Spaceports nke ụwa (ndepụta). The mbụ spaceport

Mere kpọrọ mmadụ mgbe na-ele anya na mbara igwe na mmasị dị iche iche n'eluigwe. E nwere a akụkọ mgbe na e weere ụmụ mmadụ mbụ gaa ohere kemgbe oge ochie, kama akwụkwọ abụghị n'ụzọ enen. Ma ụwa nwere ihe ijuanya na ọṅụ mgbe, na 1961, a Soviet ojii Yuri Gagarin njem n'ime ohere tupu ya alọghachi na Earth.

The mbụ igba egbe nke Soviet ugboelu si a nzuzo owuwu akpọ ndị Baikonur Cosmodrome. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ịtụle ọ bụghị nanị na-akpọ egbe na mpe mpe akwa, ma ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ebe.

ọsụ ụzọ

"Research Ikwesị Ground" - na nke ahụ bụ aha rụrụ ngo, mma site General Staff nke Ministry of Defense nke USSR na 1955. Mgbe e mesịrị ebe a bịara mara dị ka ndị Baikonur cosmodrome.

Nke a ihe dị na Kyzylorda Oblast na Kazakhstan, nso obodo Toretam. ebe dị ihe dị 6717 sq. km. Na ruo ọtụtụ afọ mbụ spaceport nke ụwa na-atụle ga-otu n'ime ndị ndú na ndị ụlọ ọrụ na nọmba nke na-amalite. Ka ihe atụ, na 2015, ya na ha na-etinye n'ime orbit 18 akụ ụta. A na-akpọ ala, mmejuputa iwu nke uwa na-ebupụta si Kazakhstan enyefe site Russia ruo 2050. Iji rụọ ọrụ ihe owuwu nọrọ banyere 6 ijeri Russian rubles kwa afọ.

Larịị nke nzuzo

All ndị spaceports nke ụwa - kpakpando nke na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke na-echebe nke ọma, na Baikonur na nke a - sokwa.

Ya mere, ndị na-ewu elu mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-esonyere ndị na-ewu ụgha Baikonur Cosmodrome nso obodo. Nke a tactic e ji mee ihe n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mgbe ndị agha airfields e wuru na ụgha dummy Usoro.

Aka kpọmkwem na-ewu nke cosmodrome ewu battalion agha. Na nkenke, ha mere a ezigbo feat nke oru, n'ihi na ha nwere ike iwu a igba egbe na mpe mpe akwa n'ihi na afọ abụọ.

Nsogbu nke taa

Taa, kpara Baikonur wee kama ike ugboro. The amalite nke a nsogbu a ga-atụle na 2009, mgbe ọ hapụrụ ndị agha, ihe na-akpali kpamkpam n'okpuru ikike nke Federal Space Agency. Na niile n'ihi na, ya na ndị agha spaceport furu efu na ezi a oké njọ ego na e mbụ ekenyela maka ọzụzụ na ule.

N'ezie, agha na igba egbe Satellites na-emekwa ka ego, ma n'oge a na-adịghị mere na dị ka mgbe ọ na-adịbu, mgbe rọketi anya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla izu. Ma, spaceport ka ghọtara dị ka ụwa ndú na ohere na-ebupụta.

Russian ibu

Ma, ihe na igba egbe na saịtị nke ụwa, ọ ga-abụ ikenenke bụghị ntị ndị ọzọ yiri ihe, otu onye nke na-emi odude na ókèala nke Russian Federation. Nka na ụzụ ike na nyekwara ya ewu na mmepe ego na-ekwe ka ya na-agba ọsọ na-egosipụta na a plurality nke Satellites na ohere ụgbọ na Earth orbit.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome - Russian ohere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, emi odude 180 km si Arkhangelsk. Object Size nhata 176.200 hectare.

Plesetsk cosmodrome na ya kachasi mkpa bụ a pụrụ iche nnọọ mgbagwoju na nkà mmụta sayensị na teknuzu mgbagwoju, nke e mere maka ma agha aga-eme nakwa dị ka ihe maka udo.

The mejupụtara nke cosmodrome-agụnye ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ:

1. Okụre maka mwepụta nke ụgbọelu Tammy.
2. Okụre (nye ọzụzụ Tammy na ndị ọzọ ohere ugbo ala).
3. Ndochi-ojii multi-ọtọ neutralization. C a na ebubo via ya boosters, boosters.
4. Fọrọ nke nta ka 1,500 ụlọ na owuwu.
5. 237 ihe na-enye ihe niile nke cosmodrome ike.

Far ama egwuregwu

Otu n'ime Kacha ọhụrụ spaceport na Russia bụ East, bụ nke dị nso n'obodo Tsiolkovsky na Amur mpaghara (na Far East). Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eji nanị maka ndi nkiti na nzube.

Ndị na-ewu ihe owuwu malitere ya na 2012 na ifịk ifịk so site dị iche iche nke ire ure scandals na-etiwapụ nke ndị ọrụ ruru ka na-abụghị ugwo ụgwọ ọnwa.

The mbụ igba egbe si Baikonur East wee ebe dịtụ na-adịbeghị anya - April 28, 2016. Malite na-ekwe ka-etinye n'ime orbit atọ wuru Satellites. Na nke a, na saịtị na oge nke mmalite ebu nọ onwe Russian President Vladimir Putin, na Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin na isi nke Kremlin ochichi Sergei Ivanov.

Ọ ga-kwuru na ihe ịga nke ọma na igba egbe si Baikonur East e rụrụ naanị na nke abụọ na-anwa. Ná mmalite ya e zubere igba egbe ụgbọala "Soyuz 2.1A" na-amalite April 27, ma dị nnọọ a nkeji na ọkara tupu mmalite nke akpaka kagbuo ya. Guide Roscosmos kọwara ihe ahụ merenụ mberede odida na-achịkwa usoro, dapụtara na igba egbe na-yigharịrị maka a ụbọchị.

List nke isi launching saịtị nke mbara ala

Dị ugbu a egbe na saịtị nke ụwa họọrọ dị ka ụbọchị nke mbụ ya orbital igba egbe (ma ọ bụ na-anwa), nakwa dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọma mmalite-acha ọkụ na-emeghị nke ọma. Depụta ha ugbu a anya dị ka nke a:

1. Baikonur.
2. Base nke United States Air Force na Cape Canaveral.
3. Vandenberg (United States).
4. Wallops.
5. Kapustin yar (Russia).
6. Hammaguir (France).
7. Plesetsk (Russia).
8. Utinoura (Japan).
9. San Marco (Italy).
10. Kennedy Space Center (United States).
11. Woomera (Australia).
12. Kuru (France, na European Space Agency).
13. Jiuquan (China).
14. Tanegashima (Japan).
15. Satish Dhawan Space Center (India).
16. Xichang (China).
17. Taiyuan (China).
18. Palmachim (Israel).
19. Al-Anbar (Iraq).
20. Free (Russia).
21. Alcantara (Brazil).
22. Musudan (North Korea).
23. "Oké Osimiri Launch" (Russia, USA, Norway, Ukraine).
24. Kodiak (United States).
25. Reagan Test Site (USA).
26. Semnan (Iran).
27. Naro (South Korea).

The American ndú

Cape Canaveral (USA) ji site agha kemgbe 1949. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ndị agha injinia malitere ha nwere site launching agba ogologo nso. Aha ya bụ ebe ọ họọrọ bụ ihe ọ bụla mberede, n'ihi na spaceport emi odude nnọọ nso nke ụwa, na nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-enye ohere ị na-eji ike nke mbara ala anyị adiana maka rọketi osooso. Na 1957, ndị ọchịchị kpebiri ẹkedori a satellite aha ya bụ Vanguard TV3. N'ụzọ dị mwute, na-anwa bụ ọma (rọketi gbawara).

Ugbua kemgbe 1958, malite akụ ụta bụ na-edu ohere gị n'ụlọnga NASA. Otú ọ dị, anụmanụ na igba egbe na saịtị ka na iwebata nke US Department of Defense. Space Harbor mejupụtara 38 launching saịtị, 4 nke nke na-arụsi ọrụ.

French avant-garde ohere

Guiana Space Center, mgbe mgbe, a na-akpọ Kourou spaceport (French Guiana), guzo ke n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South America. The ihe e wuru na Atlantic n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti obodo abụọ: Sinnamary na Kourou. Baikonur dị na nkwonkwo ọrụ nke European Space Agency na National Center maka Space Studies.

Nke a na ebe-amalite maka oge mbụ zitere a rọketi n'ime ohere April 9, 1968. Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na igba egbe na saịtị na odude dị narị ise kilomita site Equatorial akara na maximizes agba ọsọ ugbo elu na a geostationary orbit anyị Earth. Ọzọkwa, obodo ọnọdụ nke elu mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị otú ahụ na mmalite n'akuku bụ mgbe niile hà 102 degrees, ma nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ukwu gbatịrị nso nke trajectories amalite ihe eji maka dị iche iche ihe aga-eme.

Irè nke igba egbe na mpe mpe akwa bụ elu na a dọtara uche nke ọtụtụ ụlọọrụ ahịa si n'ọtụtụ mba: USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Azerbaijan.

Na 2015, ndị European Space Agency ka nyekwara n'elu € 1.6 ijeri na modernization nke akụrụngwa nke cosmodrome. Ọzọkwa, nlebara anya pụrụ iche kwesịrị ọkwa kachasị elu nke nchekwa nke ihe owuwu. Space Harbor emi odude ke otu ebe na-biri kpuchie Equatorial ohia mmiri ozuzo. Na nke a ebikebeghị ngalaba onwe ya. Ke adianade do, ọ dịghị ize ndụ nke ọbụna ndị ike na-ekweghị ala ọma jijiji ma ọ bụ ifufe. Nke kacha echebe site mpụga agha na spaceport odude 3rd ndi agha nke Foreign Legion (France).

nkwonkwo oru ngo

Launch n'elu ikpo okwu "Odyssey" N'eziokwu, a nnukwu onwe-propelled, ọkara submersible catamaran. The e wuru ihe owuwu na Norway dabeere na mmanụ n'elu ikpo okwu. The mejupụtara nke mobile spaceport kọwara na-agụnye:

• launching na mpe mpe akwa;
• ẹkedori installer;
• mmanụ ụgbọala ndochi usoro na ihe oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga;
• okpomọkụ akara usoro;
• inye a nitrogen usoro;
• cable poolu.

Maritime ohere obubata ka pesonel ke ego nke 68 ndị mmadụ. N'ihi na ha, na ebe obibi na-wuru, a ọgwụ center na iri ebe.

Dabere n'elu ikpo okwu na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Long Beach, California (USA Southwest). N'ebe a nke ha na-adịgide adịgide na eze ulo oru ibu ohere ụlọ ọrụ gara n'okpuru ya ike, na-eme ya n'ụzọ site Strait nke Gibraltar, na Suez Canal na Singapore.

ọgwụgwụ

N'ikpeazụ, m ga-achọ iburu n'obi na nile dị na spaceports ụwa taa ekwe ndi mmadu ifịk ifịk-ịzụlite na ịchọpụta ohere. Na saịtị n'ihi na mwepụ ngwaọrụ na Ụwa orbit a rụrụ ọtụtụ dị iche iche na-eme maka na ndi nkiti na ndị agha ebe.