Ultrasound - Gịnị bụ ihe ahụ? Ultrasound na Medicine. ultrasound ọgwụgwọ

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na-amụ ultrasonic mmiri na ebili mmiri malitere ihe karịrị otu narị afọ gara aga, na nke ikpeazụ ọkara narị afọ, ha na e ọtụtụ-eji dị iche iche ubi nke mmadụ ọrụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwa mmepe nke ma ndị kwantum na adịghị n'ahịrị now ngalaba, na kwantum electronics na ihe siri ike-ala physics. Taa ultrasound - bụghị naanị a nnọchianya nke elu ugboro now-efegharị efegharị ubi, na dum research ebe ke oge a physics na usoro ndu, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ulo oru mbo, ọmụma na n'ihe technology, nakwa dị ka na-achọpụta ọrịa, ịwa ahụ na ọgwụgwọ ụzọ nke oge a na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Gịnị ka ọ bụ?

All ụda ebili mmiri nwere ike kere n'ime audible mmadụ - a ugboro si 16 Hz 18 puku mmadụ, ndị na-n'èzí na nso nke mmadụ nghọta -. Infrared na ultrasound. N'okpuru infrasound mmiri na ebili mmiri na-ghọtara yiri ụda ma na frequencies n'okpuru mmadụ ntị. The elu ókè nke ala ebe-ewere infrasound 16 Hz, na ala - 0.001 Hz.

Ultrasound - ụda ebili mmiri na kwa, ma, ha ugboro dị elu karịa nwere ike aghọta ụmụ mmadụ ntị usoro. A, n'okpuru ha ịghọta ugboro site 20 ruo 106 kHz. Ha elu ịgba na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị a mmiri na ebili mmiri mgba. N'ihi ya, na a gaseous ajụ ịgba bụ 106 kHz na solids na mmiri ọ esịmde 1010 kHz. Na ụzụ nke mmiri ozuzo, na ifufe ma ọ bụ nsụda mmiri, àmụmà na nwere ultrasonic mmiri na rustle nke oké osimiri-efegharị efegharị na-apụta pebbles. Ọ bụ ekele ikike aghọta ma nyochaa ndị ultrasonic nso ebili mmiri whales na Azụ dolphin, ụsụ na nocturnal ụmụ ahụhụ ifu onwe ha ohere.

A obere akụkọ ihe mere eme

The mbụ ọmụmụ nke ultrasound (US) e rụrụ na mmalite nke XIX narị afọ French ọkà mmụta sayensị F. Savar (F. Savart), anyị na-achọ ikpebi na-elu ugboro ịgba nke audibility nke mmadụ ntị usoro. N'ọdịnihu, ndị na-amụ nke ultrasonic mmiri na ebili mmiri nọ na-achụ dị otú ahụ a maara nke ọma ọkà mmụta dị ka German W. Wien, na England F. Galton, Russian Lebedev na otu ìgwè nke ụmụ akwụkwọ.

Na 1916, physics P. Langevin na France, na imekọ ihe ọnụ Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị Konstantin Shilovsky kwagara, bụ ike iji quartz maka inweta na ultrasound radieshon ka mmiri nha na nchọpụta nke mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ihe, nke kwere ka na-eme nnyocha iji mepụta mbụ sonar, esịnede transmitter na ultrasound erite. Na 1925, American W. Pierce kere a na ngwaọrụ na-akpọ onye interferometer Pierce taa tụrụ na oké ziri ezi na-agba nke absorption nke ultrasound na mmiri mmiri na gaseous media. Na 1928, Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị, Sokolov bụ nke mbụ na-eji ultrasonic mmiri na ebili mmiri ịchọpụta a dịgasị iche iche nke ntụpọ na solids, gụnyere metal, na ozu.

Na agha 50-60 si, na ndabere nke usoro iwu ìgwè ndị nnyocha nke Soviet ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-aga site LD Rosenberg amalite nile iji ultrasound dị iche iche ulo oru na nkà na ụzụ ubi. N'otu oge ahụ, ekele na-arụ ọrụ nke British na American ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, nakwa dị ka ọmụmụ nke Soviet nnyocha, dị ka Khokhlov, V. Krasilnikov na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa evolving na nkà mmụta sayensị ịdọ aka ná ntị dị otú ahụ dị ka adịghị n'ahịrị acoustics.

Around n'otu oge e mgbalị mbụ nke ndị America na-eji ultrasound na nkà ọgwụ.

Sokolov, a Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị na mbubreyo forties nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ mepụtara usoro iwu nkọwa nke ngwaọrụ, zubere maka anya nke opaque akpọkwa - "ultrasonic" mikroskopu. Dabere na ndị ọmụmụ, ke ufọt ufọt '70s ọkachamara si Stanford University kere a prototype nke a ịgụ isiokwu now mikroskopu.

atụmatụ

Inwe a nkịtị agwa, a-efegharị efegharị nke audible nso, nakwa dị ka ultrasound, dabere na iwu nke Fiziks. Otú ọ dị, ultrasound nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ na-ekwe ya obosara eji na dịgasị iche iche nke sayensị, na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na nkà na ụzụ:

1. emighị emi wavelength. N'ihi na ọtụtụ ala ultrasonic nso adịghị gafere a ole na ole sentimita, na-eme radieshon Mgbasa okike. Na nke a na-efegharị efegharị na-lekwasịrị anya ma na-eme linear ibé.

2. nta oscillation oge, otú a ka ọ nwere ike emit pulsed ultrasound.

3. dị iche iche gburugburu ultrasonic mmiri na ebili mmiri na a wavelength adịghị nnọọ 10 mm, nwere Njirimara yiri ìhè ụzarị, nke na-enye ohere na-elekwasị anya vibrations n'ịwa eduzi radieshon, ya bụ, ọ bụghị nanị na-eziga ume na ziri ezi, ma ya na-elekwasị anya na ndị dị mkpa ruo n'ókè.

4. Ná ala njupụta ọ bụ omume iji nweta elu ụkpụrụ nke oscillation ike nke na-enye ohere ihe e kere eke nke elu ike ibé na ultrasonic ubi enweghị ojiji nke nnukwu ngwá.

5. Site ná nduzi nke ultrasound na Wednesday, e nwere a set nke kpọmkwem anụ ahụ, ndu, chemical na ọgwụ na mmetụta, ndị dị ka:

• dispersion;
• cavitation;
• degassing;
• obodo kpo oku;
• disinfection, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. et al.

ụdị

All ultrasonic frequencies na-ekewa atọ ụdị:

• Ulf - ala, na nso site na 20 ruo 100 kHz;
• USCH - midrange - si 0,1 10 MHz;
• UZVCH - elu - site 10 ruo 1000 MHz.

Taa, ihe bara uru iji ihe ultrasound - bụ isi ojiji nke ala osisi ike ebili mmiri maka n'ihe, akara na ọmụmụ nke esịtidem Ọdịdị nke dị iche iche ihe na ngwaahịa. Elu ugboro na-eji maka ifịk mmetụta dị iche iche bekee nwere ike ịgbanwe ha Njirimara na Ọdịdị. Na ịgwọ ọtụtụ ọrịa sonicated (eji a dị iche iche ugboro) bụ iche iche ma na-emepe emepe ubi nke oge a na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Ebe itinye n'ọrụ?

Adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ, ultrasound nwere mmasị na ọ bụghị naanị na nkà mmụta sayensị theorists, ma na-eme ihe na ọzọ ifịk ifịk mejuputa ya dị iche iche nke ụmụ mmadụ anya. Taa, ultrasonic ngwaọrụ na-eji na-:

Inweta ihe ọmụma banyere bekee na ihe	jikoro		The ugboro ole na kHz
			si	ka
	The ọmụmụ nke mejupụtara na Njirimara nke bekee	solids	10	June 10th
		mmiri	March 10	May 10
		gas	10	March 10
	Control nha na-etoju		10	March 10
	sonar		1	100
	oghom nchọpụta		100	May 10
	Medical nchọpụta nsogbu		March 10	May 10
ikpughe bekee	Jikọtara na metallization		10	100
	ịgbado ọkụ		10	100
	plastic deformation		10	100
	machining		10	100
	emulsification		10	April 10th
	crystallization		10	100
	spraying		10-100	10 3 -10 4
	coagulation nke aerosols		1	100
	dispersion		10	100
	ihicha		10	100
	chemical Filiks		10	100
	Mmetụta na-ere ọkụ		1	100
	ịwa		10 100	Of 10 3 10 4
	ọgwụ		March 10	April 10th
Nhazi na akara n'ókè	Acoustoelectronic converters		March 10	July 10th
	nzacha		10	May 10
	igbu oge edoghi		March 10	July 10th
	acousto-ngwa anya ngwaọrụ		100	May 10

N'ụwa taa, ihe ultrasound - nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa nkà na ụzụ na ngwá ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka:

• ígwè na ígwè;
• chemical;
• Agriculture;
• akwa;
• -oriri;
• pharmacological;
• n'ibu injinịa na ngwá na-eme;
• Petrochemical, na ndị ọzọ na nhazi.

Ke adianade do, ihe na ọzọ ọtụtụ-eji ọgwụ na ultrasound. Nke ahụ bụ ihe anyị ga-ekwu okwu na-esonụ ngalaba.

The ojiji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ

Na oge a na ọgwụ na ahụ ike na-eme, e nwere ihe atọ bụ isi ụzọ nke na-eji dị iche iche frequencies nke ultrasound:

1. Diagnostic.

2. Therapeutic.

3. Surgery.

Ka anyị tụlee ihe nkowa nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ atọ ndị a.

nchọpụta nsogbu

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị oge a na ihe ọmụma ọgwụ nchọpụta nsogbu ụzọ bụ ultrasonic. Ya uru - ọ bụ: a kacha nta mmetụta na mmadụ anụ ahụ na ukwuu ọmụma.

Dị ka ekwuola, ultrasound - ụda ebili mmiri yiri na a homogeneous ajụ na a ogologo akara na na a mgbe nile na-agba. Ọ bụrụ na ụzọ ha na e nwere ebe dị iche iche na now njupụta, na oscillation nke gosipụtara na ndị ọzọ na akụkụ a na-refracted, mgbe nọgidere na ya linear ngagharị. N'ihi ya, nke ukwuu dị iche na njupụta nke ókè-ala media, ndị ọzọ na ultrasonic vibration gosipụtara. Modern ụzọ nke ultrasound nwere ike kere n'ime n'ịchọpụta na translucent.

ultrasonic ebe

N'oge ndị dị otú a na-amụ na-dekọrọ gosipụtara site na ókè nke media dị iche iche na now densities pulses. Site n'enyemaka nke ihe mmetụta nwere ike kpaliri setịpụrụ size, ọnọdụ na udi nke ihe n'okpuru ọmụmụ.

translucence

Nke a na usoro dabeere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na dị iche iche anụ ahụ nke ahụ mmadụ na ụzọ dị iche iche banye ultrasound. N'oge ọmụmụ nke ọ bụla esịtidem ngwa na ya kpọmkwem-efegharị efegharị na a ụfọdụ ike, mgbe nke a pụrụ iche mmetụta na-achọpụta rụọ ebute site ná mgbaàmà si reverse n'akụkụ. Sere scanned ihe na-aruputaghari dabeere na mgbanwe nke mgbaàmà osisi ike nke "input" na "mmepụta". The natara ozi na-esichara site a na kọmputa na-converted n'ime a sonogram (usoro) ma ọ bụ sonogram - akụkụ image.

Doppler usoro

Ọ bụ ihe kasị ngwa ngwa na-emepe emepe na-achọpụta ọrịa usoro, nke na-eji ma usu na-aga n'ihu ultrasound. Doppler ọtụtụ-eji obstetrics, Cardiology na oncology, dị ka ọ na-enye ohere track ọbụna obere mgbanwe na capillaries na obere ọbara arịa.

diagnostic Ngwa

Taa, ultrasonic Onyonyo usoro na nha nke kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na ubi nke na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, dị ka:

• obstetrics;
• ophthalmology;
• Cardiology;
• neurology mụrụ ọhụrụ na ụmụ ọhụrụ;
• ule nke esịtidem akụkụ:

- ultrasound akụrụ;

- imeju;

- ńsí eriri afo na ducts;

- nne omumu usoro;

• Diagnosis mpụga na subsurface akụkụ (thyroid na mammary glands).

The ojiji na ọgwụ

Isi ọgwụgwọ mmetụta nke ultrasound ruru ya ike banye n'ime mmadụ anụ ahụ ka ikpo na ọkụ ha na-ebu Micro-ịhịa aka n'ahụ mmadụ ngalaba. Ultrasound nwere ike ji mee ihe maka ma kpọmkwem mmetụta na-elekwasị anya nke ihe mgbu. Ke adianade do, n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ, ndị a mmiri na ebili mmiri nwere antibacterial, mgbochi mkpali, analgesic na spasmolytic mmetụta. Dị ka na-eji na ọgwụgwọ ultrasound vibrations conventionally kewara elu na ala osisi ike. Ọ na ebili mmiri nke ala osisi ike kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na-akpali n'ahụ Ibọrọ ma ọ bụ obere n'emebighị kpo oku. Ultrasound ọgwụgwọ nke amịghịkwa ezi ihe na ọrịa ndị dị ka:

• ogbu na nkwonkwo;
• ogbu na nkwonkwo;
• myalgia;
• spondylitis;
• neuralgia;
• varicose na trophic ọnyá;
• Ankylosing spondylitis;
• kpochapụ endarteritis.

Research na-eduziri, n'oge nke ultrasound a na-eji maka ọgwụgwọ nke Meniere ọrịa, emphysema, duodenal ọnyá afọ na afo, ụkwara ume ọkụ, otosclerosis.

ultrasonosurgery

Ịwa ahụ n'oge a iji ultrasound ebili mmiri, na-kewara abụọ ebe:

- bibiri ebibi akụkụ ụfọdụ nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem na-achịkwa akwa siri ultrasound ebili mmiri na frequencies si 10 ⁶ 10 ⁷ Hz;

- iji a ịwa ahụ ngwá na imposition nke ultrasonic oscillations site 20 ruo 75 kHz.

Otu ihe atụ nke nhọrọ ultrasound ịwa ahụ nwere ike na-eje ozi dị ka ultrasonic zọpịa akụrụ nkume. N'oge a na-abụghị invasive ịwa ahụ ultrasonic ife eme na nkume site na anụ ahụ, ya bụ, na mpụga nke ahụ mmadụ. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ịwa ahụ na Usoro nwere ọtụtụ na-agaghị emeli. Ị nwere ike iji fragmentation na ultrasound na-esonụ mgbe:

- ụmụ nwaanyị dị ime na mgbe ọ bụla ogbo;

- ma ọ bụrụ na dayameta nke nkume karịrị abụọ sentimita;

- n'ihi na ihe ọ bụla na-efe efe;

- ọnụnọ nke ọrịa na-akpaghasị na nkịtị ọbara clotting;

- na ikpe nke oké mmerụ nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na mwepụ nke akụrụ nkume na ultrasound a rụrụ na-enweghị mbepụ, ọ bụ nnọọ ihe na-egbu mgbu na-eme n'okpuru general ma ọ bụ obodo Nkụnwụ.

Ultrasonic ịwa ahụ ngwá na-eji ọ bụghị nanị n'ihi na obere na-egbu mgbu dissection nke ọkpụkpụ na adụ anụ ahụ, ma na-na-ebelata ọbara na ọnwụ. Ka anyị leba anya n'ebe dentistry. Ultrasound tartar ewepu obere na-egbu mgbu, na niile ọzọ ike manipulations na-rụrụ nnọọ mfe. Ke adianade do, trauma na orthopedic omume, ultrasound a na-eji weghachi ike n'ezi ihe nke ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji. N'oge ndị dị otú arụmọrụ mbara n'etiti ọkpụkpụ iberibe jupụtara a pụrụ iche mejupụtara esịnede ọkpụkpụ ibe na a pụrụ iche na mmiri mmiri plastic, wee sonicated, adịru niile mmiri na-eguzosi ejikọrọ. Ndị wara, n'oge nke ultrasound na-eji, na-ahapụ reviews dị iche - ma nke oma ma na-ezighị ezi. Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na afọ ojuju ọrịa bụ ka ndị ọzọ!