Telegraphs: ụdị, esereese na photos

Telegraph na-egwuri a isi ọrụ na mmepe nke oge a ọha mmadụ. Na-adịghị na-apụghị ịdabere na nnyefe nke ozi ịghọta ọganihu na ndị mmadụ na-achọ ụzọ mee ngwangwa ya. Na mepụtara nke ọkụ eletrik ka o kwe omume e kere eke nke na ngwaọrụ, kama mgbasaozi mwute data karịrị anya.

Ná mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme

Telegraph na dị iche iche incarnations - kasị ochie iche nke nkwurịta okwu. Ọbụna n'oge ochie, e nwere mkpa na-ekesa ozi n'ebe dị anya. Ihe atụ, na Africa, maka nnyefe nke dị iche iche na ozi na-eji tom-toms rụọ na Europe - ọkụ, na mgbe e mesịrị - semaphore nkwurịta okwu. The mbụ semaphore teligraf mbụ a na-akpọ "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", ma mgbe ahụ dochie anya ya a ọzọ kwesịrị ekwesị na-akpọ "teligraf" - "dalnopisets".

The akpa ngwaọrụ

Na nchọpụta nke onu nke "eletrik" na karịsịa mgbe ndị dị ịrịba ama ọmụmụ nke Danish ọkà mmụta sayensị Hans Kristiana Ersteda (nchoputa nke ozizi electromagnetism) na Italian ọkà mmụta sayensị Alessandro Volta - Onye Okike nke mbụ electrochemical cell na mbụ batrị (akpọ ya n'oge ahụ "voltaic ikpo") - enwere a otutu echiche nke na-eke akpa teligraf .

Mgbalị Nlụpụta eletriki ngwaọrụ ebunye ụfọdụ n'ókè-a gaghị agara anya, e si na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 18. Na 1774, a mfe teligraf e wuru na Switzerland (Geneva), ọkà mmụta sayensị na nchepụta Lesage. O sonyeere abụọ transceivers 24-Ukwu dịpụrụ adịpụ wires. Mgbe n'itinye a usu na-enyemaka nke ihe ọkụ igwe na otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-egbu oge ngwaọrụ nke abụọ bọl wezụgaruworo Buzinova kwekọrọ ekwekọ electroscope. Mgbe ahụ technology mma na-eme nchọpụta Lomon (1787), dochie waya 24 otu. Otú ọ dị, nke a usoro siri ike na-akpọ Telegraph.

Telegraph nọgidere na-amụtakwu. Dị ka ihe atụ, a French physics André Marie Ampère kere a mgbasa ngwa esịnede magnetik agịga 25, kwụsịtụrụ si axles, na 50 na wires. Otú ọ dị, keukwu ngwaọrụ mere dị otú ahụ a na ngwaọrụ bụ fọrọ unusable.

Schilling ngwa

The Russian (Soviet) akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na-ekwu na nke mbụ teligraf, dị nnọọ iche na ya ụzọ arụmọrụ, mfe na pụrụ ịdabere, a haziri na Russia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom na 1832. N'ezie, ụfọdụ mba ụka a na-azọrọ, "na-akwalite" ya dịkarịa ala nkà ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Ikpe Shilling (ọtụtụ n'ime ha, dị mwute ikwu na, na e bipụtara) na telegraphy nwere ọtụtụ na-akpali oru ngo nke electric telegraphs. Baron Schilling ngwa e onwem na igodo nke tụụrụ eletrik na wires na njikọ mgbasa na inweta apparatuses.

The ụwa mbụ telegram, nke ndị mejupụtara 10 okwu, e gafere October 21, 1832 na teligraf, arụnyere na Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga ulo. The nchepụta nwekwara mepụtara cabling ngo ijikọ teligraf na ala nke Gulf nke Finland n'etiti Peterhof na Kronstadt.

na-akwọ ụgbọala teligraf

The ndibọbọ ngwa gụnyere coils, ọ bụla nke na-agụnye a na njikọ waya magnetik agịga kwụsịtụrụ n'elu coils na filaments. On a yarns ike na otu Foto Ụlọ Nga, na-ese na otu akụkụ nwa, ndị ọzọ na-acha ọcha. Na ịpị igodo ndị transmitter eriri igwe nke magnetik agịga mehieworonụ ma kwaga na kwesịrị ekwesị ọnọdụ gburugburu. Nchikota ndokwa zuru telegrapher n'ikuku na a pụrụ iche mkpụrụ okwu (koodu) kpebisiri ike na-ebute site ná ịrịba ama.

Akpa, asatọ wires na a chọrọ, mgbe ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha belata abụọ maka nkwurịta okwu. Iji rụọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ a Telegraph nke pl Schilling mepụtara a pụrụ iche koodu. All ụdi echepụta nke telegraphy nọ n'ógbè eji nnyefe nzuzo ụkpụrụ.

ihe ndị ọzọ

Fọrọ nke nta n'otu oge telegraphs yiri rụrụ iji itinye n'ọkwa okwukwo mepụtara German ọkà mmụta sayensị na Weber Ghaus. Ugbua na 1833 ha nwere a teligraf akara na Mahadum Göttingen (Lower Saxony) n'etiti astronamicheskoy ígwé na observatories.

Ọ maara na ngwaọrụ Schilling jere ozi dị ka a prototype maka British Telegraph Cook na Winston. Cook ghọọ ndị maara ọrụ nke Russian nchepụta nke Heidelberg University (Germany). Ọnụ na enyi Winston ha mma ngwa na patented. The ngwaọrụ ụtọ oké azụmahịa ihe ịga nke ọma na Europe.

A obere mgbanwe ke 1838 mere Shteyngeyl. Ọ bụghị naanị nke ahụ, ọ nọrọ mbụ teligraf akara anya (5 km), ya mere, ọbụna mmadụ na mberede mere chọpụtara na ọ bụ nanị otu waya (nke abụọ so anamde n'ala) ga-eji na mgbaàmà nnyefe.

Morse teligraf

Otú ọ dị, ndị a niile ngwaọrụ na dials na magnetik agịga nwere enweghị ngwọta oghom - ha nwere ike ghara Nọsi'ike: ngwa nnyefe nke ozi, njehie pụtara na ihe odide na-ekpu. Rụchaanụ ọrụ na-eke a dị mfe ma na pụrụ ịdabere na circuit teligraf wires na abụọ ịga nke ọma site American artist na nchepụta Samuel Morse. O mepụtara na etinyere a teligraf koodu na nke ọ bụla akwụkwọ ozi nke mkpụrụ okwu e wepụtara ụfọdụ n'ịgwa nke ntụpọ na dashes.

Morse teligraf rụrụ nnọọ nanị. N'ihi na a circuit na interrupting ugbu a iji a igodo (manipulator). Ọ mejupụtara a menjuobi mere nke metal, na axis nke nke agwa na akara eduzi. Otu njedebe nke a spring-ogwe aka menjuobi na-enwe na metal ugwu, wired na-erite na n'ala (ala na-eji). Mgbe telegrapher presses na nsọtụ ọzọ nke ogwe aka, na banyere ndị ọzọ ntule jikọọ na batrị USB. N'oge a, na nke ugbu a rushes site na a erite dị na a dị iche iche ebe.

Na nnata ojii na a pụrụ iche drum emerụ warara nke akwụkwọ Nkea nọgidere clockwork. N'okpuru nduzi nke na-abata ugbu a electromagnet adọta ígwè mkpanaka nke amapu akwụkwọ, si otú na-akpụ a usoro nke odide.

Academician mepụtara Jacoby

Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị, Academician Bs Jacobi oge site 1839 na 1850, kere ọtụtụ ụdị telegraphs: ide, turnouts-adọ synchronous na-eme na ụwa mbụ teleprinter. Ọhụrụ bụ onye ọhụrụ milestone na mmepe nke nkwurịta okwu na usoro. Ekweta, ọ bụ nnọọ mfe na-agụ ozugbo zitere a telegram karịa na-eji oge na ya transcript.

The mgbasaozi kpọmkwem-ebi akwụkwọ ngwa Jacobi ẹkewetde nke a Ịkpọ oku na-akụ na kọntaktị nke drum. Na elu gburugburu nke Ịkpọ oku edebe akwụkwọ ozi na nọmba. The anata ngwaọrụ nwere a Ịkpọ oku na-akụ, na mgbakwunye na, iji kwalite na-ebi akwụkwọ electromagnets na wheel ụdị. On a typical wheel kanyere na niile akwụkwọ ozi na nọmba. Na mmalite-elu na N'ezie nke nnyefe ngwaọrụ nke ugbu a pulses bịarutere si akara, na-ebi akwụkwọ ngwa anata electromagnet na-triggered enwe akwụkwọ web na sample wheel na e biri ebi na akwụkwọ natara ịrịba ama.

ngwa Hughes

American nchepụta David Edward Hughes kwadoro na telegraphy ụzọ synchronous ọrụ, wuru 1855 teleprinter na ọkọlọtọ wheel-aga n'ihu adiana. The transmitter nke a ngwaọrụ bụ na keyboard-ụdị piano, na 28 nwa ọcha na igodo, nke dakwasịrị akwụkwọ ozi na nọmba.

Na 1865, Hughes igwe na awụnyebeghị maka nzukọ nke teligraf ọrụ n'etiti St. Petersburg na Moscow, na mgbe ahụ gbasaa Russia. Ndị a na ngwaọrụ na-n'ọtụtụ ebe ruo 30-ies nke XX narị afọ.

Bodø ngwa

Hughes ngwa apụghị inye elu ọsọ wiring na irè ojiji nke njikọ. Ya mere, iji dochie ndị a ngwaọrụ abịa multiple teligraf ngwaọrụ, e mere na 1874 site na French engineer Georges Emilem Bodø.

Bodø The ngwaọrụ na-enye ohere imekotaotuugbo nnyefe nke ọtụtụ teligraf ọrụ na otu akara ọtụtụ telegram na ma ntụziaka. The ngwa mejupụtara a nkesa, na ọtụtụ mgbasa na inweta ngwaọrụ. transmitter igodo mejupụtara ise igodo. Iji melite arụmọrụ nke ojiji nke nkwurịta okwu e ji mee ihe na ngwa Bodø dị transmitter ngwa nke na-ebute site ná ozi koodu telegrapher aka.

ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe

The mgbasa ngwaọrụ (keyboard) machine otu ebe a na-akpaghị aka na-ejikọrọ site akara ruo nwa oge ka nwoke receivers. The ka nke ha njikọ na ịmafe ziri ezi oge nke ọkụ nyere ndị nkesa. teligraf ijeụkwụ ọrụ ga-adaba na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị nkesa. Brushes valves nnyefe na n'ikuku ga bugharia synchronously na na-adọ. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbasaozi na inweta ngwaọrụ jikọọ na nkesa, arụmọrụ teligraf Bodø àmà 2500-5000 okwu kwa awa.

The mbụ nkeji na-arụnyere na Bodø "Petersburg - Moscow" Telegraph na 1904. N'ọdịnihu, ndị a na ngwaọrụ na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na teligraf netwọk nke USSR na-eji ruo mgbe 50s.

Inching ngwaọrụ

Inching teligraf akara a ọhụrụ ogbo na mmepe nke teligraf technology. The ngwaọrụ bụ obere, na ọ bụ ndị ọzọ mfe iji rụọ ọrụ. Ọ nkumigwe style keyboard e ji oge mbụ. Ndị a uru mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na site na njedebe nke 50s Bodø igwe e kpamkpam kewapụrụ nke waya ihe.

Great onyinye mmepe nke ụlọ mmalite-stop ngwaọrụ nwere A. F. Shorin na L. I. Treml, nke a na-mepụtara n'okpuru anụ ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ na 1929 malitere na-emepụta a ọhụrụ teligraf usoro. Ebe ọ bụ na 1935, akpaka transmitter (transmitter) na a erite circuit (reperforator) malitere mmepụta ngwaọrụ ụdị ST-35, na 1960 ha e mepụtara.

ngbanwe

Kemgbe ngwaọrụ pt-35 na-eji maka teligraf nkwurịta okwu ngwaọrụ tinyere Bodø, ndị pụrụ iche na koodu №1, nke dị iche n'ihe na-emebu koodu mba ofesi maka mmalite-stop ugbo ala (№2) koodu e mepụtara maka ha.

Mgbe decommissioning Bodø ngwaọrụ agaghịkwa mkpa iji na mba anyị bụ a na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ mmalite-stop koodu, na niile CT-35 ugbu a ogige e zigara mba koodu №2. The ngwaọrụ onwe ha, dị ka a modernized, na a ọhụrụ imewe, nwetara aha ST-2m na STA-2m (na prefixes akpaaka).

Rolling igwe

Ọzọkwa ndị na na Soviet Union na e doro megide ya, ike a ukwuu oru oma mpịakọta Telegraph. Ya peculiarity bụ na ederede na-e biri ebi akara site na akara na mbara mpempe akwụkwọ, dị ka a ntụpọ-matriks na ngwa nbipute. Elu arụmọrụ na ikike nyefee buru ibu nke ozi ndị dị mkpa ọ bụghị nanị na ndị nkịtị, kama maka ụlọ ọrụ management na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị.

• Now Waya T-63 igwe onwem na atọ registers: Latin, Russian na dijitalụ. Site n'enyemaka nke chịngọm ná ntutu teepu nwere ike na-akpaghị aka na-enweta na-ebunye data. Obibi na-ewe ebe ahụ akwụkwọ mpịakọta 210 mm.
• Akpaghị aka mpịakọta electronic teligraf PTA-80-enye gị ohere ka iji aka ma ọ bụ na-akpaghị aka eziga na-enweta mail.
• Ngwa RTM-51 na PTA-50-2 na-eji ozi Ndekọ ink 13-mm teepu na a ọkọlọtọ mpịakọta akwụkwọ obosara (215 mm). The igwe Mbipụta kwa nkeji ruo 430 odide.

Contemporary

Telegraphs, photos nke nwere ike dị na peeji nke nke akwụkwọ na ngosi nka ngosi, na-egwuri a dị ịrịba ama ọrụ ngwa ngwa na-enwe ọganihu. N'agbanyeghị ngwa mmepe nke ekwentị nkwukọrịta, ndị a na ngwaọrụ na-agaghị n'ime nchefu, na ghọrọ usoro oge a na ígwè ozi fax na ihe ọkaibe electronic Telegraph.

Eze, akpatre teligraf waya, na-arụ ọrụ na Indian steeti Goa, e mechiri July 14, 2014. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ina (5000 telegram kwa ụbọchị), ọrụ bụ na-abaghị uru. Ke United States, ndị ikpeazụ teligraf ụlọ ọrụ Western Union akwụsịla na-ebu kpọmkwem ọrụ na 2006, na-elekwasị anya remittances. Ka ọ dịgodị, oge nke Telegraphs bụghị n'elu, ma kwaga na electronic gburugburu ebe obibi. Central Telegraph Russia, ọ bụ ezie budata belata mkpara, na-aga n'ihu na-emezu ya ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụla obodo ke akwa ebe ọ bụ omume na-eduzi a ekwentị akara na internet.

Ke ọhụrụ oge teligraf ọwa ebu site ugboro wiring, haziri predominantly site USB na radio agba anọ njikọ. Ndị isi uru nke ugboro telegraphy bụ eziokwu na ọ na-enye ohere a ọkọlọtọ ekwentị ọwa na-ahazi si 17 ka 44 teligraf ọwa. Ke adianade do, ugboro ole wiring enyere na-ebu nta ka ọ bụla nkwurịta okwu anya. The nkwurịta okwu na netwọk esịnede ugboro ọwa wiring, mfe mmezi, na-nwere a mgbanwe na-enye ohere na-eke circuitous direction ọdịda nke isi akara direction. Frequency wiring bụ ya mere adaba, echekwa na a pụrụ ịdabere, nke bụ ugbu a teligraf ọwa DC na-eji na na na naa.