Nke a nnu-ka bekee nke nwere oké ọgba aghara mgbe ọ gụrụ dị iche iche mmadụ. Otito decomposition (hydrolysis) arụpụta ọbụna okporo mmiri.

Ọzọkwa, n'okpuru ihe nke unconcentrated acid emee ka disintegration gị n'ụlọnga na kwekọrọ ekwekọ ngwaahịa. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere hydrolysis nke calcium phosphide, ngwaahịa ga-metal hydroxide na phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6H ₂ O = 3Ca (OH) ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

A phosphide n'inwe degradable n'okpuru edinam nke a ịnweta acid, anyị na-enweta kwekọrọ ekwekọ nnu na phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

Ke ofụri ofụri, na uru nke isiokwu ogige dị ka oge na hydrogen guzobere n'ihi nke a site compound, onye Njirimara na-atụle n'isiokwu n'okpuru.

Volatiles site dabeere

E nwere isi ihe abụọ bụ:

• ọcha site;
• phosphine.

On n'ala anyị ugbua e kwuru n'elu, na àgwà nke drive. Ha kwuru na ọ bụ a na-acha ọcha na oké anwụrụ ọkụ, dị nnọọ nsi, aṅụrụma ruru na onwe-amụnye n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ.

Ma ihe bụ phosphine? Nke a bụ ihe kasị ebe nile ma mara obodo umi, nke na-agụnye ndị mmewere na-atụle. Ọ bụ ọnụọgụ abụọ, na nke abụọ so - hydrogen. Formula hydrogen site ogige - PH _3, aha nke phosphine.

Njirimara nke ihe a nwere ike kọwara dị ka ndị a.

1. Iberibe colorless gas.
2. Nnọọ na-egbu egbu.
3. Ọ nwere isi nke rere ure na-azu.
4. Ebe ọ bụ na mmiri na-adịghị na-eme nnọọ ka ogbonye soluble na ya. Ọ bụ soluble na organic onwu.
5. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, na ya nke nọ n'ọrụ.
6. Ọ ignites spontaneously na ikuku.
7. Kpụrụ akpụ site na decomposition nke metal phosphide.

Aha ọzọ - PHOSPHAN. Ọ jikọtara ndị mere ndị kasị ochie. The dum oge "na-awagharị awagharị ọkụ" na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ hụrụ na-ahụ ugbu a ebe ili ozu, swamps. * Tụkwasị na ma ọ bụ svechepodobnye ọkụ na-egosi ebe a na e, na-eke ihe echiche nke ije, na-ewere a ọjọọ mgbaàmà, nabatakwa, na ha bụ ndị dị nnọọ egwu nke na nkwenkwe ụgha ndị mmadụ. Ihe kpatara nke a onu, dị ka onyinye echiche nke ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, nwere ike na-ewere onwe-mgbanye nke phosphine nke a na-ndammana emepụta site na decomposition nke organic residues, ma osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. The gas na-abịa si na-abịa na kọntaktị na oxygen, ìhè. The agba na size nke ire nwere ike dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-egbuke egbuke green ọkụ.

O doro anya na ihe niile ndị obodo site compound - nsi, nke na-adị mfe achọpụtara site a nkọ wetara ísì ụtọ. Nke a na atụmatụ-enyere aka igbochi nsi na wetara ya pụta.

The ogige na-abụghị ọla

Ọ bụrụ na site na-akpa àgwà dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga, ọ dị mkpa na-ekwu banyere ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige na-abụghị ọla. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha na-ọzọ electronegative. Ya mere, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke ihe ndị a na ụdị:

• site na sọlfọ compound - sulphide of site P ₂ S _3;
• site chloride III, V;
• oxides na anhydride;
• bromide na iodide, na ndị ọzọ.

onwu nke site na ya ogige iche iche, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ ike ịmata ihe ndị kasị mkpa. Na-ekwu okwu concretely nke bekee na-guzobere nke site na-abụghị ọla, ihe ndị kasị mkpa bụ oxides na chlorides nke dị iche iche ikwọ. Ha na-eji chemical njikọ dị ka a dehydrating gị n'ụlọnga, ka akpali, na otú pụta.

N'ihi ya, otu n'ime ndị kasị dị ike dehumidifying n'aka dị elu site oxide - P ₂ O _5. Ọ ike adọta mmiri nke mere na mgbe kpọmkwem na kọntaktị na ya na e nwere ihe ike mmeghachi omume na-ike na mkpọtụ ụbọ. N'onwe ya, umi bụ a na-acha ọcha snow yiri uka, na nchịkọta ala nso amorphous.

Oxygenated organic ogige na site

Ọ maara na organic onwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ogige karịrị nnọọ inorganic. Nke a na onu na-kọwara ikike nke isomerism, na carbon atọm na-etolite dị iche iche owuwu yinye atọm anọzi otu onye ọzọ. Kwesịrị ịdị, e nwere ụfọdụ iji, ie nhazi ọkwa, nke bụ isiokwu niile nke organic onwu. Dị iche iche ọmụmụ nke ogige, Otú ọ dị, anyị nwere mmasị na otu, na-metụtara ndị mmewere na ajụjụ. Nke a oxygen-nwere ogige ma site. Ndị a gụnyere:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, pyridoxal phosphate, na ndị ọzọ;
• na-edozi;
• nucleic asịd, dị ka nke phosphoric acid fọduru bụ akụkụ nke nucleotide;
• phospholipids na fosfoproteidy;
• enzymes na akpali.

Vid Iona, nke site ụmụ irighiri aka guzobe ndị a ogige, ndị na-esonụ - PO ₄ ^3-, ie ya bụ acid fọduru nke phosphoric acid. Ọdịdị nke ụfọdụ na-edozi ọ abatakwa a free atọm ma ọ bụ dị mfe ion.

N'ihi na kwesịrị ndụ onye nke ọ bụla n'ọrụ mmewere nke ndị dị ndụ organism na organic ogige kpụrụ ha dị oké mkpa na ọ dị mkpa. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ewu ọ bụla nke bughi akụkụ ahụ enweghị protein ụmụ irighiri. A DNA na RNA - isi na-ebu na transmitters nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi. Ke ofụri ofụri, niile njikọ ga-adị ugbu ghaghị.

The ojiji nke site na ụlọ ọrụ

The ojiji nke site na ya ogige na ndị ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ji na ọtụtụ ihe.

1. Ji imewe nke ọkụ, na-agbawa agbawa ogige, incendiary bombs, ụfọdụ fuels, lubricants.
2. Ka scavenger, haruru ka nke ọma dị ka imewe nke incandescent oriọna.
3. Iji chebe ọla megide corrosion.
4. Ugbo ka a ala fatịlaịza.
5. Dị ka a n'aka maka mmiri softening.
6. Na chemical syntheses na mmepụta nke dị iche iche bekee.

Ọrụ ndụ ntule na-ebelata ka isonye na Filiks nke guzobere nke eze na Enamel na ọkpụkpụ. Ikere na analogous na catabolism Jeremaya mere, nakwa dị ka mmezi nke esịtidem na gburugburu ebe obibi nke buffering mkpụrụ ndụ na ndu oke mmiri. Ọ bụ ihe ndabere maka njikọ nke DNA, RNA, phospholipids.