Space Shuttle "Challenger" (foto). Ọdachi mgbagharị "Challenger"

Space - airless ohere ebe okpomọkụ bụ ruo -270 Celsius C. Na ndị dị otú ahụ eme ihe ike ike gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ndụ, otú ahụ ka astronauts na-mgbe na ndu ha chuo, iji ọkụ ọkụ banye na-amaghị ama blackness nke eluigwe na ala. Na usoro nke-amụ cosmos e nwere ọtụtụ ọdachi ndị na-kwuru ọtụtụ ndụ. One dị mwute na milestones na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke astronautics bụ ọnwụ nke ụgbọ mbara igwe "Challenger", nke rụpụtara na niile nke ndi oru ugbo ndị òtù e gburu.

Nkenke banyere ụgbọ mmiri

Na 1967, United States NASA ulo oru ijeri mmemme "Space Transportation System". N'ime ya kpuchie, na 1971, ọ malitere na-ewu nke reusable ugboelu - Space mgbagharị (English Space Shuttle, nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị sụgharịta ka "ụgbọ mbara igwe"). Ọ e zubere ka ndị a na shuttles dị ka shuttles agba ọsọ n'etiti Earth na orbit, na-ebili ka a dị elu nke 500 km. Ha na-azọrọ na e-bara uru n'ihi nnyefe nke payloads ka orbital ụgbọ, igosi ndị dị mkpa echichi na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ, nnyocha.

Otu n'ime ndị a mmiri bụ ụgbọ mbara igwe "Challenger" - a abụọ ụgbọ mbara igwe wuru na a na usoro. Na July 1982, e zigara NASA na ime.

Aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke a dịrị ụgbọ mmiri, bụ ndị na-amụ na oké osimiri na 1870s. The zoro depụtara ka NASA OV-99 ngwa.

History of ụgbọ elu

Na April 1983 mbụ ụgbọ mbara igwe "Challenger" bilitere afọ na-amalite translational satellite. Na June nke otu afọ, m malitere ọzọ maka na-orbit nnyefe nke abụọ nkwukọrịta Satellites na-eduzi na-emepụta ọgwụ nwere. Otu n'ime ndi oru ugbo bụ ndị mbụ American nwaanyị na ohere Sally Kristen Siri.

August 1983 - nke atọ mgbagharị igba egbe na mbụ n'abalị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke American ohere omume. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị orbit telekomunikashions satellite Insat-1b na-anwale Canadian manipulator "Canadarm" na oru. Mission oge 6 ụbọchị a obere.

Na February 1984, mgbagharị "Challenger" ọdọk ọzọ n'ime ohere, ma ozi nke mwepụ nke abụọ ọzọ Satellites n'ime orbit na-emezughị.

Nke ise amalite na April 1984. N'ihi na oge mbụ na ụwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, idozi Satellites na ohere e mere. Na October 1984, e nwere egbe nke isii, nke e ji mara ya bụ na ọnụnọ na osisi ugboelu nwanyi abuo astronauts. N'oge a dị oké mkpa ụgbọ elu e mere nke mbụ bụ na ihe mere eme nke American ohere na ohere nwaanyị - Ketrin Sallivan.

Seventh ụgbọ elu na April 1985, asatọ na July na nke itoolu ụgbọ elu na October nke afọ a, anọwokwa ọma. Ha na-n'otu a ihe mgbaru ọsọ - kụziere research na ohere ime nnyocha.

Iri igba egbe January 28, 1986 bụ maka ndị mgbagharị na-arụ ọrụ na-egbu egbu.

Na ngụkọta na akaụntụ na "Challenger" 9 ọma ọzọ, ọ nọrọ 69 ụbọchị ohere, 987 nnọọ ka a zuru ezu mgbanwe gburugburu-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mbara ala, ya "n'ikpeazụ" - 41,5 nde kilomita.

Ọdachi mgbagharị "Challenger"

The ọdachi mere nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Florida, ndị 28.01.1986 na 11 elekere 39 nkeji. N'oge a, ihe karịrị Atlantic Ocean gbawara mgbagharị "Challenger." Ọ osụhọ mgbe 73 sekọnd nke ụgbọ elu na ịdị elu nke 14 km n'elu ala. Igbu asaa nile arụ ọrụ òtù.

Na mmalite nri oru mgbanaka siri ike booster e mebiri emebi. Site na nke a n'akụkụ ọkụ na ome osooso oghere site na nke ugboelu iyi iwere apụ na elu n'akụkụ nke mmanụ ụgbọala tank. The ugboelu bibiwo ọdụ njide na amị Ọdịdị nke ahụ tank. ship gbanwere ihe na-agbaji symmetry nzube na ikuku eguzogide. The ugboelu ka kpafuo si n'obi ụgbọ elu axis, n'ihi e bibiri n'okpuru nduzi nke aerodynamic ibu.

Space Shuttle "Challenger" e onwem na a usoro nke esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile, ya mere, Ohere nke ndụ nke ndi oru ugbo na-abụghị. Ma ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro, astronauts ga adawo n'ime oké osimiri na a ọsọ nke n'elu 300 km / h. mmetụta nke mmiri ike ga-abụ ndị dị otú ahụ na ka ọ dịghị onye ga ọbọhọ.

ikpeazụ arụ ọrụ

N'oge 10th mmalite nke mgbagharị "Challenger" na-ebupụ asaa ndị:

• Frensis Richard "Dick" Scobee - afọ 46, na ndi oru ugbo ọchịagha. American agha pilot na n'usoro nke Lieutenant Colonel, NASA Astronotu. Ọ na-anwụghị site nwunye ya, nwaanyị na nwa-nwoke. Ọ na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ọdịda nke nrite "Space Flight".
• Michael Dzhon Smit - afọ 40, ngalaba-pilot. Test pilot na n'usoro nke onyeisi, Astronotu NASA. Ọ hapụrụ a na nwunye ya na ụmụ ha atọ. Ọ na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ọdịda nke nrite "Space Flight".
• Ellison Shoji Onizuka - 39 afọ, a nnyocha ọkachamara. American NASA Astronotu nke Japanese ụmụ, a ule pilot na n'usoro nke onyeisi. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọ e ọdịda n'usoro nke ndị agha.
• Judith Arlene Resnik - 36 afọ, a nnyocha ọkachamara. Onye nke kasị mma injinia na astronauts NASA. Professional aviator.
• Ronald McNair - 35 afọ, a nnyocha ọkachamara. Physics, Astronotu NASA. On Earth, ọ hapụrụ nwunye ya na ụmụ ya abụọ. Nrite nwụsịrị e ọdịda nke "Space Flight".
• Gregory Jarvis - isua 41, payload ọkachamara. An engineer. US Air Force Captain. Ebe ọ bụ na 1984, Astronotu NASA. Ụlọ hapụrụ nwunye ya na ụmụ ha atọ. Nrite nwụsịrị e ọdịda nke "Space Flight".
• Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe - 37 afọ, payload ọkachamara. Civic. Ọ na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ọdịda nke Nrite nke Space - kasị elu US award maka astronauts.

Banyere ikpeazụ arụ ọrụ otu Christa McAuliffe bụ na-ekwu a nta ọzọ. Dị ka a na ndi nkiti nwere ike inwe na ụgbọ mbara igwe "Challenger"? O yiri ịrịba.

Krista Makoliff

Ọ mụrụ on 02/09/1948 na Boston, Massachusetts. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ozizi nke English, akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro ndu. Ọ lụrụ nwunye ma nwere ụmụ abụọ.

Ndụ ya wee dị ka na mbụ na-atụ ruo mgbe a mara ọkwa zoo "Onye Ozizi na Space" ke United States na 1984. Ya echiche bụ iji gosi na ọ bụla na-eto eto na ndị ahụ siri ike mgbe ezigbo nkwadebe nwere ike ịga nke ọma ofufe n'ime oghere ma laghachi Earth. N'etiti 11 puku osụk ngwa na ngwa bụ Christa - fun, upbeat na energetic nkụzi si Boston.

O meriri mpi. Mgbe Vice President George. W. Bush (Senior) na a ememe na White House nye ya-eto eto nke tiketi, ọ malitere ibe ákwá nke obi ụtọ. Ọ bụ otu ụzọ na tiketi.

Mgbe ọnwa atọ ọzụzụ ọkachamara ghọtara Christa dị njikere ofufe. Ọ gwara wepụ ozizi achị ma na osisi ụgbọ mbara igwe na-eji a ole na ole ihe.

preflight nsogbu

Ná mmalite, n'oge nkwadebe nke iri egbe nke ụgbọ mbara igwe bụ a otutu nsogbu:

• Mbụ zubere jide a igba egbe na January 22 si Baikonur John. F. Kennedy. Ma n'ihi nzukọ nsogbu amalite kpaliri mbụ 23 na mgbe on January 24.
• N'ihi na oké ifufe ịdọ aka ná ntị na ala okpomọkụ na ụgbọ elu e yigharịrị maka ụbọchị ọzọ.
• Ọzọ, n'ihi na ọjọọ ihu igwe yigharịrị mmalite na 27 January.
• Na N'ezie nke ọzọ nnyocha usoro kpugheere ọtụtụ nsogbu, n'ihi ya, e kpebiri inye ọhụrụ ụgbọ elu ụbọchị - January 28.

N'ụtụtụ nke January 28 n'okporo ámá bụ oyi, okpomọkụ ama esịn ka -1 Celsius C. The injinia ya mere ka nchegbu, na a onwe-akparịta ụka, ha dọrọ aka ná ntị NASA nke na-edu ndú na oké ọnọdụ nwere ike a na-adịghị mma mmetụta na ala nke O-yiri mgbaaka na-atụ aro ọzọ chere na igba egbe ụbọchị. Ma ndị a na-atụ aro na jụrụ. E nwere ihe ọzọ ike: na igba egbe na mpe mpe akwa kpuchie ice. Ọ bụ ihe na-agaghị emerili nsogbu, ma "dabara nke ọma", site 10 am na ice malitere gbazee. Malite a họpụtara maka 11 awa na minit 40. Ọ e ohuru na telivishọn mba. All nke America na-ekiri ihe ndị na cosmodrome.

Malite-elu na okuku nke mgbagharị "Challenger"

Ke 11 PM nke 38 nkeji akwụ engines. Mgbe 2 nkeji na unit na oru. 7 sekọnd si nri isi nke ome osooso mebiri awọ anwụrụ ọkụ, ọ dere a n'ala nnyocha e mere na ụgbọ elu. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ mmetụta ujo ibu n'oge engine mmalite. Nke a mere n'oge gara aga, ọ na-akpali isi akara mgbanaka nke na-enye a pụrụ ịdabere na iche na usoro. Ma, ọ bụ oyi na-atụ ụtụtụ, ya mere na friji mgbanaka tụfuru ya ekwedo na-enweghị ike na-arụ ọrụ dị ka na-atụ anya. Nke a kpatara na mberede.

Mgbe 58 sekọnd nke ụgbọ elu ụgbọ mbara igwe "Challenger", nke nwere a foto na akwụkwọ, m malitere gbarie. Mgbe 6 sekọnd si mpụga tank malitere ihihi mmiri mmiri hydrogen, mgbe 2 sekọnd na mpụga mmanụ ụgbọala tank mgbali ejiriwo a dị oké egwu larịị.

Mgbe 73 sekọnd nke ụgbọ elu osụhọ tank nke mmiri mmiri oxygen. Oxygen na hydrogen na-gbawakwara, na "Challenger" furu efu na a nnukwu fireball.

Search ship residues na ozu

Mgbe mgbawa nke ụgbọ mbara igwe irighiri daba Atlantic Ocean. Search ugboelu rekeji na ozu nke astronauts ada n'elu US Department of Defense na nkwado nke ndị agha si na Coast Nche. March 7 na ala nke oké osimiri hụrụ na ozu nke kokpiiti nke mgbagharị ndi oru ugbo. N'ihi na ruo ogologo oge n'ebe mmiri nke oké osimiri otopsii okpu guzosie kpọmkwem na-akpata ọnwụ. Otú ọ dị, anyị chọpụtara mgbe gbawara, ndị astronauts dị ndụ n'ihi na ha ụlọ dị nnọọ adọwa anya n'ebe ndị na ọdụ ngalaba. Maykl Smit, Ellison Onizuka Dzhudit Reznik, na nọgidere maara na gụnyere onye ikuku ọkọnọ. Dịcha, ndị astronauts na-enweghị ike na-adị ndụ na nnukwu mmetụta ike nke mmiri.

May 1 search ụgbọ mbara igwe irighiri gwụsịrị si oké osimiri bụ ike nweta 55% nke mgbagharị.

Nchọpụta n'ime ndị na-akpata ọdachi

Esịtidem nchoputa nke ọnọdụ ihe niile nke ọdachi NASA ekenịmde n'okpuru nzuzo stampụ. Iji ghọta ihe niile nkọwa nke ikpe ma chọpụta ihe ndị mere, n'ihi nke a, e nwere a na-ada ụgbọ mbara igwe "Challenger", US President Ronald Reagan guzosie ike a pụrụ iche na ọrụ Rogers (na nnọchite nke President William P. Rogers). Ọ na-emi esịnede ma ama na ọnụ ọgụgụ na sayensị, ohere na Aeronautical engineer, astronauts na agha.

A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị Rogers Commission nyere a akụkọ na president, ebe ihe niile e mere n'ihu ọha dị ka a N'ihi nke a, e nwere ihe mberede nke mgbagharị "Challenger." Ọ na-kwuru na NASA na-edu ndú inadequately zara ndị ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ndị ọkachamara banyere nsogbu okosobode na nche nke zubere ụgbọ elu.

The esi nke na-ida

The ida nke ụgbọ mbara igwe "Challenger" mesoo a kpara aha nke United States, usoro ihe omume "Space Transportation System" e phased maka 3 afọ. N'ihi na nke dị nnọọ ukwuu n'oge nke ugboelu okuku United States ahụhụ weere ($ 8 ijeri).

ịrịba E mere mgbanwe ndị na mgbagharị Ọdịdị, ga-ukwuu aka ha na nchekwa.

Ọ hazigharịrị na NASA Ọdịdị. Kere otu nọọrọ onwe gị n'ụlọnga na-elekọta na nchekwa nke flights.

Igosipụta omenala

Na May 2013, na meziri si ukwu nke film director George. Hawes "Challenger". Na UK, ọ kpọ aha-ya kacha mma ịrịba ama film nke afọ. Ya ibé dabeere n'ezie ihe na-eme Banyere Rogers Commission.