The ụgbọelu "Phantom" (McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II): nkọwa, nkọwa, photos

Ọtụtụ ọgụ ugbo elu dị ka a n'ihi na eji ma ọ bụ na-echefu ihe ha ogbenye mma, ma ọ bụ na-a ezi akụkọ mgbe, banyere nke ọbụna mara ndị na-enweghị mmekọrita na ugbo elu. Nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ekewet dị ka ihe atụ, anyị IL-2, na ihe ndị e mesịrị American ụgbọelu "Phantom".

Ikekwe, ihe kasị ama nke niile American ụgbọala nke 1960-1980 igwe, na aha ya na-ruo ọtụtụ afọ na-agakọta niile US Air Force alụso. Ya isi bụ multi-arụmọrụ, nke anyị ụgbọelu na-egosipụta a obere ka e mesịrị. Ke ofụri ofụri, ụgbọelu "Phantom" - ọ na-erughị doro anya nnọchianya nke Agha Nzuzo, ka ihe atụ, B-52 atụ bọmbụ.

A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke a Usoro bụ na ike-deployed intercept na-ajụ-nso agba ke bombu bays nke igwe. -Akpali mmasị, na anụ ụlọ analogues, ekemende eji maka mgwo agha nke mig-23, ha na-ike reminiscent nke imewe na arụmọrụ e ji mara. The Chinese na niile "na-efe ya" kere ya ụgbọelu JH-7. The myirịta nke - bụghị naanị anya, kamakwa nta yiri engines na ọbụna Rada. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya, na "Phantom" - ụgbọelu, nke image ndị ahụ ka ọtụtụ magazin na isiokwu nke ngwá agha.

Malite nke development

Mbụ ọrụ malitere na 1953, mgbe US Air Force ngwa ngwa gara ka nwetụrụ enweghị ndị na na ubi nke supersonic ụgbọelu dabeere fighter. Nke mbụ bụ a ike "McDonnell", ma na oru ngo na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu izute chọrọ nke ndị agha. Otú ọ dị, na ndabere nke a prototype fighter-bombu AH-1 e mesịrị wuru.

Otú ọ dị, ọdịda nke "mbụ haziri" bụ n'ihi ghara a na-emezughị echiche, ma na a deghar na 1955, na okwu nke akwụkwọ maka a ọhụrụ ugbo elu: eziokwu ahụ bụ na ochiagha n'oge ahụ kpughere ọchịchọ na ugbo elu na-ebu dị ọcha ụgbọelu dabeere fighter-interceptor ike nke na-eru M = 2, nanị ngwá agha agba.

Site n'ụzọ, onye mere ụgbọelu "Phantom"? Anyị na-ama kwuru, "McDonnell". Na ahụmahụ, ya injinia na-enwe ike ike a igwe na-ezukọ niile chọrọ nke ndị ahịa. Nke ikpeazụ wee bụrụ otú ịga nke ọma, nke ka na-anọchi ọrụ na gburugburu ụwa.

The mbụ prototypes

Ugbua na n'etiti okpomọkụ nke otu afọ mbụ prototype, ẹkedọhọde F4H-1F, na enye ama efe n'ime afọ atọ e guzobere. M nọ ọdụ n'ụlọ njikwa nke a ule pilot Robert C. Little. The ụgbọelu na-eji engines J79-3A (2h6715 kgs), ma mgbe mbụ ụgbọ elu nke iri ise, e kpebiri ịgbanwe ha na J79-ge-2. Mgbe a obere oge, nke ikpeazụ nyekwara ụzọ a nlereanya J79-ge-2A (2h7325 kgf). Ya mere, e a ụgbọelu "Phantom" nke abụọ nlereanya.

Na 1960, e mewo ka ọ onye zuru ọsọ ndekọ nke 2583 km / h. Ma, ebe a America gara a obere oru atọ: a Compressor ulo na-agbara nrụgide a ngwakọta nke mmiri na ethanol, nke kwere rụọ ọrụ nke ọma jụụ tobaim pupụtara na iji gbochie ha kwes mbibi. Nke a mgbanwe e wepụtara F-4A, e wepụtara dị nnọọ 23 ugbo elu nke a nlereanya.

All nke ha eji nanị maka ụgbọ elu ule, ndị United States a natara site Air Force. N'ozuzu, "Phantom" - ụgbọelu (ya foto bụ n'isiokwu), nke na akụkọ a na-enweghị ihe na-erughị a iri na abuo na nsụgharị. Nyere na njikere na dị nnọọ US Ọ bụ oge dị nnọọ mkpirikpi, ọ ga-atụle a ndekọ! Ọ bụrụ na ị na-amaghị ihe ya anya ka "Phantom" (ụgbọelu), ọ ga-enwe ike iji na-egbo ha ọchịchọ ịmata ihe, mgbe na-agụ isiokwu a!

Malite nke mmepụta, mgbanwe

Mmepụta nke igwe ndị a malitere na December 1960. Site 1967 nke na US Air Force bụ banyere 637 ugbo elu nke a nlereanya. Mgbe e mesịrị, na ndabere nke a umu e kere ọgụgụ isi. Ọ na-e mechara na-emepụta na-adịghị ala karịa 500 "dị ọcha" "Phantoms", a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị agadi ugbo elu (ma e wezụga ibuo batches) e gbanwere ọhụrụ nsụgharị.

Na-akpali mmasị, mkpebi ịmụta "Phantom" nakweere dị ka a multi-ọrụ fighter e mere naanị na 1962. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, a deliberation e jikọtara ya na-agbaba mgbe mkparịta ụka banyere ọrụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ụgbọ ala. Ụfọdụ na-emepụta nyere ozugbo ime ya na makings nke analọg n'ala agha fighter, ebe ndị ọzọ siri ọnwụ na nhọrọ nke na-eke a dị ọcha fighter technology, nke n'oge ahụ e kasị choro na US Air Force.

Nka na ụzụ na ngwá na mgwo agha

Aerodynamic imewe - nkịtị, a ala-nku, trapezoidal, e ji mara bụ ọnụnọ nke mpịachi consoles. Empennage-agaghị mere jirichaa iguzogide ikuku eruba na dịkwuo maneuverability nke ugbo elu.

N'adịghị ka ndị isi fighter nke afọ, ụgbọelu "Phantom" nwere a ukwuu mepụtara ígwè ọrụ, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbanwe ndị n'ụgbọ ahụ gbasie usoro. Ya mere ụgbọelu nwere ike adaa na oche nke ụgbọelu ụgbọelu, mee breeki nko. Ọ nwere ike idi ọdịda igwe-erikpu ruo 17 tọn. N'ezie, ndị dị otú ahụ landings dị naanị ndị kasị ahụmahụ ụgbọelu, nke zuru okè na-eche ya ụgbọelu.

The imewe nke igwe nlereanya, Rada e ji AN / APQ-120, na ebumnuche azịza mgbagwoju AN / ASQ-26, AN / AJB-7 usoro bụ maka igodo na ezi ụgbọelu tụọ bombu. Iji tọgharịa bombs phantom ụgbọelu F-4 iji ngwá akara AN / ASQ-9L. Rada radieshon achọpụtara site iro Rada anata AN / APR-36/37 ngwa, maka ịchọputa REB-azịza mgbagwoju nnyonye AN / ALQ-71/72/87.

The mejupụtara nke ụgbọ elu-F-4E igodo usoro na-agụnye ins AN / ASN-63, resolver AN / ASN-46 na radio altimeter altimeters AN / APN-155. Nkwurịta okwu, igodo na njirimara usoro nwere a mgbagwoju AN / ASQ-19 gụnyere a transceiver TACAN.

Mgwo agha. Na itoolu ọnụ mpụga nkwusioru phantom ụgbọelu F-4 nwere ike ibu a dịgasị iche iche nke ngwá agha, gụnyere anọ SD na-ajụ-nso Ebumnuche-7 "Sparrow". E-ekwe omume nke a na ngwá agha na niches nke fuselage, ụgbọelu nwekwara ike iji M61A1 nlereanya ugbo elu egbe (mgbọ na 1200 agba kwa egbe). On osisi na e nwere nkanka na HAP ọkọlọtọ bombs, ịgba tankị airborne ngwaọrụ (VAP) ke nku suspensions.

The ụgbọelu "Phantom" (ọmụma nwere a foto ke ibuotikọ) bụ ike na-ebu na osisi abụọ nuclear bombs ụdị: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 ma ọ bụ Mk.28. Total arọ nke na o kwere omume na ngwá agha bụ asaa ise, ma ndị dị otú ahụ a loading igwe nwere ike gbapụ ma ọ bụrụ na mmanụ ụgbọala tankị adịghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu replenished. Nke a bụ - otu n'ime ndị isi adịghị ike nke ihe nlereanya a, nke a na n'ụzọ kasị doo anya gosi na Vietnam ebe America zutere na Soviet MiGs. Anyị ugbo elu towing arụmọrụ na mmekọrita arọ na ogwe aka ndị budata elu.

Data na mmepụta

Ntọhapụ nke "Phantom" izute mkpa nke ndị na US agha bụ ruo 1976 (a ngụkọta nke ihe 4,000 ugbo elu na-napụtara, na 1,300 gara Navy mkpa). Ke adianade do, ihe otu onye na ọkara puku ụgbọala nye n'ihi na mbupụ. Ma, ebe ọ ga-kwuru na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị exported ugbo ala e zigara kpọmkwem site Navy / Air Force.

Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ụgbọelu F4 "Phantom" aghọwo otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu na ngalaba ulo oru nke ugboelu alụso nke oge ahụ, dị ka na jisiri mepụta karịa puku mmadụ ise iberibe. N'ikpeazụ, si 1971 na 1980 na Japan wuru 138 ugbo elu, bụ a ikikere oyiri nke American "Phantom", dị iche na nke ndị bụ isi version mgbanwe ụfọdụ na mejupụtara nke mgwo agha na avionics.

technical e ji mara

Mkpokọta wingspan bụ 11,7 mita, na ogologo nke fuselage - 19,2 m, kacha elu nke aru 5 mita, nku nke ebe 49,2 square mita. Oke-ahụ-anya ibu dị malite site 25 ruo 26 tọn. Oghere ụgbọelu F 4 "Phantom" (na-enweghị mmanụ ụgbọala na kwụsịtụrụ ogwe) ntukwasi 13.760 n'arọ na esịtidem mmanụ ụgbọala tankị mmanụ ụgbọala ebe isii tọn, anọ tọn nwere ike wụsara n'ime nkwusioru tankị.

Motors na ụgbọ elu e ji mara

Dị ka ike osisi Turbojet eji abụọ ge. Ụdị nwekwara abụọ: J79-ge-8 (na a kacha nzube 7780 kgf), J79-ge-17 (kasị elu traction e ji mara nke bụ nke 8120 kgf).

N'oge ahụ, ụgbọelu "Phantom", teknuzu e ji mara nke bụ na isiokwu, ghọrọ a akụkọ mgbe na US Air Force n'ihi na ya elu e ji mara ndị dị nnọọ mma. Ụgbọ elu nwere ike na-accelerated na 2300 km / h, na kacha iru omume na-ebuli elu bu 16 600 mita, osooso osooso - 220 m / s, na ụgbọ elu nso nke 2380 km.

Na ogologo nke runway n'ihu na-ahụ-anya bụ 1340 mita, na a braking parachute maka ụgbọ ala na-kpam kpam kwụsịrị 950 mita. On ụgbọelu na-ebu, nke na-eji a nko, ihe American ụgbọelu "Phantom" nọrọ banyere 30-40 mita. Oke ọsọ bufee enweta n'oge bara uru ọrụ, bụ 6,0G.

The pụtara na ọgụ were

America dị nnọọ ụtọ nke ụgbọelu "Phantom" (àgwà nke anyị ugbua kọwara), dị ka unit nke a nlereanya ka a ogologo oge nọgidere ụzọ bụ isi nke ikuku kara Air Force na Navy. Onye mbụ a ọgụ ojiji nke merenụ wee ebe on April 2, 1965, n'oge na-alụ ọgụ Vietnam. E nwere bụ ụgbọelu nke nlereanya a chere ihu na mig-17F, nke na-anapụta North Vietnam na mba anyị.

Ebe ọ bụ na 1966, na-emegide ndị ngosipụta nwere gụnyere mig-21F, na-ezitekwara USSR. Air Force na US Navy chere na "Phantom" ga ngwa ngwa merie ikuku elu, ebe ọ bụ na ha n'akụkụ bụ nnọọ ike na-osisi na ngwá agha, elu-edu Rada, nakwa dị ka ihe ọma osooso na nrughari ike ọsọ. All ọnọdụ ndị a nyere olile anya maka ezi ihe dogfighting.

Uru na ọghọm

Ma na omume ya tụgharịa na na a nkukota na a maneuverability e ji mara nke American ụgbọ elu bụ bụghị nnọọ ewu ewu. Ha nwere a ala ọnụego ke nku guru nke a nnukwu arụmọrụ ibu, ya ọrụ dị ka emeziri site bufee mmachi (6.0 megide 8.0 na mig). Ọ na-hụrụ na American ụgbọala nta mbịne n'akuku ubé ala bara njikwa. Nzube-to-ibu ngwá agha si Soviet ugbo elu bụ mma.

The uru na-agụnye ngwa ngwa osooso (dị iche na mig - banyere asaa sekọnd maka America), igwe ga-enweta elu ngwa ngwa, anyị na-anya ụgbọelu na-ukwuu inyocha ndị nọchiri ihu si kokpiiti lụtara "Phantoms" na ọnụnọ nke a abụọ arụ ọrụ so. Ikpeazụ offloads ọtụtụ ndị pilot, dị ka mgbe niile nyochaa ebe nke n'azụ Ụwa na ike dọọ aka ná ntị bụ ọchịagha nke iyi egwu bilitere e.

Ndị ọzọ na ebe nke ọgụ were

Ọ na-kweere na ihe ndị kasị oru oma ndi oru ugbo nke Vietnam War ghọrọ a pilot na ụgbọ mmiri S. Ritchie C. Bellevue, na agha na akaụntụ na, dị ka ndị America onwe ha, e nwere ndị na ise Vietnamese MiGs. Ebe ọ bụ na afọ 60-ies nke nlereanya ụgbọelu malitere massively zigara Israel jikọrọ aka nke America. Dị ka akụkụ nke Israel Air Force na ígwè ọrụ e mere egosiwo onwe ha nke ọma.

Ma ọbụna n'ebe ahụ, na collisions na Ijipt mig-21, nke di na n'isi nke Soviet ụgbọelu, chọpụta ihe niile ahụ drawbacks. Ihe bụ nsogbu bụ nnọọ ukwuu nke na ụmụ Izrel nwere ike ya n'ókèala ntọhapụ nke French alụso "Mirage", na n'ihi nke a, ha na-adịghị ọbụna lelìa na-ezu ohi akụkụ nke teknuzu akwụkwọ. N'ọdịnihu, "Phantoms" na-refocused lebara wakpo aka na ugbo elu nke nlereanya a ịnagide enweghị ihe ọ bụla mkpesa.

Otú ọ dị, ụgbọelu onwe ha abụghị a obi ụtọ kemgbe "Phantoms" e ji wakpo ugbo ala, na-ebu a kwesiri ngosi ọnwụ (ruo 70% nke nsoro nke ụgbọala). Ọzọ, ọ bụ n'ihi nke a bụ eziokwu bụ na ọ dịghị elu ọkachamara àgwà nke Ijipt ụgbọelu na-ezi nkà nke Soviet mmezi nke Soviet SAMs otu.

Mgbe e mesịrị ụgbọ elu na-eji n'oge ndị agha dị n'etiti Iran na Iraq (1980-1988 afọ), ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ ụfọdụ nkọwa nke ha ọgụ ojiji na afọ ndị ahụ ka na-anọgide na-amaghị ama. Otú ọ dị, site na oge mbụ dogfight n'etiti ụgbọelu na helicopters, mgbe Mi-24 bụ ike kụtuo Iraqi eefoosu wakpoo ya "Phantom" akụ ụta "ikuku na-ikuku."

Ọ na-amara na na 2012 na Air Force Syria gbara ala a "Phantom" Turkey, nke ikpeazụ-eji dị ka a scout.

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na ubi nke na ngwá na ngwá agha kwere na ụgbọelu "Phantom" - US fighter-bombu "atọ" ọgbọ, n'oge nke ya e kere eke kpọrọ ihe smogshy n'ihu nke oge ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime prerequisites maka ihe dị otú ahụ na uche bụ, n'ihi na ihe nlereanya anọwo nnọọ ihe ịga nke ọma, na ụfọdụ ndị e ji mara ya ịnọgide na-na-ewu ewu n'oge a.

Taa ụdị ụgbọelu na-anọgide na Air Force: Egypt (banyere abụọ na iri na abuo ụgbọala), ndi-Grik, e na-banyere iri ise modernized "Phantoms", ya bu na ha na-na Iran, ma Iranian ugbo elu azụ 60 nke afọ nke ewu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị fọdụrụ serviceable igwe amaghị ama. Ọ na-eji otu ụdị ụgbọelu Turkey, ebe ogwe aka nwere dịkarịa ala otu narị na iri ise modernized "Phantoms", South Korea (banyere iri ise), Japan (otu narị ugbo elu). Ọ ga-kwuru na Japanese eji samples nke onwe ya na-ewu, nke anyị na-ama kwuru n'elu.

oge a echiche

Taa fọdụrụ USAF igwe massively refurbished oké ujo drones, nakwa dị ka redio na-achịkwa lekwasịrị mere maka ọzụzụ ikuku ike na ntụ ozize crews calculations. Americans dee na ndị ikpeazụ "ụmụ mmadụ" ụgbọ elu merenụ "Phantom" ada itie ke ufọt ufọt April 2013 (na-ezo aka a ụgbọ elu n'elu US n'ókèala). Tupu "ikpeazụ nke Mohicans" e weere a igwe na ọdụ nọmba 68-0599, mere ya elu na isi ke na Mojave Desert January 18, 1989, na adịghị ofufe kemgbe.

Ma ugbu a, US Defense Department na-ebu amụma na n'oge na-adịghị niile "Phantoms", site ugbu a na nchekwa ga-ewepụ nche-kwa nke uka na ike wughachi. Ọ maara na, dị ka nke taa, na nchekwa e wepụrụ dịkarịa ala 316 ugbo ala nke ụdị.

Gịnị ka ha ga na-eme na "Phantom"?

American ụlọ ọrụ Bae Systems na-aku overhaul nke ugbo elu na ha ụdi mgbanwe na a redio na-achịkwa lekwasịrị QF-4C. Ọ maara na n'ikpeazụ ndị nile ugbo ala ga-enyefe ya n'aka ndị 82nd skwodron iche iche radio-achịkwa zaa (efe n'elu zaa skwodron - ATRS). Ọ dabeere na Florida.

Na-egosi na ya ihu "robotic" ugbo elu nwere ike ịbụ mfe na-akwanyere ùgwù si na mbụ, ebe ọ bụ na ogwugwu nke nku na keel na-ese na-egbuke egbuke-acha ọbara ọbara (ị pụrụ ịhụ na foto ụgbọelu "Phantom" nke ụdị isiokwu). Ọ na-ama mara ihe banyere otu di na nwunye na narị iwu na-ewu nkeji. Bara uru na ụdị ihe ahụ mere na nke igwe nwere ike ji mee ka ọgụ.

Iji gosi na ọgụ ike nke ghọrọ "Phantoms" na January 2008 on board otu n'ime ndị a ngosipụta igba egbe bụ ihe mbụ mere Tammy "ikuku-ala". Ọ na-kweere na na converted UAV ugbo elu nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè na-eji na-ebelata iro ntụ ozize n'aka. N'agbanyeghị na arụmọrụ nke technology onwe ya, ọnwụ nke ndị na-anya ụgbọelu na ha churning agaghị eme, nke ga-azọpụta ndụ nke zụrụ ụgbọelu.

Dịcha, na-esote afọ iri, ndị ọhụrụ "Phantom" na "mmadụ mbanye" ga-akpatre napụrụ ọrụ niile mba ebe ígwè ọrụ dị otú ka nọ ọrụ. Ma mgbe ahụ anya na kpara igwe nwere ike ma na ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma ọ bụ mgbe ịga onwe ugbo elu collection. N'ikpeazụ, picture ụgbọelu "Phantom" ị ga-enwe ike ịhụ na peeji nke a akwụkwọ.

Anyị na-anya ụgbọelu nwere ohere na-amata ndị lụtara "Phantoms." Ọ ga-kwuru na Soviet ọkachamara jara a igwe na ọtụtụ na-egosi, karịsịa arịba ama n'ozuzu àgwà nke rụọ, magburu onwe ya ngwá electronic, ala nke ọdịda na ime ihe nke pilot. Ọzọkwa, "foolproof" nke ọma guzobere ugbo elu nke a nlereanya. N'ihi ya, na ọdịda mode, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ẹkedori a rọketi ma ọ bụ na-ezighị na-eji dị iche iche na ngwá agha. Ewoo, dị ka eme mgbe ụfọdụ na anyị mig ụgbọelu, bụ ndị, ebe ike gwuru, pụrụ nanị na-aga ka pịa ...