Victorian style of ije: atụmatụ na ụkpụrụ ụlọ masterpieces. The Victorian oge

N'oge ọchịchị nke Queen Victoria na UK na ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa na ọbụna revolutionary. Nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19 bụ oge nke aghara mgbanwe na ebe niile nke English, na nke a ga-apụta ìhè ije. Gwa anyị ihe ndị Victorian style of ije, ihe bụ nke ya specificity na ụfọdụ n'ime ya variants adị.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge

Na 1837, ocheeze nke British Alaeze Ukwu bilie eto eto Koroleva Viktoriya. Ọ tachiri obi site n'ọnwụnwa dị iche iche, ọ nọrọ na ike maka afọ 60 ma nwee ike ime ka obodo bara ọgaranya, omenala na ndị mepere anya. Victorian oge (afọ - si 1837 na 1901) bụghị edo oge akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'oge a ọ nwere ngwa mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ, na omenala na aku na uba. Britain karịrị afọ agbanweela kpamkpam ụzọ ndụ anyị, ha anaghị ewere. The obodo na-otu n'ime ndị kasị dị ike alaeze ukwu nke ụwa, ike ya mmetụta na Asia na Africa. Na-adịbeghị anya, Victoria akarade amalite selata mmepe, ma ọtụtụ n'ime ndị rụzuru nke oge ka dị mkpa n'oge a Britain. Koroleva Viktoriya bụ ifịk akwado nke siri ike omume, nke bụ ma eleghị anya isi ihe ịrịba ama nke oge a. ọ na-atụle ihe dị mkpa oru modernization na mmepe nke omenala. Ya mere, ọ bụ na oge a bụ ngwa ngwa okooko nke English akwụkwọ na ije.

Victorian Culture

Karịsịa oge nke Queen Victoria na-achị bụ na-anọghị nke agha na ndị technology ọganihu. The British bụ nnọọ ọgaranya mba na a na-eto eto n'etiti òtù bụ isi na-anya ụgbọ ike nke na-elekọta mmadụ na mmepe. The oge àmà n'ọrụ mmepe nke agụmakwụkwọ, e nwere ndị dị otú ahụ a onu ka njem amalite a ụzọ ọhụrụ nke na-eche echiche n'etiti ndi bi n'alaeze ukwu ahụ. N'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ha British Queen azọrọ na nlezianya na mgbanwe omume echiche, ha zeere na ntụrụndụ na-arụsi ọrụ, na ihe nile - ihe ọzọ mere ndị aku n'uba nke mba. New worldview ghọọ ihe ndabere maka a itunanya na nkà. The ideological ndabere bụ anọ na nke Victorian utilitarianism na evangelism. Ikpeazụ, ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ ọrụ na-egwuri site na omenala na English akwụkwọ. Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, C. Dorothy, Bronte nwaanyị - nke a bụ ahụkarị dere oge. Visual echiche dunyere oge nke ndị Nga Raphaelites. Of otu dị mkpa maka ụwa nke ije ọ na-aghọ a Victorian style ije. The British mgbe ugwo oké anya n'ụlọ gị. Ya mere, ije na dekoratorstvo ibu a akụkụ dị mkpa nke a ọhụrụ si ebi ndụ.

Common atụmatụ nke Victorian oge ije

Okwu ahụ bụ "Victorian style" na-agbalị ịmata ihe a na nnukwu oge, nke e ji a siri ike heterogeneity. Ya mere, nditịm ụkpụrụ ụlọ uche na e nweghị ndị dị otú ahụ nkịtị phenomena. Na-asụ Bekee mba nke oge na-adịkwaghị eclectic retrospectivism, n'otu n'okpuru a ole na ole yiri, ma iche ntụziaka. Nke a Italian style, neo-gothic style nke abụọ Alaeze Ukwu, na Indo-sarantsinsky style na ndị ọzọ na umu.

Victorian-oge ije riddled na irè, nakwa dị ka dum omenala, na eclectic. O nwere otú ahụ na atụmatụ dị ka a zọpụta nke ọcha si dị iche iche epochs. The ụlọ e mere iji a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke akụkụ, jupụta na agba, na eri tinyere facade. Elu, balconies, friezes, peaked n'elu ụlọ, ọtụtụ windo dị iche iche nha, mpụga, elu ọnụ ụzọ na a owuwu ụzọ mbata, ụba nke textures na decorations - niile a Victorianism.

Periodization nke Victorian ije

The na-akpọ Victorian style of ije apụta dị ka a nzaghachi gara aga eras - georgianstvu na style of Queen Anne, nke dị iche a oké rigor na mgbochi. The ije nke Victorian omenala kere atọ isi oge:

1. Early (1835-1855). Oge a neostiley, historicism omume ntụrụndụ. N'oge a na e nwere nhọrọ na nganiihu neo- dị otú ahụ a ma ama na uwe dị ka Gothic, Rococo, Arab, Byzantine, Chinese.

2. Nkezi (1855-1870). N'oge a ọ dị mkpa okooko nke Nga Raphaelite ije, creativity nke artist William Morris. N'oge a, e nwere a laghachi uru nke pụrụ iche na-ejiri mee dị iche na mbụ oge, mgbe adịkwaghị uka-emepụta ihe. Ọzọkwa isi uru nke iche na-ghọtara.

3. mbubreyo (1870-1901). Oge a na-akpọ Victorian Renaissance. Ọ na-redefining na Baroque ọdịnala Gothic. Architects echeta Tudor na-eji na ọhụrụ ewu usoro, ụfọdụ oge nke narị afọ nke 16.

Gothic revival

The ije nke ụwa, mgbe oge nke "nnukwu" uwe, e nwere bụ a oge ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche omenala nke ije, ọ bụghị wepugara ndị a bụ 'alaghachi' na England. Narị afọ nke 19, karịsịa ya nkera nke abụọ - ọ bụ oge echegharị echiche na ihe ọhụrụ na-agụ usoro na ngwọta nke ụdị dị iche iche na eras. Na 40s nke narị afọ nke 19 England a ife nke neo-Gothic. Lancet windo, turrets na spiers, arches na mmụọ nke Middle Ages na-aghọ nnọọ ewu ewu. Na dị iche iche, ndị nke ochie ụka na-now ifịk ifịk eji maka mma nke residential na azụmahịa ụlọ. Na England oge nke Queen Victoria na-achị, ọ e wuru ọtụtụ ụlọ na Gothic Revival style. The kasị ama nke ha bụ London nzuko omeiwu na ama elekere elu Big Ben, na London Royal Court mgbagwoju, dị ka a akụkọ-akụkọ ochie obí eze, ma na-egbuke egbuke St Pancras Station nke red brick. Nke a style bụ nnọọ ewu na Victorian oge na mgbe ụfọdụ abụọ ndị a okwu sinonimiziruyutsya.

Italian Victorianism

Queen Victoria oge e ji ihe eclectic ije na-achọ ikpokọta akụkụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na iche iche na mba ọnọdụ. N'oge a, na-aghọ na-ewu ewu Italian style, ọ na-karịsịa ọma gosipụtara na residential ije, na obodo ụlọ na United States. Ya isi ihe ịrịba ama ndị dị ala, obosara n'elu ụlọ, veranda, arches, Roman gables ma ọgaranya inlay facades. Nke a style bụ zuru okè n'ihi ịma mma nke ụlọ, nke wuru n'etiti òtù dị n'ógbè na-ita-nri nke London.

Nke abụọ Empire Style

French omenala na ije nke dị iche iche oge a dị ịrịba ama mmetụta na zuru ụwa ọnụ ije. Apụghị m agbanahụ mmetụta a, na England, narị afọ nke 19 bụ nke a oge nke nkwado nlekiri Empire style, a na-akpọ Nke abụọ Alaeze Ukwu. N'agbanyeghị mgbagwoju mmekọrịta nke English na French omenala na oge site na 1855 ka 1885 na British na-akwụ ụtụ ahụ ije nke oge nke Napoleon III. Isi ihe ịrịba ama nke a style of ụlọ ígwè n'elu ụlọ, nke e weere nnọọ ọtọ, nakwa dị ka ogologo, warara ụzọ na nnukwu curved windo. Style na England kere a obere oge ma-bụ-eji maka mma nke ụlọ ọha na ulo ụlọ.

Style Queen Anne

n'oge ọchịchị nke Queen Anne - mmalite nke narị afọ nke 18. Ọ bụ heyday nke English Baroque, na ya ahuhu n'ihi na akụ na ụba na okomoko ihe ndozi. Architectural masterpieces nke oge a reinterpreted na Victorian ugboro. Isi ideologist nke Queen Anne Revival style bụ atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Richard Norman Shaw, ya na mgbalị na England, e nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ, nke ghọrọ ntabi classic British ije. Ndị a gụnyere ndị a ụlọ "Swan" na Chelsea, mbụ ulo ụlọ nso Albert Ụlọ Nzukọ, a n'ụlọ ole na ole na St. James Street, a akụkụ buru ibu nke ụlọ esịt Bedford Park, ọtụtụ ụlọ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke UK yana ke New Zealand na India.

Romanesque

The ụkpụrụ ụlọ ịke nke na Victorian oge na oyom a ọhụrụ nkọwa Nchoputa architects nke yore. Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19 architects chetara ndị Rom oge ochie na omenala nke ụlọ ụlọ nsọ, na-ulo-ikwū nke 11-12 ọtụtụ narị afọ. Na Victorian ugboro obi ọjọọ ụlọ nkume bụ isi mere maka mmadụ na-ebighị ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ọha na nzube. Mgbe e mesịrị, Genri Gobson Richardson ifịk ifịk na-akwalite ahụ style na US residential ewu. The isi mma bụ laconic monumentality na-eguzosi ike n'ezi. Solid ụlọ na ụlọ nche nke isi awọ nkume dị nnọọ mmasị na-anọchite anya nke abụrụ bourgeoisie.

ndiife style

Folk (ndiife) Victorian style ije aghọwo ihe organic Nchikota ochie English omenala maka owuwu nke ụlọ maka ezinụlọ nke ndị ọrụ na nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na oge. N'ihi ya, e mansions mma osisi ma ọ bụ osisi siding taịl (shingles). Nke a style bụ ihe karịrị nanị jidere na na nwetara a nnukwu mgbasa na US ije. Kwabatara si British chọrọ iwu a ala ọhụrụ mpempe ochie England, na e nwere saa mbara osisi ụlọ na turrets, balconies, mpụga na cornices. Cheap ihe kwere arụ ọrụ ezinụlọ na-enweta ụfọdụ n'ụlọ na nso n'etiti òtù ibi ndụ.

Stick

The Victoria oge, karịsịa mgbe e mesịrị oge, architects gbalịrị ịchọta ọhụrụ n'ịgwa nke ihe nke ụdị dị iche iche. Ya mere na nkwụsị nke Gothic style, na Queen Anne egosi osisi - a ụdị ọkara osisi wuo ewu. Architecture dị ka ihe art Nchikota ochie omenala na nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na-achọ ịhụ ọhụrụ ngwọta maka a mara mma na ala ụlọ. Ụlọ na style of osisi fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam wuru nke osisi na etiti technology. Ma ka mfe ma belata na-eri nke na-ewu bụ tumadi eji ogbe pinion technology. Nke a style na-ọzọ ghọrọ-ewu ewu na United States.

Indo-Saracenic style

UK ije bụghị naanị chọ akọwa nwee nke European ije, ma ntị ka mba omenala nke chịrị. N'ihi ya, na British India, wee Indo-Saracenic style na nke colonizers chọrọ igosi ha continuity na ụmụ amaala na-achị achị na mba ahụ. The British kwem obí eze, obibi, stylized ewu moguls. Nke a na omenala e jiri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ekemende site na mpaghara oké ozu, nke malitere iwu na a pseudo-mba style ha obí eze. Mgbe e mesịrị Indian motifs na Saracenic ije malitere ịbanye na residential ewu, karịsịa na cottages maka n'ógbè n'etiti òtù na Britain na United States.