Wheat - ihe ọ bụ? The uru nke osisi na ndụ mmadụ

Anyị site na nwata maara nke a ọka akuku dị ka ọka wit. Gịnị bụ wheat, onye ọ bụla maara na otú ahụ na-enweghị ya siri ike iche n'echiche a nri nke mmadụ n'oge a. Taa, anyị ga-emikwu emi ha ihe ọmụma nke herbs, a Ilerukwu ya echiche, cultivation ụzọ, Njirimara, na ndị ọzọ.

General e ji mara

Wheat, photos ahụ n'ezie bụ maara na onye ọ bụla, bụ a otu- ma ọ bụ abụọ-afọ ụdị ọka. Ntụ ọka ewepụtara wheat, na-eji maka mmiri breads na ìhè mmepụta nke iri ihe ụfọdụ. Waste ntụ ọka mmepụta-aga na-eri nri anụ ụlọ na okuko. Ke adianade do, na-adịbeghị anya na ha na-eji dị ka ulo oru ngwaọrụ. Wonderful osisi wheat bụ na-eduga cereal akuku na n'ọtụtụ mba, na bụ isi staple nri ke edem edere China, ụfọdụ ebe nke India na Japan, na ọtụtụ mba nke Middle East na North Africa, nakwa dị ka ihe nādighi nke South America.

Isi-emeputa ihe nke wheat bụ China, nke abụọ ebe ji site America. Ha na-agbaso site ndị ahụ bụ isi na-amị mba: India, Russia, France, Canada, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan. Ọka nke wheat bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akọ ugbo ahịa mba, ọ akụkọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka 60% nke ọka na-ebupụ. Isi wheat ekspootu America. Ọ na-agbaso site Canada, France, Australia na Argentina. Isi Importers bụ Russia, China, Japan, Egypt, Brazil, Poland, Italy, Korea, Iraq na Morocco.

wheat iche nọmba na ọtụtụ puku na nwere a kama mgbagwoju nhazi ọkwa, ma isi ihe abụọ na ụdị - ike na juu. Soft iche na-ekewa n'ime krasnozernye na Belozernaya. Dị ka a na-achị, ha na-toro na iru mmiri na mpaghara. Durum wheat diluted na a kpọrọ nkụ, ihe atụ, na ebe ndị steppe kasị pụta ìhè. Na Australia na Western Europe ukwuu n'ime arụpụta soft iche. Na mpaghara dị ka America, Canada, North Africa, West Asia, Argentina na mba, nke bụbu Soviet Union - tumadi ike iche.

usoro ndu

Anyị na-anọgide na matakwuo na a osisi wheat. Gịnị bụ ọka wit a ndu ele ihe anya? Nke a na-esote bụ ajụjụ na bụ uru na-aza. Dị ka ndị ọzọ ọka, na ọka wheat ahịhịa stalk nwere a oghere ọnụ na internodes. Akwụkwọ bụ mfe, linear, abụọ-ahiri, na-esote. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na-akwali si ọnụ, ma ndị mejupụtara a n'ọbọ nke na-ekpuchi overlying interstitial N'otu aka ahụ gbarie tube uzoy na ogologo efere. Na ókè n'etiti efere na ikpu ihe atọ na outgrowth: filmy ire na bụ n'akụkụ aka azuokokoosisi, na a ụzọ nke nēkpuchi fingerlike taabụ.

Top interstitial, nke a na-akpọ peduncle, inflorescence bea - a compound ọgọ. Ọ na-agụnye a kpebisiri Central axis na inyịme si ya mfe inflorescence - spikelets na-eche ihu na mbara n'akụkụ axis. Mgbe ọ bụla spikelet àmà abụọ na ise na iyuzucha n'akụkụ nke okooko osisi, nke na-kpuchie na ala n'akụkụ nke ụzọ ntị flakes. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụla ụzọ na-echebe ifuru bracts - dịtụ oké ala na onye na elu mkpa flakes. Ụfọdụ iche wheat ala agba ọnụ ọgụgụ na-agwụ na a ogologo spain. Ndị dị otú ahụ iche na-akpọ spinous.

Okooko osisi wheat, na-emekarị bisexual. Ha nwere atọ stamens na pistil ebu abụọ feathery stigmas. Na na ala nke na-urụk emi odude 2-3 obere flowered fim (lodikuly) arụ ọrụ nke perianth. Mgbe oge nke okooko lodikuly zaa na-ebute ihe ọtụtụ gbara ya gburugburu na ifuru. Wheat bụ predominantly onwe-pollinating osisi, ma e nwere ụdị na cross-ifuru. Mgbe njiko spam nwoke ovary na-etolite site a obere ike mkpụrụ - a Weevil, nke a na ẹkenịmde ke ruru spikelet okooko akpịrịkpa.

Ọka, ma ọ bụ dị ka ọ na-akpọ Weevil - pericarp, kpụrụ si ovary mgbidi nke a na-inseparably ejikọrọ na a otu nkpuru nwere ẹmbrayo na endosperm. Embrayo na-emi odude ke ukot nke ọka n'akụkụ, na-agụnye plumule, radicle na n'akụkụ ndị endosperm kpụgharịa cotyledon - ọta. Mgbe ẹmbrayo na-amụba, na ọkpụkpụ azụ na-enye ndị bụ isi na-akpata usoro, gemmule - "okenye" mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi na ya efe n'elu akụkụ na ọta secrete enzymes maka mgbaze nke endosperm na enịmde ya nri na oge ịse, mmalite na oge mmepe. Ya mere, gị ndụ na-amalite na-eto eto wheat. Photo, e gosiri n'okpuru, ga-enyere na ihe doro anya na ịghọta na Ọdịdị nke ọka ya.

Ọka kụrụ ya n'ala, na-amịkọrọ mmiri mmiri, tọrọ na-amụba. Gemmule ẹmbrayo mgbọrọgwụ na-eto eto na ịgbatị atugharị karị nsoroụzọ ala ma elu. On ala elu, si akpa ọnụ culm kpụrụ si plumule, ịgbatị adventitious mgbọrọgwụ na alaka ụlọ ọrụ ma na-etolite mochkovuyu mgbọrọgwụ usoro. Ebe azuokokoosisi Nkea ka mgbọrọgwụ a na-akpọ mgbọrọgwụ n'olu. Dị n'elu cervix, ala azuokokoosisi ọnụ nso onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Site axils nke epupụta na-na-emepe emepe akụkụ Ome. Nke a usoro a na-akpọ tillering wheat.

N'oge kọwara Filiks, osisi a na-akpọ Germination. Mgbe ahụ na-abịa ntọhapụ na-adọ na tube - ngwa elongation ahịhịa. Behind ya na-earing - guzobe inflorescences. N'oge earing, Internode na-eme ka ntị 8-10 sentimita n'elu topsheet.

Ọka ruru ikpeazụ size nke ẹmbrayo na mejupụtara a mmiri endosperm. Na mbụ na endosperm uzo. Na-abawanye na starch ọdịnaya, ọ na-aghọ ọcha. A na ogbo a na-akpọ lactic ripeness. Ọka mmiri mbelata nwayọọ nwayọọ na ọdịnaya na-aghọ dị ka a nnyapade mgwakota agwa. A na ogbo a na-akpọ wax ripeness. N'ikpeazụ, mgbe n'ụzọ zuru ezu ripened ọka (mfri eke nyochawa), ọ na-aghọ ike.

Njirimara

Ya mere, anyị na-ama hụrụ ihe wheat. Gịnị bụ nke siri ike na adụ iche, anyị na-mara. Ugbu a, ka ikwu banyere Njirimara na-eme ka a omenala hụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ dịgasị ngwa. Soft na ike iche, na otu aka, nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-emekarị, na ndị ọzọ - nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi iche na ị ga-hoo haa tụlee mgbe eji ntụ ọka. Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe dị iche n'etiti abụọ isi ụdị nke wheat mkpụrụ mara site oge ochie Gris na ndị Rom, na eleghị anya, ọbụna na mbụ mepere anya.

Ntụ ọka nwetara site a adụ wheat nwere softer na dịtụ ukwuu ọka starch, o nwere a ezi na crumbly anọgidesi, na e dere ụfọdụ gluten amịkọrọ obere mmiri. Nke a na ụdị ntụ ọka hụrụ ngwa mmiri confectionery. Bread-adịghị mma, n'ihi na site na nke a ntụ ọka ngwaahịa ngwa ngwa obi na crumble merụsịrị. Na ebe na-eto eto soft ntụ ọka kasị pụta ìhè na-emekarị nri butere site na a ngwakọta nke mpaghara iche na juu dị siri ike.

Ntụ ọka enwetara site durum wheat, nwere a obere na ihe siri ike starch granule, a mma udidi, na ji a oké ọdịnaya nke gluten. Nri a na-akpọ "siri ike" n'ihi na ọ na-amịkọrọ a ọtụtụ mmiri na-eji na mmiri achịcha. Ọ bụkwa na-ewu ewu ngwaahịa nke durum wheat pasta.

nọ nke ngwa

The uru nke wheat na a ndụ mmadụ ka mgbe niile ịrịba ama. Na-abawanye na nri nke ndị ọzọ na-anụ na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị cereal oriri, ego nke wheat gwusia site ha na ndị ọzọ ọka a na-phased si. Wheat a na-eji ọtụtụ dị ka anụ ụlọ ndepụta. Ọzọkwa, ya-egwe ọka quality fọrọ enweghị mmetụta na ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ uru. Na America, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ihe-oriri malite iji dum grains, ọ bụ ezie na mbụ na-eji na-egweri n'efu.

Waste ntụ ọka mmepụta nri anu-ulo ochie. Waste na a elu ọdịnaya nke cellulose na nri ehi na inyinya, na ala - ọkụkọ na ezì. Wheat bran na-mgbe na kpọrọ dị ka a ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ emeju ka nri nke ewes na ime ehi. Na mbụ e nyere ha dị ka ịnyịnya, n'ihi na laxative Njirimara. Ezi ndị kacha mma obere bran, nke nwere germs na n'ịgbaso ha ntụ ọka. N'ụzọ kasị dị irè na-eji ha na azụ nri, mmiri ara ehi site na-ngwaahịa ma na-egbu n'efu, dị ka ihe mmako na-eri nri ọka. Na okuko, karịsịa broilers, ojiji nke-egwe ọka n'efu na nso nso-ebelata, n'ihi na-eto eto na-ewu ewu nke nizkovoloknistyh nri.

Site protein ndị dị na wheat mkpụrụ, ya na nke mbụ nwetara sodium glutamate. Ọ bụ a umi nke enhances uto nke ngwaahịa. Na Japan, sodium glutamate e ọtụtụ-eji na mmepụta nke soy sauces. Ugbu a, Otú ọ dị, ọ mụtara otú pụọ nke otu soybean.

Ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya, ndị etinyere ọmụmụ nke wheat e iji tumadi na rụọ ọrụ ya ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ Njirimara. Laboratory ọmụmụ hụrụ na wheat gluten nwere ike ịbụ a akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke plastik, emep uta eri na adhesives. Nsogbu bụ na ndị a na ngwaahịa na-nwetara na-emebi emebi ma na-ngwa ngwa soluble n'ime mmiri, ya mere na anaghị anọchi anya a azụmahịa uru.

Na-adịbeghị anya e nwere kemgbe a ọchịchọ belata oriri achịcha, nke revives mmasị na-amụ nke na-abụghị omenala ụzọ nke na-eji ọka wit. Ya mere, site na ntụ ọka eji a pụrụ iche ọgwụgwọ, amụtala inwe "ozugbo" nri-dị ka anya semolina, gluten ka elu protein cereal maka a ngwa ngwa nri ụtụtụ, wheat starch a na-eji na Ntụle akwụkwọ. Na ọka wit na izizi, ọ bara uru Njirimara nke e pụtara, na ihe nile malitere iri raw.

Nyagide na viscous Njirimara nke ntụ ọka e ji na ụlọ ọrụ. Ntụ ọka na-eji dị ka ihe mmako na-egwu mmiri na-eji na mmanụ mmepụta. Na mmịpụta nke gold si ngwọta, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka a flocculating n'ụlọnga. Ọzọkwa, ntụ ọka na-eji na imewe nke gypsum osisi maka mma adịgide adịgide ịnweta akụkụ na akwụkwọ, na-eje ozi dị ka a dịanyā maka adhesives, waterproof plywood. Na nke a bụ naanị ihe ndị kasị ụzọ iji ntụ ọka wit na ndị ụlọ ọrụ.

nhazi ọkwa

Site na aku na uba na na-ekwu, uru dị anya n'ebe dum wheat. The uru na-adabere na osisi. Kasị baa uru, ya mere ndị nkịtị na-atọ na umu nke wheat: okpomọkụ / soft / nkịtị, ike, na plotnokolosaya / Dwarf. The mbụ ụdị toro gburugburu ụwa ma na-bụ-eji na mmiri ụlọ ọrụ. The mkpụrụ nke abụọ ụdị na-eji maka mmepụta nke onyinye, n'ihi na ha bụ ndị bara ọgaranya gluten. Nke a mix nke na-edozi, Nleta a nnyapade uka nke ejikọ ọma mgwakota na retains nime ya egosipụta nke carbon dioxide. Ekele gluten, mgwakota agwa adahade, na achịcha dị ebube. Ma ihe ndị club wheat, ntụ ọka mere si ya lara na mmiri crumbly.

Summer wheat na-bred na ndị kasị ibu quantities. Ya glumes nwere a mbo-dị ka Ọdịdị naanị ke n'elu. Lower akpịrịkpa okooko beardless. Solomin dị wheat bụ na-emekarị oghere. Of Dwarf wheat vulgaris dị iche iche elongated, omume rụrụ ma ọ bụ kọmpat, dorsoventrally esisịt ntị. A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke durum wheat bụ nkọ ridges ewekarị tinyere dum ogologo nke ntị flakes. Ke adianade do, ọ na-emekarị awned lemmas akpịrịkpa. Solomin durum wheat, dị ka a na-achị, bụ zuru ezu.

Wheat iche na-ekewa mmiri na oyi. Spring wheat toro ọtụtụ na mpaghara na ukwuu ọjọọ oyi. Ẹtọ ke ini utọ. Winter wheat na-akụ na ọdịda na-egbute na-esonụ okpomọkụ. Nke a bụ ihe kasị nkịtị ụdị, dị ka ọ na-amalite ịzụlite tupu oge oyi wheat, nọ na-ijeụkwụ na ngwa ngwa ma na-enye elu zaa.

gburugburu

Wheat etolite ọma na a dịgasị iche iche nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe, na a gbara alụkwaghịm na nke fọrọ nke nta niile na-akọ ugbo na ebe, ma e wezụga na nke okpomọkụ ụwa. Ya mere, cultivation nke wheat mepụtara fọrọ nke nta n'ebe nile. Dị ka ndị na-eguzogide na oyi na-atụ, ọ na-efunari naanị barley, poteto na ụfọdụ nri grasses. Okpomọkụ wheat nwekwara adịghị atụ egwu, ma ọ na-achọkwa na nnukwu iru mmiri. Na nke ikpeazụ ahụ, mkpụrụ na-ata ahụhụ si na ọrịa dị iche iche, nke ebelata profitability nke ha cultivation.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na nke a omenala nwere ike na o siri ike na-eto eto n'ebe nile, e nwere isi ihe abụọ zones, ebe wheat toro karịsịa arụpụta. Nke mbụ bụ n'etiti 30 na 55 degrees ugwu ohere, na nke abụọ - n'etiti 25 na 40 degrees ndịda ohere. Kwa Afọ ọdịda na ebe ndị a averages site na 300 na 1100 mm. The kacha mmiri ozuzo maka ezi owuwe ihe ubi nke 250-1000 mm kwa afọ. wheat uto pụtara na okpomọkụ nso si 3 32 degrees. N'ihi kwa n'oge agha, na seedlings nwere ike na-arịa ọrịa, ọbụna dị ka n'ihi akaha (na ikpe nke oyi wheat).

Spring wheat na-emekarị ẹsuande si March ka May, ya niile na-adabere na obodo ọnọdụ ihu igwe. Owuwe ihe ubi na-amalite ọcha mgbe ọka mmiri tụlee ka 13%. Spring wheat n'ụzọ zuru ezu matures ke banyere 100 ntu oyi-free ụbọchị. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ewepụ ya n'ihu, ị ga-amalite ihicha. A elu ihicha ndụ jupụtara na ọnwụ nke olu, dị ka achafe oke ọka amalite crumble n'ala.

Winter wheat toro n'elu niile maka nri. Mgbe ndapụta iru a ogologo nke 15-20 cm, grazing amalite na ubi ọka wit. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-esote afọ na otu ubi na-zubere na-anakọta mkpụrụ ahụ, grazing na-kwụsịrị n'ihi na a oge nke mgbanwe osisi na a tube. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke America si wheat na-akụ na oyi n'ubi legumes na n'iru okooko ịsụ maka silage na hay.

nhazi

Wheat ọka nwere a brownish shei na mgbe egweri enye bran ọgaranya protein, vitamin na cellulose. N'okpuru cover odude aleurone oyi akwa esịnede ezi nsogbu dị iche iche. Nwa atọgbọrọworị na isi nke ọka, bụ ọgaranya mmanụ, na-edozi ma ịnweta bekee. Ihe ọ bụla ọzọ - mkpa-film sel nke endosperm, nke jupụtara na starch mkpụrụ na gluten mgwakota enye viscosity.

N'oge egweri - ọrụ n'elu nnata nke ntụ ọka wit, nsogbu na-ebilite nke kewara starch na gluten si ọzọ ọka mmiri. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na n'ihi izizi ntụ ọka na-aghọ nke nnyapade na ngwa ngwa darkens, ma n'ihi ndị aleurone oyi akwa ya enweta a brownish tint. Ọcha kpụrụ ntụ ọka millers Waste - bran na ịrụ ezi bran (Muchka). Ha malite si 15 ka 18% site na ibu ibu nke a nụchara anụcha mkpụrụ.

Efrata ntụ ọka

Wheat, photos nke nke na-emekarị na-anọchi anya na Ukwu nke ntụ ọka, bụ a bara uru ọka. Ọ nwere nnukwu ego nke vitamin (B otu, choline, eyi, E na H), nakwa dị ka macro- na microelements (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, ígwè, site, aluminum, titanium, chlorine, nickel, tin, molybdenum, chromium, boron, zinc, selenium, na ndị ọzọ). N'ihi ya, wheat, ndị ọma ma ndị ọjọọ ga-atụle a bit n'okpuru nwere fọrọ nke nta niile ịnweta bekee mkpa maka ndụ nke mmadụ.

ntụ ọka iche

Ntụ ọka na nkewa n'ime akara ule. Ka anyị tụlee nke ọ bụla n'ime ha.

Kachasi ọkwa. Ọ na-acha ọcha na agba na a na-eji na-eme ntụ ọka nke elu ọkwa ngwaahịa. Nke ikpeazụ na-enweta ezi porosity na ezi olu. Ntụ ọka bụ zuru okè n'ihi peke peke, yist na mgwakota agwa.

Klas mbụ. Ọ nwere ike na-abụ ma na-acha ọcha na acha. Ọ dị mma ruru eru nke na-eme pancakes, na-apụta, achịcha na ndị ọzọ na butere ngwongwo. adịghị akwadoro maka elu-edu confectionery na-eme achịcha ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ ntụ ọka.

Nke abụọ ọkwa. Ọ nwere a acha ma ọ bụ grayish ndo. Site ọ na-enyo N'ụbọchị nke abụọ na porous achịcha dị iche iche. Jiri ntụ ọka nke abụọ ọkwa tumadi maka ọcha achịcha na pastries nesdobnoe. The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na abụọ ọkwa ntụ ọka e ghere eko na kuki.

Semolina. Light ude ntụ ntụ, nke nwere a elu pasent nke gluten. Eji na-eme yist mgwakota nwere ọtụtụ sugar na abụba. Adabara maka nkwadebe nke mmiri.

Akwụkwọ ahụaja. Ọ nwere a dịtụ ukwuu, na-abụghị edo ahụ. Ọ nwere elu mmiri ike na ikike saharoobrazuyuschey. Akasị ji bred table iche.

Abamuru na Harms

Anyị na-ama hụrụ ihe wheat. Gịnị bụ nri, anyị na-mara. Ọ na-anọgide na-aghọta uru na-emerụ Njirimara nke ntụ ọka onwe ya.

Ntụ ọka na-enyere na adị metabolism, akpali ụbụrụ, na mmepụta nke estrogen, na-echebe ndị obi usoro, na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke gallstones, nakwa dị ka na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ nke osteoporosis na ọrịa Alzheimer. Bekee ugbu a na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ntụ ọka, nro mkpali Filiks ke ahụ mmadụ, gbochie kpụworo free radicals nime ya, na-echebe ya ọrịa ụfọdụ. Ntụ ọka na-enyere na ọgwụgwọ nke bronchitis na ụkwara ume ọkụ.

Wheat, nke bụ-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha uru, nwere ụfọdụ ọghọm. Isi mwepu nke ntụ ọka bụ ya caloric ọdịnaya. Ke adianade do, o nwere ike na-amụba nsogbu na-eme ka nfụkasị Jeremaya mere.