The kacha mma ọrụ nke Bulgakov: a ndepụta na nkenke nnyocha

Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov, onye kacha mma ọrụ na-e kwuru n'isiokwu a na-ede akwụkwọ ndụ nke USSR nwere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ọnọdụ. Mmetụta nketa na edemede omenala nke narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụ dokwara ọbịa na-elekọta mmadụ nsiridi, na akụ na echiche zuru ọchịchị Kọmunist na 1930s, na mmụọ nke avant-garde experimentation, e ji mara nke Russian akwụkwọ nke 1920s. Writer sharply satirical, megidere chọrọ nke nnyocha, ẹwụtde a àgwà ọjọọ ka ndị na-ewu a ọhụrụ ọha mmadụ na mgbanwe ke USSR.

Atụmatụ ede akwụkwọ si Weltanschauung

Bulgakov ọrụ gosipụtara echiche nke ụbụrụ na-aghọ mgbe nke mere ihe akụkọ dismantling nke ọchịchị aka ike na-anọgide kwara ka omenala omume na omenala ụkpụrụ. Nke a na ọnọdụ bụ ọnụ ahịa a ọtụtụ na-ede akwụkwọ, ya odide e kweghị ka ibipụta. A ịrịba akụkụ nke ihe-nketa nke a so dee bịara anyị naanị site na ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ọnwụ ya.

Anyị na-enye gị ndị na-esonụ ndepụta kasị ama ọrụ nke Bulgakov:

- na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ "The White Nche", "nna ukwu na Margarita", "Notes nke ahụ nwụrụ anwụ;

- akụkọ: "Diaboliad", "The egbu Àkwá", "Obi nke a Dog";

- na play "Ivan Vasilievich".

Nchụàjà "The White Nche" (afọ nke e kere eke - 1922-1924)

The ndepụta "nke kacha mma ọrụ nke Bulgakov si" na-emeghe "The White Nche". Na mbụ ya akwụkwọ Bulgakov akọwa ihe metụtara ọgwụgwụ nke 1918, ie oge nke Civil War. Ihe nke ngwaahịa na-ewe ebe Kiev, ọzọ kpomkwem, na ụlọ, ebe n'oge ahụ biri edemede bụ onye ezinụlọ. Prototypes n'etiti ndị enyi, ndị ikwu na ndị ha maara bụ Bulgakov fọrọ nke nta niile na-agụ akụkọ. Ihe odide ndị ọrụ na-adịghị anwụghị, ma n'agbanyeghị nke a, Fans nke akwụkwọ, na-esonụ akara aka nke dike nke prototypes na-egosi n'ezie na nke chọrọ Mihailom Afanasevichem ihe.

Akụkụ mbụ nke akwụkwọ bụ "The White Nche" (Mikhail Bulgakov) e bipụtara na 1925 na a magazine na-akpọ "Russian". Ofụri Esịt ọrụ e bipụtara na France afọ abụọ mgbe e mesịrị. Echiche na-akatọ ndị olu - na Soviet n'akụkụ ekwetaghị ito klas iro onye edemede na onye iji - erubere ndị ọchịchị isi.

Na 1923 Bulgakov dere na ike dị otú ahụ a ngwaahịa na "mbara igwe, ga-abụ na-ekpo ọkụ ...". "The White Nche" (Mikhail Bulgakov) mesịrị jee ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ndị a ma ama play "Days of turbines." E nwekwara a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke adaptations.

Akụkọ "Diaboliad" (1923)

N'ịnọgide na-akọwa ihe ndị kasị ama na-arụ ọrụ Bulgakov. Ndị a gụnyere ndị nchụàjà "Diaboliad". Akụkọ banyere otú ụmụ ejima emebi ukochukwu, onye edemede na-ekpughe ebighị ebi isiokwu nke "obere nwoke", bụ onye a na aja nke n'usoro iwu igwe nke Soviet ike, na pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche nke Korotkov, Ọdee akwụkwọ, ndị a na-ekwensu, ebibi ihe. Asuan si arụ ọrụ, na-enweghị ike ịnagide n'usoro iwu ndị mmụọ ọjọọ na-arụ emecha na-aga na ewere. A na-arụ ọrụ mbụ e bipụtara na 1924 na anthology "Nadra".

Akụkọ "The egbu Àkwá" (afọ nke oruru - 1924)

Bulgakov ọrụ na-agụnye akwụkwọ na "The egbu Àkwá". Ihe na-eme na ya na 1928. Vladimir Ipatievich Piich, a na-ghar zoologist choputara a pụrụ iche onu: uhie akụkụ nke ìhè ụdịdị dị iche iche nwere a na-akpali akpali utịp ke embrayo - ha na-amalite na-eto eto ngwa ngwa na iru size, ọtụtụ ibu karịa ha "malite." E nwere nanị otu drawback - na data na-karịsịa ji ubara ime ihe ike na ikike ya na-aghọrọ.

Otu ugbo, gawa site a nwoke na aha ikpeazụ Rock, kpebie iji mepụtara Persikov iji weghachi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ ụlọ ọkụkọ mgbe Russia na-aga na ọkụkọ otiti. Ọ na-igwefoto-azụ a prọfesọ, ma n'amaghị kama ọkụkọ ka ya na agụ iyi, agwọ na enyí nnụnụ àkwá. Akpụ akpụ kpara si ha, mgbe niile mụta nwa - ha na-akpụ akpụ na Moscow, na-azacha ihe niile na ya ụzọ.

The ibé nke ọrụ a gosiri "nri nke chi" - a akwụkwọ site HG Wells, dere ya na 1904. Na ya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chepụtara a ntụ ntụ nke na-akpata dị ịrịba ama uto nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. Dị ka a n'ihi nke nwere na England na e nwere ibu ghọsịrị ebu na oke, na mgbe e mesịrị ọkụkọ, a dịgasị iche iche nke osisi, dị ka nke ọma dị ka a agbụrụ ndị dike.

Prototypes na mmegharị nke akụkọ "The egbu Àkwá"

Dị ka eminent philologist B. Sokolova, prototypes Persikov-akpọ Aleksandra Gurvicha, ama bayoloji, na Vladimir Lenin.

Sergey Lomkin ewepụ dabeere na 1995 film nke otu aha ọrụ, gụnyere ndị dị otú dike e na ọrụ "The Master na Margarita" dị ka Voland (Mikhail Kozakov) na cat Òtòbò (Roman Madyanov). Oleg Yankovsky brilliantly egwuri ọrụ nke Prọfesọ Persikov.

Nchụàjà "Heart of a Dog" (1925)

N'ihi na oge mbụ a akụkọ e bipụtara na London na Frankfurt na 1968. Na USSR ọ na-ekesa na samizdat, na na na 1987, na ukara n'akwụkwọ.

The ọrụ, bụ nke e dere na Bulgakov Mihail ( "Obi nke a Dog"), nwere ndị na-esonụ ibé. Ihe na-eme na 1924. Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky, ihe eminent dọkịta na-awa oji ịrịba arụpụta rejuvenation na ime a pụrụ iche nnwale - iji mee ka onye na ime iji bufee a mmadụ nkịta pituitary. Bezdomny nkịta bọlbụ na-eji dị ka a nwaa anumanu, na Clim Chugunkin ohi onye nwụrụ na ndị agha, ọ bụ ngwa na-enye onyinye.

Na Ball nwayọọ nwayọọ amalite ịda ajị, agbatị aka na ụkwụ, e nwere a mmadụ ihu na olu. Prọfesọ nke Nnwogha ga-adịghị anya nwere Otú ọ dị, akwa ụta banyere zuru okè.

Mgbe na-eduzi a search na ulo nke Mikhail Bulgakov ke 1926 ọ jide odide "Heart of a Dog" we laghachi ya nanị mgbe a arịrịọ maka ya Gorky.

Prototypes na mmegharị nke "Heart of a Dog"

Ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha creativity Bulgakov were echiche bụ na onye so dee ẹwụtde ke akwụkwọ a nke Lenin (Nnwogha), Stalin (bọọlụ), Zinoviev (nnyemaaka Zaịna) na Trotsky (Bormental). Ọ na-kweere, Ọzọkwa, na Bulgakov buru amụma uka ada ahụ mere na 1930s.

Alberto Lattuada, Italian film director, ke 1976, weere akwụkwọ nke otu aha fim, nke nnwogha prọfesọ Max von Sydow arụ. Special ewu ewu, Otú ọ dị, nke a film mmegharị enweghị, na iche na iconic picture nke director Vladimir Bortko, bipụtara na 1988.

Nchụàjà "The Master na Margarita" (1929-1940 afọ)

Farce, Satire, omimi, fantasy, ilu, romance, akụkọ ifo ... Mgbe ụfọdụ, o yiri ka ngwaahịa, nke na-emepụta Mikhail Bulgakov si "nna ukwu na Margarita", agwakọta a niile Genres.

Satan na guise nke Woland na-achị achị na ụwa anyị bụ nanị otu onye mara ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ, ịkwụsị site n'oge ruo n'oge dị iche iche na obodo nta na obodo nta. Ozugbo, n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọnwa, ọ chọtara onwe ya na Moscow nke 1930s - a oge na ebe ọ dịghị onye na-ekwere na ọ Chineke ma ọ bụ Setan, agọ ịdị adị nke Jesus Christ.

All ndị na-abịa na kọntaktị na Woland, achụ ọma kwesịrị ntaramahụhụ maka peculiar ọ bụla n'ime ndị a mmehie: mmanya ókè, iri ngo, anyaukwu, na ịchọ ọdịmma onwe, ụgha, enweghị mmasị, ọnụ ọjọọ chụpụ, wdg

Mepụta a akwụkwọ banyere Pontius Pilate, nke nna ukwu bụ na ihe ara mgbapu, ebe ọ chụpụ ndị ịkatọ ibe dere. Margaret, ya ekaufọk, naanị ná nrọ banyere otú ahụ nna ukwu na ya kpụnye ya. Azazello enye ya nwere olileanya na a nrọ ga-emezu, ma nke a na nwa agbọghọ nwere nwere otu ọrụ Woland.

History ọrụ

The mbụ version nke akwụkwọ nwere ihe ọmụma zuru ezu nke anụ ahụ nkọwa nke Woland, na-etinye na iri na ise ji aka dee na peeji nke na-kere Mikhail Bulgakov. "Master na Margarita", n'ihi ya nwere ya akụkọ ihe mere eme. Akpa, Master akpọ Astaroth. Na 1930s na Soviet akwụkwọ akụkọ na oru ndi mgbe Maxim Gorky e ofu na aha "Master".

Dị ka Elena Sergeevna, nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ nke bụ onye so dee, Bulgakov tupu ọnwụ ya okwu ndia banyere ya nchụàjà "The Master na Margarita": "Iji mara ... mara."

The ọrụ bipụtara ruo mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ọ mbụ wee na-amụnye naanị na 1966, ie afọ 26 mgbe ọnwụ nke ya na Onye Okike, na a shortened version, na ego. The akwụkwọ ozugbo nweela ewu ewu n'etiti ndị Soviet intelligentsia, ruo n'ókè na Akwụkwọ na 1973. Mbipụta reprinted ọrụ aka, ma si otú na-ekesa. Elena jisiri na-odide niile ndị a afọ.

Oké ewu ewu ụtọ ọtụtụ arụmọrụ dabeere na ọrụ nye Valeriem Belyakovichem na Yuri Lyubimov, ọ nọkwa na-filmed site Alexander Petrovic na Andzheya Vaydy na TV usoro Vladimir Bortko na Yuriya Kary.

"Egwuregwu nchụàjà" ma ọ bụ "Notes nke a nwụrụ anwụ nwoke" (1936-1937 afọ)

Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich dere ọrụ ruo ọnwụ ya na 1940. The akwụkwọ "egwuregwu nchụàjà" nọgidere na-ahụkarị uko. Ọ na nnọchite nke Sergei Leontyevich Maksudova, a ụfọdụ dere, na-agwa akụkọ nke onye so dee ụwa na-eme ihe nkiri backstage.

November 26, 1936 malitere ọrụ na a akwụkwọ. Bulgakov na mbụ na peeji nke ya odide abụọ aha: "egwuregwu nchụàjà" na "Notes nke nwụrụ anwụ." Nke ikpeazụ a ugboro abụọ mata ha.

Dị ka ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha, nchụàjà - kasị mkpari kere eke Bulgakov. Ọ e kere na otu ume, na-enweghị osise, drafts na degharịa. onye dere nwunye chetara na, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi nri abalị, na-eche di ya lọta n'abalị nke Bolshoi Ụlọ ihe nkiri, ọ nọdụrụ ala na tebụl ya na dere a peeji ole na ole nke ọrụ a, na mgbe ahụ, afọ ju, rubbing ya aka mkpu gwa ya.

The play "Ivan" (1936)

The kasị ama kere agụnye ọ bụghị nanị akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ, ma na-arụkwa Bulgakov. Otu n'ime ha, "Ivan", chụọrọ gị ntị. Ibé ya na-esonụ. Nikolay Timofeev, ihe engineer eme na Moscow, na ya ulo a oge igwe. Mgbe ụlọ manager Bunsha abịa ya, o amama isi, na mgbidi kpamkpam n'etiti ụlọ. Hụrụ onye ohi George Miloslavsky, nānọdu Shpak ulo nke onye agbata obi ya. An engineer emepe a Portal Moscow na ụbọchị narị afọ nke 16. Ivan Grozny, kwusiri, rushes n'ime ugbu a, na Miloslavsky Bunsha ma na-azụ na oge.

Nke a akụkọ malitere na 1933 mgbe Mr Mikhail kwetara dee "fun play" na music ulo. Ná mmalite, ederede a na-akpọ dị iche iche, "Bliss", ọ gara na Communist n'ọdịnihu igwe, na Ivan Grozny pụtara na ọ bụ naanị otu nwunye.

Nke a e kere eke, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị ọzọ iberibe Bulgakov (ndepụta nwere ike iso), mgbe ọ dị ndụ e bipụtara na-adịghị etinye ruo 1965. Leonid Gaidai na 1973 dabere na ọrụ mere ya a ma ama nkiri a na-akpọ "Ivan Vasilyevich Mgbanwe arụ".

Nke a bụ nnọọ isi kere mere Mikhail Bulgakov. The ọrụ nke a so dee na-ejedebeghị na n'elu. N'ihu n'ọmụmụ nke creativity Bulgakov nwere ike nyeere na ndị ọzọ.