South Kuril agwaetiti: ihe mere eme, na-ekpe

The yinye agwaetiti n'etiti Kamchatka na Hokkaido, na convex aak ndinyanade mbịne n'agbata Oké Osimiri nke Okhotsk na Pacific Ocean, na ókè-ala nke Russia na Japan bụ South Kuril Islands - a ìgwè nke Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir na Iturup. Ebe ndị a na-aka site na ndị agbata obi anyị, nke ọbụna gụnyere ha na Japanese Prefecture nke Hokkaido. N'ihi na ebe ndị a na-nke akụ na ụba na usoro dị mkpa, ndị agha nke ndị Southern Kuril Islands na-aga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ afọ.

ọdịdị ala

Shikotan àgwàetiti ahụ bụ na otu ohere dị ka obodo nke Sochi bụ subtropical, na ndị ọzọ ala - na ohere nke Anapa. Otú ọ dị, ihu igwe nke elu-igwe e nwere mgbe na-adịghị anya. South Kuril Islands mgbe so Far North, ma ike mkpesa nke a oké arctic idụhe. Ebe winters bụ ihe milder, ọkụ summers bụghị nnọọ na-ekpo ọkụ. Nke a okpomọkụ, mgbe na February - coldest ọnwa - na-egosi temometa adịkarịghị n'okpuru -5 degrees Celsius, ọbụna elu iru mmiri oké osimiri obodo ghara inweta a ezighị ezi mmetụta. Mmiri udu continental idụhe na-budata gbanwere dị ka nso n'iru Pacific ebelata mmetụta bụghị obere nso Arctic. Ọ bụrụ na ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Kuril Islands n'oge okpomọkụ nke 10, na nkezi, South Kuril Islands bụ mgbe niile ụtọ ruo +18. Sochi bụghị, n'ezie, ma ọ bụghị Anadyr.

Ensimatic aak isuo emi odude na nsọtụ nke efere Okhotsk n'elu subduction mpaghara ebe Pacific efere agwụ. N'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke South Kuril Islands na-kpuchie ugwu nile, n'àgwàetiti Atlasova kasị elu ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu - karịrị puku abụọ na mita. E nwere agbọpụta ọkụ, n'ihi na ihe niile Kurile Islands na-edina na Pacific mgbawa ugwu mgbanaka ọkụ. E nwere nnọọ elu na seismic ọrụ. Iri atọ na isii nke iri isii agbọpụta ọkụ na Kuril Islands asatọ achọ mgbe nile chọpụtara. Ala ọma jijiji bụ ihe fọrọ mgbe nile, na mgbe na-abịa ihe ize ndụ nke ụwa kasị ukwuu na mbufịt. Ya mere, Shikotan, Simushir Paramushiro ugboro ugboro na idiọk emetụta a ọdachi. Karịsịa nnukwu mbufịt nọ 1952, 1994 na 2006.

Resources, na osisi

Na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri mpaghara na na ókèala ndị àgwàetiti na-enyoba mee mmanụ, eke gas, mercury, a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-abụghị ferrous ọla. Dị ka ihe atụ, na nso nso ugwu mgbawa mgbakọ nwere kasị baa ọgaranya n'ụwa mara ego nke rhenium. Tazhe ndịda Kuril agwaetiti ma ama n'ihi na Ngwuputa nke nwa afọ sọlfọ ahụ. Ebe a, n'ozuzu gold ego - 1867 tọn, na ọla-ọcha nke ukwuu - 9284 tọn, titanium fọrọ nke nta iri anọ nde tọn, ígwè - abụọ na narị abụọ na iri asaa na atọ nde tọn. Ugbu a mmepe nke ịnweta ego na-eche mma ụfọdụ, ha di kwa ole-na-na mpaghara, ma e wezụga n'ihi a ebe dị ka Southern Sakhalin. Kuril Islands n'ozuzu nwere ike hụrụ dị ka a akụ akwakọba mba maka a ezo ụbọchị. Na abụọ nke Straits nke Kuril Islands bụ navigable niile afọ gburugburu, n'ihi na ọ dịghị ifriizi. Nke a agwaetiti nke South Kuril - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, na n'etiti ha - Straits Catherine Vries.

E wezụga minerals, na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ego na nke mmadụ niile. Nke a na osisi fauna nke Kuril Islands. Ọ dịgasị ukwuu site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda, ka ha ogologo dị ukwuu ezuru. Na n'ebe ugwu nke Kuril Islands bụ nnọọ ehighị nne ahịhịa, na n'ebe ndịda - coniferous ọhịa ịtụnanya Sakhalin fir, Kurile larch, spruce Ajan. Ke adianade do, na sara mbara-leaved osisi na agwaetiti ekpuchi ugwu nile na-ekere òkè dị nnọọ ifịk ifịk: mgbakọ oak, elm na maple osisi, osisi vaịn kalopanax, hydrangeas, Actinidia, lemongrass, ọhịa mkpụrụ vaịn na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ọbụna magnolia na Kushanire e - naanị ọhịa umu obovate magnolia. Ọtụtụ akụkụ nke osisi decorating South Kuril Islands (odida obodo foto mmasị) - a Kuril achara, onye impenetrable-ogwu zochiere anya nke mkpọda ugwu na ọhịa n'ọnụ ya. Ezie ebe a n'ihi na nke dị nwayọọ ma na iru mmiri ihu igwe dị nnọọ elu na dịgasị iche iche. A ọtụtụ nke tomato na ike ga-amịpụtara na a azụmahịa ọnụ ọgụgụ: lingonberry, crowberry, honey suckle, blueberries na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Animals, nnụnụ na azụ

The Kuril Islands (karịsịa dị iche iche na nke a dị n'ebe ugwu) aja aja bear Olee ihe enyemaka ndị otu dị Kamchatka. N'ebe ndịda, ọ ga-dị nnọọ ka ukwuu, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke Russian agha bases. Àgwàetiti ndị ahụ obere, na bear esote Tammy anya na-ebi ndụ. Ma karịsịa n'ebe ndịda ọtụtụ nkịta ọhịa, n'ihi na ha nwere dị nnọọ ukwuu fiidi. Obere òké - a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na dịgasị iche iche nke umu, e nwekwara nnọọ obere. Si n'ala mammals ebe a na-anọ-ekewapụ: ụsụ (aja aja ogologo eared ụsụ, Myotis), òké Bekee, ụmụ oke na oke, anụ (nkịta ọhịa, anụ ọhịa bea, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ole na ole, mink na Sable).

Nke mmiri mammals na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri mmiri nke àgwàetiti ndụ n'oké osimiri otters, Anthurium (a ụdị Insular akara), oké osimiri ọdụm na oké osimiri nwa ehi. A ntà site n'ụsọ oké osimiri e nwere ọtụtụ cetaceans - Azụ dolphin, egbu egbu whales, whales, whales, spam whales na n'ebe ugwu floaters. Mkpokota nke eared akàrà, oké osimiri ọdụm na-hụrụ gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri nke Kuril Islands, karịsịa a otutu ha na Iturup Island. Na oge i nwere ike ịhụ chịrị nke aji akàrà, bearded akàrà, ringed akàrà, impellers. mma nke mmiri - oké osimiri otters. Dị Oké Ọnụ Ahịa ajị anụ bụ na verge nke ikpochapu na nnọọ na-adịbeghị anya gara aga. Ugbu a ọnọdụ a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ kwekọọ na otters. Fish na osimiri bụ nke akụ na ụba dị mkpa, ma e nwere ndị ọzọ na crabs, na klam, na skwid, na oké osimiri na cucumber, niile crustaceans, ahịhịa mmiri. The bi South Kuril Islands na tumadi nwere Erimeri mmepụta. Ke ofụri ofụri, ebe a nwere ike na-akpọ na-enweghị ikwubiga okwu ókè onye nke kacha arụpụta ebe n'ime osimiri.

Chịrị mba nnụnụ mejupụtara ọgụgụ na sinik rookeries. Ọ fulmars, petrels, cormorants, iche iche gulls, kittiwake, guillemot, deadlocks, na ọtụtụ, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ebe na Red Book, obere - albatrosses na petrels, asụsụ Mandarin ọbọgwụ, osprey, ugo, ugo, peregrine agụ nkwọ, merlin, red-kpuwere cranes na snipe, ikwiikwii. Overwinter na Kuriles si ọbọgwụ - mallard, teal, Gogol, swans, mergansers, oké osimiri ugo. N'ezie, a otutu nkịtị na nza na obu mara abụba. Na na Iturup karịa abụọ na narị abụọ ụdị nnụnụ, nke otu narị - nesting. The Kuril idobere ndụ iri asatọ na anọ na umu site depụtara na Red Book.

History: iri na asaa Century

Kuril Islands esemokwu mere na-egosi ụnyaahụ. Tupu ọbịbịa nke ndị Japanese na Russian Ainu anyị bi ebe a, ndị na-zutere ndị na-na okwu "kuru", nke pụtara na - ndị mmadụ. Russian ekemende a okwu, na ha ọchị ma na-akpọ natives "Kuriles". N'ihi ya aha nke dum akipelago. The Japanese mere mbụ map nke Sakhalin na Kuriles niile. Nke a mere na 1644. Otú ọ dị, Kuril Islands arụmụka bilitere ọbụna mgbe ahụ, n'ihi na afọ tupu ndị ọzọ map nke ógbè mere site Dutch, edu de Vries.

Earth kọwawo. Ma, ọ bụ adabaghị. Freese, aha e nyere ha chọpụtara mkpagide, Iturup ekewet n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Hokkaido, na Urup ahụta ka akụkụ nke North America. On Urup ya arụnyere cross, na ala a dum na-kwuru na ihe onwunwe nke Netherlands. A Russian bịara ebe a na 1646 na njem nke Ivan Moskvitina, na Cossack Kolobov na-akpa ọchị aha Nekhoroshkov Ivanovic mechara gwa yi banyere bearded Ainu ndụ na agwaetiti. Ọzọ, a nta ọzọ ọtụtụ ozi si Kamchatka njem Vladimir Atlasova na 1697.

iri na asatọ na narị afọ

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Kuril Islands na-ekwu na a n'ezie Russian bịara n'ala ndị a na 1711. Kamchatka Cossacks mekpuru emekpu, gburu bosses, na mgbe ahụ chere na mma nke na ọ na kpebiri irite mgbaghara ma ọ bụ ala n'iyi. Ya mere njem gbakọtara na-abanye ọhụrụ agafetụbeghị ala. Daniel na Ivan Antsiferov Kozyrevsky na a detachment na August 1711 rutere n'ebe ugwu agwaetiti na Paramushir Shumshu. Nke a njem nyere ọhụrụ ihe ọmụma banyere dum riiji nke agwaetiti tinyere Hokkaido. Na nke a, na 1719-m Peter Ukwu nyere iwu ka ngagharị Ivanu Evreinovu na Fedor Luzhin, site ná mgbalị nke a dum nso nke agwaetiti nke e kwuru Russian n'ókèala, gụnyere àgwàetiti nke Simushir. Ma Ainu, N'ezie, irube isi na-aga n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Russian Tsar achọghị. Naanị na 1778 Antipin na Shabalin mekwara Kuril ebo niile na ụmụ amaala nke Russia mechaa banyere abụọ na puku ndị mmadụ na Iturup, Kunashir na ọbụna Hokkaido. Na na 1779th Catherine II nyere iwu nyak niile ọhụrụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-achị malite ọ bụla ụtụ isi. Na ọbụna mgbe ahụ Japanese agha malitere. Ọbụna ha na-iwu si ịga Russian Kunashir, Iturup na Hokkaido.

Real akara ke Russian E nwere bụghị, ma anatara na-haziri ala. Na Hokkaido n'agbanyeghị na-enwe na ya n'ókèala ndị Japanese obodo e dere ya dị ka nke Russia. The Japanese anọwokwa na ndịda Kurils na-ọtụtụ mgbe na, n'ihi na nke ndị obodo ahụ na kpọrọ ha asị nri. Bilie n'ezie ike na Ainu, ma adịchaghị emerụ ndị mwakpo: ụgbọ mmiri nke iju mmiri ahụ, na-eche nche ọkụ. Na 1799, ndị Japanese ndidi nchedo Iturup na Kunashir hazie. Ọ bụ ezie na Russian ọkù biri n'ebe ụfọdụ oge gara aga - banyere afọ 1785-87, - Japan ha crudely jụrụ hapụ àgwàetiti ahụ na-ebibi ihe niile na-egosi na Russian ọnụnọ n'ala a. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Kuril Islands ama amalite inweta ndị aghụghọ, ma ọ dịghị onye maara n'oge otú ọ ga-enwe ogologo na-agba ọsọ. N'ihi na nke mbụ afọ iri asaa - ruo 1778 - na Russian na Japanese na-adịghị ọbụna zutere na Kuriles. The nzukọ ama ada itie ke Hokkaido, nke nọ na-adịghị ma merie Japan. The Japanese bịara ahia na Ainu, na ebe a bụ Russian azụ catch. N'ezie, eh iwe, wee malite ịma na ngwá agha. Catherine zitere a diplomatic ozi Japan, ma mkparịta ụka ahụ na-ama kụrụ afọ n'ala.

Iri na itoolu na narị afọ - na na narị afọ nke ohere

Na 1805, ahia mkparita uka-anọgide na-na-agbalị ama Nikolai Rezanov, bụ ndị bịara na Nagasaki na-emezughị. Ike iguzo na-ihere, o nyere ndị abụọ arịa na-eme ka a agha njem na Southern Kuril Islands - ụka n'ókèala ahụhụ. The pụta bụ a ọma imegwara maka mbibi nke Russian ụlọ mmepụta ihe, nsure arịa na chụpụrụ (ndị na-anwụghị) ọkụ azụ. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Japanese ụlọ mmepụta ihe e bibiri, sure obodo na Iturup. Russian-Japanese mmekọahụ na-ikpeazụ tupu agha ihu.

Naanị na 1855 ọ e mere mbụ bụ delineation nke n'ókèala. Northern Islands - Russia, South - Japan. Plus nkwonkwo Sakhalin. Ọ bụ ihe nwute na ọ bụ iji nye ndị ọgaranya azu nke South Kuril Islands, Kunashir - karịsịa. Etorofu, Habomai na Shikotan-aghọkwa Japanese. Na na 1875, Russia meriri ikike ekewaghi onwunwe nke Sakhalin maka cession niile, na-enweghị isịneke, Japan, na Kuril Islands.

Nke iri abụọ na narị afọ: e meriri na mmeri

The Russian-Japanese Agha 1905 Russia, n'agbanyeghị na ihe omumu nke heroism kwesịrị songs mgbere na gunboats na ahaghị agha, meriri, efu na agha na ọkara nke Sakhalin - ndịda, ndị kasị baa uru. Ma na February 1945, mgbe mmeri Nazi Germany ama gaghị agara, ndị Soviet Union mere ya a ọnọdụ nke Great Britain na United States: ọ ga-emeri, na Japanese, ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-alaghachi na ókèala nke na Russia: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, na Kuril Islands. Òtù nkwa, na July 1945 Soviet Union ka nkwenye ya nkwa. Ugbua na mmalite nke September, ndị Kuril Islands na-arụsi nnọọ ọrụ ndị agha Soviet. Na na February 1946, o nyere iwu na guzobe nke South Sakhalin mpaghara, nke na-agụnye Kuril Islands na na zuru, nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke Khabarovsk Territory. Ya mere, e nloghachi nke South Sakhalin na Kuril Islands Russia.

Japan manyere banye a udo nkwekorita na 1951, nke kwuru na ọ na-adịghị bu n'obi na a ga na-ekwesịghị ịkọrọ ikike, utu aha na-ekwu na-akwanyere ndị Kuril Islands. Na na 1956, ndị Soviet Union na Japan dị njikere banye Moscow Declaration, nke na-egosi na njedebe nke agha n'etiti ekwu. Dị ka a ihe ịrịba ama nke iheoma na Soviet Union kwetara nyefee Japan abụọ isuo Kuriles: Shikotan na Habomai, ma Japanese jụrụ ịnakwere ha n'ihi na ha bụ ndị na-ekwu na ndị ọzọ n'ebe ndịda agwaetiti - Iturup na Kunashir - adịghị enye. Ebe a ọzọ nwere mmetụta na United States na kwụsị iguzosi ọnọdụ, mgbe egwu na ikpe nke bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke akwụkwọ a bụ ka ha ghara ịlaghachi na Japanese n'àgwàetiti Okinawa. Ọ bụ ya mere ruo ugbu a South Kuril Islands - ụka n'ókèala.

The Age taa, nke iri abụọ na mbụ

Taa, nsogbu nke South Kuril Islands ka mkpa, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ogologo guzo udo na serene ndụ dum mpaghara. Na Japan Russia akwado ifịk ifịk ezu, ma site n'oge ruo n'oge okwu banyere Kuril Islands ngwa adahade. Na 2003 ọ nọ na-anabata Russian-Japanese Action Plan na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti abụọ mba. Oche na praịm minista gbanwere nleta, melite ọtụtụ ọha mmadụ Russian-Japanese enyi nke ọkwa dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, mgbe niile otu na-ekwu na-n'ihu site Japanese, ma ọ bụghị nabatara Russian.

League of ịdị n'otu maka nloghachi nke n'ókèala - a mbon si NGO, na-ewu ewu na Japan, ọ na-ke 2006 ke Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Na 2012, Otú ọ dị, Japan kagburu okwu ahụ bụ "iwu na-akwadoghị na-arụ" na mmekọrita Russia n'ihe metụtara ndị Kuril Islands na Sakhalin. Na na Kuril Islands nọgidere na-emepụta nke ego na gọọmenti etiti mmemme nke mmepe nke obodo, na-amụba ego nke ego, e nwere ike na mpaghara na tax ịkpali, àgwàetiti a gara kasị elu ala-isi nke mba ahụ.

eji enyere ndụ aka nsogbu

Olee otú ị pụrụ anabata akwụkwọ bịanyere aka na February 1945 Yalta, ebe ogbako nke obodo mgbochi Hitler mmekota kpebiri akara aka nke Kuril Islands na Sakhalin, onye ga-alaghachi Russia ozugbo mmeri Japan? Na Japan adịghị bịanyere aka Potsdam Declaration mgbe ịbanye aha n'omume chịlie aka elu? Aka mgbe niile. Na e doro anya na-egosi na ya ọbụbụeze na-ejedebeghị n'àgwàetiti Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku na Honshu. Ihe niile! Nke abụọ September 1945 Nke a akwụkwọ e aka site na Japan, ya mere, na ọnọdụ e pụtara, e enen.

Na asatọ September 1951 a udo nkwekorita na San Francisco e banyere, ebe ọ na-ede ajụla niile na-ekwu na Kuril Islands na Sakhalin n'àgwàetiti n'akụkụ isuo. Nke a pụtara na ya ịchị ndị a n'ókèala ha, nwetara mgbe 1905 Russian-Japanese agha, aba nti. Ọ bụ ezie na ebe a na US ihe ndị na-aghọ aghụghọ, na-agbakwunye nnọọ tricky nkebiahiri, n'ihi na nke ndị Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia na nkwekọrịta a na-adịghị aka. Nke a na obodo bụ, dị ka mgbe niile, na okwu na-adịghị nọ, dị ka e nwere mgbe ikwu okwu na ọdịdị nke ya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị 'ee', ma ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-aza ga-apụta - "ọ dịghị." US ekpe a loophole na nkwekọrịta maka Japan, nke a na ubé rachara ọnyá na-atọhapụ, nke ukwuu mere, akwụkwọ cranes mgbe nuclear bọmbụ, ka ọhụrụ ya na-ekwu.

arụmụka

Ha bụ ndị dị ka ndị a:

1. 1855, Treaty nke Shimoda Kuriles mere ka ndi bu nna-ngalaba nke Japan.

2. The ukara ọnọdụ nke Japan bụ na Chishima agwaetiti na-agunyeghi na Kuril yinye, ka Japan agbanwebeghị ha, aka nkwekọrịta na San Francisco.

3. The Soviet Union na-banye nkwekọrịta na San Francisco.

Ya mere na Japan territorial ekwu na-ọnọde Southern Kuril agwaetiti nke Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir na Iturup, onye ngụkọta nke ebe bụ 5175 square kilomita, na a na-akpọ ugwu n'ókèala, bụ Japan. N'ụzọ dị iche na Russia kwuru na mbụ mgbe na Russian-Japanese agha kagbuo Treaty nke Shimoda, na nke abụọ mgbe - na Japan aka a nkwupụta banyere ọgwụgwụ nke agha, nke, gụnyere ndị ọzọ, kwuru, sị na abụọ isuo - Habomai na Shikotan - na USSR dị njikere kwuo mgbe bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke a udo nkwekorita. N'ụbọchị nke atọ mgbe Russia ekweta: ee, Soviet Union na-banye akwụkwọ a sli mmeghari. Ma mba dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ abụghị ugbu a, nke mere na anyị ịnọgide na-enwe banyere.

Na oge ya na USSR okwu banyere territorial ekwu ga-eduga n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-achọghị, ma, mgbe ọ tụbọrọ, Japan nwere obi ike. Otú ọ dị, o doro anya na, na ugbu a ndị a proclivities n'efu. Ọ bụ ezie na na 2004 na Minister nke Ọzọ Affairs, si na o kwetara ka na-ekwu banyere ebe na Japan, Otú ọ dị, otu ihe doro anya: ọ dịghị mgbanwe ke Kuril Islands nwere ike eme eme.