Subcomandante Marcos: biography na foto

Subcomandante Marcos - ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mexico revolutionary, onye bụ onye ndú nke Zapatista Army nke National Ntọhapụ (EZLN), onye bu ihe agha otu onye nupụụrụ Mexico ọchịchị Chiapas na January 1994.

biography

The image, nke odịbe isi nke EZLN, kemgbe isiokwu nke ukwuu ntule, dị ka n'oge ya ugboro ugboro anya n'ihu mba na mba media, ọ na-zoro ya ihu n'okpuru Balaklava. N'agbanyeghị nke a, na February 1995, Subcomandante Marcos ewe kwụsịrị nkpuchi: Mexico ọchịchị achoputala ya dị ka Rafael Sebastian Gilena Visente. Dị ka isi mmalite, na President of Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo, Guillen mụrụ July 10, 1957 na Tampico (Tamaulipas), a nnukwu ezinụlọ a na-aku ahia nke na ngwá ụlọ. Malitere ya ọmụmụ n'obodo ya, Guillen iso ya na Guadalajara na Monterrey, na mgbe ahụ na debara aha na National Autonomous University of Mexico, ebe ọ natara a ruo n'ókè na nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ. Otu isi mmalite na-ekwu na mgbe ọ dị afọ 24, o kpebiri ịhapụ ọrụ ya ozizi aesthetics, gaa Chiapas, ma ghọọ onye ikwado nke ikike nke ụmụ amaala obodo nke ala.

Akụkụ a bụ yiri ka Central ka ndị Zapatista nsogbu, dị ka ije na-agbalị-ekpughe na-akpata nke akwakọba ihe ọtụtụ narị afọ nke backwardness nke ụmụ amaala obodo na-achọ ha na-elekọta mmadụ na mmepe. The eziokwu na Subcomandante Marcos (foto gosiri na isiokwu) Achoputala dị ka onye na-abụghị nke ọ bụla nke obodo omenala, na ọbụna a obibi nke State of Chiapas, Zedillo bụ esemokwu nke Government ná mgbalị lelịa ije. Dị ka Mexico na-edu ndú, na pseudonym maka zoro ezo ebumnuche nke ideologues nke ekpe n'etiti-klas Mexico India ji lelịa mba Executive.

The ọrụ nke media

Ọ bụla ọ bụ, otu n'ime ndị isi mmalite nke ewu ewu na nke Zapatista ije bụ ihe ịga nke ọma, nke e ji mee ihe site Subcomandante Marcos nke mba echiche ọha na eze. Ọ na-agụ poems, egwu egwu na kwusara na oké egwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ozi aka site nzuzo revolutionary kọmitii nke ụmụ amaala obodo, onye ndú. Na a pịa ntọhapụ bipụtara na netwọk (na-enweghị a doro anya, ọzọ isi ewu ewu na nke mgbanwe ná mba), choro e mere na ntughari nke Mexico n'ime a si ọtụtụ mba Soviet na ude nke ikike nke amaala obodo kọmitii isonye na ọchịchị management, ebute ha nke ikpe ziri ezi na ziri ezi, na enye nkwado na nkwenye nke nri na-eduzi ha ememe na omenala. Ke adianade do, Mexico ala ga-abụ ndị a nkwa na municipalities nke Ụmụ Amaala ga-jisiri site India onwe ha, nakwa na ụmụ amaala obodo ga nwere ikike ka ha na-edozi ụfọdụ obodo, mpụ, oru na azụmahịa esemokwu dị otú ahụ n'ụzọ na mba iwu na-elebara ha ọdịnala na omenala.

Zapatista nsogbu

Subcomandante Marcos edu Zapatista National Ntọhapụ Army na ụbọchị mbụ nke January 1994 were obodo isi na obodo na Chiapas, gụnyere San Cristobal de las Casas. Mgbe iri na abụọ ụbọchị nke clashes na ọtụtụ mmadụ na-anwụ na unan, ọ malitere mkparita uka na ọchịchị. Kemgbe ahụ Marcos (Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente) abuana ke nneme, na nọgidere kasị Ịta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Zapatista ije.

Na February 1996, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị ọchịchị na ndị agha okpuru bịanyere aka San Andrés nkwekọrịta na ikike nke amaala obodo, ma a ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị EZLN ebubo President Zedillo na imebi nkwekọrịta na-agbaji mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọzọ. The mmeko na-akọwa a sara mbara akporo onwe-mkpebi siri ike nke ọtụtụ iri nde ndị Mexico India, enen ude nke ịdị adị nke ala nke ụmụ amaala obodo, ha iche nke akara, omenala na omenala, ma President Zedillo chọrọ a dị iche iche mbipụta nke ederede jụ ndị nnupụisi, na January 1997, EZLN hapụ negotiating usoro.

resumption nke mkparịta ụka

Mgbe mgbanwe nke ike na mba dị ka ihe ntuli aka July 2000, ọhụrụ president Visente Foks họpụtara mbụ Senator Luis Alvarez Commissioner for Peace na Chiapas. Alvarez kpụrụ Commission of Concord na udo (Cocopa), bụ maka na draft iwu mmepe, chịkọtara nkwekọrịta ruru, nke na-achọ nnabata ya na Zapatistas.

The ọhụrụ hoputara Mexico President Fox nyere maliteghachi okwu na ndị agha okpuru, na Marcos anabatala enye, ọbụna n'ikwere gaa gọọmenti etiti isi obodo. The n'echi nke nraranye nke onye ndú nke EZLN na ahụ mmadụ jupụtara na pịa ogbako, ndi oru nta akuko si nnupụisi choro iji weghachi kwuo site wezụgara ndị agha si n'ógbè, mmejuputa iwu-nke San Andrés nkwekọrịta na ntọhapụ nke ndị mkpọrọ na oru.

Convergence nke ọnọdụ nke ọchịchị nakwa nnupụisi nyeere imeri ke Chiapas PRI party na-akpụ a na mkpebi ikpe ọhụrụ mmekota. Pablo Salazar Governor were ọrụ on 8 December 2000 na nkwa iji kwalite ná mma nke mgbagwoju na-elekọta mmadụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-akọ ugbo na okpukpe dị iche iche. Gọvanọ kwere nkwa iji malite iwu na usoro maka ntọhapụ nke ndị mkpọrọ Zapatistas, nke bụ otu n'ime ndị isi Marcos ọnọdụ ọhụrụ kwuo.

Zapatista Maachi

Ná mmalite ụbọchị nke ya onyeisi oche, Fox nyere iwu ntọhapụ nke 40 mkpọrọ Zapatista na n'omume ịdọrọ ya agha si nnupụisi ala. Ọ zigakwara Congress a ụgwọ na ikike nke ụmụ amaala obodo, dị ka kwetara na 1996. Marcos zara ndị a jikoro a mara ọkwa nke March ka isi obodo maka ọkwa nke ha chọrọ na Congress. O ruru a obere orùrù nke ndị agha, nke ruru ihe ọ bụla na a ọnwa ole na ole. EZLN jụrụ n'ihi na ije na Mexico City, Bilie nnọchiteanya nke International Committee nke Red Cross, ma ndị ọchịchị bụ nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị azụmahịa obodo na ndị agha emewo egbochi a-ekwe omume. Fox ebubo ndị agha okpuru bụ na ha adịghị nyere a mma nzaghachi ọrụ na-eme ma kagbuo ndọrọ ego nke ndị agha na ntọhapụ nke ndị mkpọrọ, na Marcos ebubo nke president na ọ na-na ụma na-eme mmasị idozi esemokwu enweghị na-ewere ezigbo mkpebi maka udo.

February 24, 2001 Zapatista njem malitere na a ọhụrụ gburugburu nke see. 15 ụbọchị mgbe mmalite na gafere karịa 3000 km na ndị kasị daa ogbenye ebe nke obodo, edu Subcomandante convoy rutere ebe nke El Zocalo na Mexico City. Rebel ndú mara ọkwa ya bu n'uche iji nọgide na na isi obodo ruo mgbe nnwapụta nke nzuko omeiwu a draft iwu na-enye obodo kwụụrụ na ọtụtụ iri nde ndị India. March 12 EZLN nnọchiteanya ha nzukọ mbụ na Cocopa Commission na tupu nzukọ nke partisans na ndị òtù Mexico Congress na Sineti. Marcos ọchịchị chọrọ iji hazie a nzukọ n'etiti ndị nnọchiteanya nke 10 nnupụisi na 10 kwụsị, ma Subcomandante chere na choro na mbon pụtara tupu nzukọ nke nzuko omeiwu-ulo. Na enweghị nkwekọrịta, na, n'agbanyeghị nke na-ekwe nkwa na ụgwọ na nkwupụta, Marcos na-atụghị anya mara ọkwa ya mkpebi na-ahapụ isi obodo ma laghachi na ugwu nke Chiapas.

The mgbali nwere mmetụta, na President Visente Foks kpebiri ikwe ka ndị agha okpuru ma si otú gbochie nloghachi nke Zapatistas, nke ga-eme ka a ọhụrụ stalemate na udo usoro. The isi nke ala mara ọkwa ufụn niile mkpọrọ ndị agha okpuru ịdọrọ ndị agha site atọ agha bases na breakaway region na nkwa ime ka mgbalị nnupụisi mbon natara na Congress.

N'oge ahụ mere ihe akụkọ nzukọ e nwere March 22, 2001, nzuko omeiwu mma (218 votes maka, 210 megide, 7 abstentions) òkè EZLN mbon. 28 March 23 insurgents bịara mgbakọ were mbụ n'ohu na Mexico nzuko omeiwu na kwuru site n'ebe ikpo okwu nke "iwu" Esther, a so na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-edu ndú nke EZLN. Mgbe okwu ya na-agbachitere ikike nke ụmụ amaala obodo, a mara ọkwa na Miss Marsh mere. Udo usoro maliteghachiri na mbụ kọntaktị n'etiti ndị agha okpuru na gọọmenti. Subcomandante Marcos na Zapatistas, o doro anya na afọ ojuju, March 30 laghachi Chiapas.

Na-alụ

N'agbanyeghị media mmeri, ụmụ amaala isi ina anatagh anya support. Na April, Sineti na Congress nakweere a akwụkwọ, nke na-enye maka iwebata mgbanwe ka oruru iji hụ na ikike nke ụmụ amaala obodo, ma ihe mmeghari mbụ oru ngo n'ụzọ ejedebeghị San andresskie nkwekọrịta mere a na-adịghị mma mmeghachi omume. Ụmụ Amaala iche iche, na ọgwụgwụ, ajụwo iwu na ikike na omenala nke ụmụ amaala obodo, adịghị enye usoro iji mejuputa ndị a ikike. Ọzọkwa, Zapatistas kwuputela mmegide kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na ederede, mma site Chamber, dị ka ọ na-adịghị ekwe ka "ọ dịghị onwe, ọ dịghị ezi obodo kwụụrụ." Subcomandante Marcos mara ọkwa na EZLN agaghị maliteghachi okwu na gọọmenti, kwụsịtụrụ na 1996, na ga-anọgide na-alụ ọgụ.

Ụmụ amaala obodo, ọgụgụ isi dị iche iche na leftist Party nke Democratic mgbanwe, gbara akwụkwọ karịrị 300 emetụtaghị okwu ikpe megide iwu na-agafe Congress, ma na September 2002 na ha jụrụ Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu.

ọzọ mkpọsa

Na August 2005, na mbụ ya n'ihu ọha na nkwupụta kemgbe opupu ihe ubi nke 2001 Marcos na Chiapas kwuru ya bu n'obi abụghị na-akwado ihe ọ bụla nke na-aga ime ka onyeisi oche na 2006 na sharply katọrọ ha, karịsịa ndị nke mbụ Mexico City Mayor Manuel Lopez Obrador. Subcomandante kwukwara na ndị na-abịa mwekota nke Zapatista ije na Mexico usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-ewere ọnọdụ site na oruru nke a sara mbara n'aka ekpe n'ihu. N'ụbọchị mbụ nke 2006, Marcos malitere a ọgba tum tum tour gburugburu mba na ihe nkwado nke na-akpọ "ndị ọzọ mkpọsa" ike a ije na-eme na mba ụmụ amaala obodo na-eguzogide iche iche maka mgbanwe n'ofè agbụrụ. Mgbe ntuli aka, ọ na mgbe ụfọdụ pụtara na-ọzọ okwu.

Comandante mgbe eze kwadoro ma ọ bụ gọrọ agọ na ọ Guillen.

Subcomandante Marcos: creativity

The ndú nke Zapatistas e dere karịrị 200 edemede na akụkọ na bipụtara 21 akwụkwọ, na nke o depụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na nkà ihe ọmụma echiche. Works bipụtara n'okpuru aha nke Subcomandante Marcos - "The Other mgbanwe" (2008), «¡Ya Basta! Iri afọ nke Zapatista nsogbu "(2004)," Issues na mma-agha :. ifo nke Zapatista mgbanwe "(2001), wdg Na ha na-ede akwụkwọ prefers na-ekwu okwu na kpọmkwem n'ụdị akụkọ ifo.

Ịgachi ọrụ, nke a na-ebipụta site Subcomandante Marcos - "The Fourth World War malitere" (2001). Na-ede na-abịa okwu nke neo-Liberalism na ụwa ọnụ. A atọ agha ụwa, ọ na-eche Agha Nzuzo n'etiti ikeketeorie na ọchịchị ọhaneze, ma na-eso ya - n'etiti isi ego emmepe.

Subcomandante Marcos, onye akwụkwọ na-e dere ihe ifo, na-emegide onwe na ihunanya ụzọ, otú ahụ nwere ike na-agbalị pụọ na ọnọdụ ihe mgbu ọ na-akọwa. Na nke ọ bụla, onye ọ bụla nke na ọrụ ya na-achụso a kpọmkwem ebumnobi, nke na-egosi na aha nke akwụkwọ "Anyị okwu - anyị ngwá agha" (2002), a collection of isiokwu, poems, okwu na akwụkwọ ozi.

Subcomandante Marcos: ruturu

Otu n'ime utu aha nke edemede ke 1992 bụ dị ka ndị:

"Nke a isi na-agwa otú ihe kasị ọchịchị e nchegbu banyere ịda ogbenye nke ụmụ amaala obodo nke Chiapas, na ya emeela hotels, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, n'ogige na a agha ọdụ ụgbọ elu. Ọ na-agwa otú anụ ọhịa ahụ na-azụ na ndị na ọbara, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ ihe mberede na ihe ndabara ọjọọ mere ... A ole na ole nke ụlọ ọrụ, otu onye nke bụ Mexico steeti Chiapas nyere àkù nile n'ọnọdụ ahapụ ha na-egbu egbu na-egbu egbu nzọ ụkwụ. "

Otu ihe kwuru site n'akwụkwọ "The Fourth World War malitere":

"-Erule ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Nzuzo, ikeketeorie kere a agha egwu - na neutron bọmbụ, a ngwá agha na-ebibi ndụ mgbe ahapụ emebibeghị ụlọ. N'oge Fourth World War, Otú ọ dị, chọpụtara a ọhụrụ ọrụ ebube ngwá agha - ego bombu. N'ụzọ dị iche, na Hiroshima na Nagasaki, ọ bụghị nanị na-ebibi obodo, eziga ọnwụ, egwu na-ata ahụhụ nke ndị na-ebi na ha, ma na-eme ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ na akụkụ ọzọ nke ihe mgbaghoju anya nke akụ na ụba ụwa ọnụ. "