Zaigọtụ - mbụ cell nke ọhụrụ ntule. Na ogbo nke mmepe nke zaigọtụ

Ihe bụ isi unit nke ihe niile dị ndụ Earth bụ a cell. Ọ bụ guzobere ọhụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-enye ohere ahụ na-eto nke. Livelihoods na Ọdịdị nke a nkeji bụ nnọọ ike na-adabere na ha kpọmkwem nke na-aga.

Ntoputa nke na okwu bụ "zaigọtụ"

Ntoputa nke "zaigọtụ" okwu a n'aka ndị German ọkà mmụta Edward Strasburger, onye raara ndụ ya na-amụ Cytology na chromosome ozizi si n'aka ruo n'aka. Ọ bụ ya na-na mbubreyo XIX narị afọ, mbụ wee kwuo na cell nkewa na osisi, anụmanụ na mmadụ bụ ihe dị ka otu atụmatụ.

Zaigọtụ: na definition

Sex sel (gametes) ịrụ mmeputakwa, ya bu, n'ihi na ha na ahụ ike mmekọahụ amụba. Female gamete - egg bụ, ndị ikom - spam. Onye ọ bụla gamete bụ haploid (otu) set of chromosomes.

Echiche nke "ontogeny" na-agụnye ihe niile n'ụzọ nke mmepe nke organism si tụụrụ ime ọnwụ. Mmalite ya - o ịmụpụta, ya bụ, anọ na nke spam na egg, n'ihi na e guzobere a zaigọtụ. Ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi sitere na ma nne ma nna. Gịnị bụ a zaigọtụ? Biology enye a kpọmkwem definition nke a echiche. Anyị nwere ihe ọmụma zuru ezu anya ya.

N'ihi ya, a zaigọtụ - a diploid mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-hiwere site anọ na nke gametes. Diploidy mere zuru (sọrọ) set of chromosomes, Ẹkot ewepụtara ọnụmara dị iche iche na nne nwa gametes. Mmepe nke zaigọtụ na-amalite ozugbo mgbe njikọta spam usoro, nke a na-akpọ njikọta.

Cleavage nke zaigọtụ

N'elu ẹkụre nke njikọta usoro, n'ihi cell na-akpali n'ime akpanwa. Na-aga, ọ na-ama na-amalite ime, na mmepe nke ndinuak zaigọtụ. Nke a bụ a mgbagwoju usoro esịnede ọtụtụ nkebi.

N'etiti oge nke njikọta na mbụ mitotic nkewa gbatịrị odika 30 awa. Nke a bụ oge mgbe a nwanyi ahu nile bụ preparatory Filiks, nke dị oké mkpa maka mmepe nke a ọhụrụ organism. Gbochie n'ihu guzobere nke ẹmbrayo nwere ike a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe na-emetụta ọnọdụ nke nwanyi ahu. Ihe ndị dị na-agụnye chromosomal mutation, a na-ezighị ezi ụzọ ndụ nke nne (mmanya, ọgwụ ọjọọ, sịga), ojiji nke ụfọdụ ọgwụ, oké malitere ịrịa ọrịa, wdg

Site zaigọtụ ẹmbrayo amalite. Akpa ogbo nke usoro a - ndinuak. Nke a abụghị a random aha. Mgbe n'etiti nkewa offline ogbo nke cell ibu, i.e. dị ka a n'ihi nke ọ bụla n'ime ha kpọmkwem na ọkara mkpụrụ ndụ ibelata na size ma na-nta. Nwa mkpụrụ ndụ kpụrụ ndinuak na zaigọtụ, na-akpọ "blastomeres." The ndinuak usoro dịruru ruo mgbe oge mgbe ọ na-adịghị kpụrụ si nwa. N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike ikwu na mmadụ bụ n'ihi nke multi-ijeri dollar nkewa nke zaigọtụ.

Adọ blastula na gastrulation

Blastomeres iso nke abụọ n'ígwé. Mpụga n'akụkụ aka uzo shei. Ọ na-akpọ ndị trophoblast (potassium akwukwo), na elu - embryoblast (ẹmbrayo akwukwo). Nke nta nke nta, n'oge ugboro ugboro nkewa n'etiti abụọ n'ígwé kpụrụ a oghere n'ime nke ọmụmụ ìgwè. Nke a na-ekwu bụ na blastula adọ.

Amụba embryoblast mkpụrụ ndụ na-esonyere uto nke mgbidi nke oghere. N'ihi ya, e nwere ọdịdị nke abụọ oyi akwa embryoblast nke Nleta nkochi ime akwa mkpọ. N'out oge na usoro a, ndị nnukwu nke embryoblast kpụrụ nwa ebu n'afọ na izizi na-grouped na otu nke okporo osisi ya. Ọ bụ mgbe a na ogbo nke ẹmbrayo na esịmde akpanwa. Ọzọkwa, e nwere ya tọhapụ akpụkpọ ahụ na a uzo nkunye.

Trophoblast na usoro a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa, n'ihi na ya na mkpụrụ ndụ, nwere proteolytic Njirimara, gbazee epithelium n'ebe nke ẹmbrayo agwakọta ndị lining nke akpanwa. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị epithelium aghọ lactescent uka.

zaigọtụ na ogbo nke mmepe ngwa ngwa ịga nke ọma ọ bụla ọzọ. Blastula ghọrọ ka gastrula na-anọchite anya a na-oyi akwa balloon. The mpụta oyi akwa - bụ ektodamụ, ala - endodamụ.

organogenesis

Zaigọtụ - mbụ cell nke ọhụrụ ntule. The dum set nke a chọrọ maka ndụ nke ozu mbụ kpụrụ ha. The nnọọ usoro nke mmụta ọchịchị na-akpọ organogenesis. Mmalite ya e ji guzobe nke nural efere na pụtara na ektodamụ na dorsal n'akụkụ nke ẹmbrayo na. Ọzọkwa primordia ibili ọzọ na akụkụ na usoro nke anụ ahụ na ụjọ usoro (ektodamụ); agbari nri na akụkụ okuku ume usoro (si endodamụ); nweekwa usoro, ọbara, excretory na omumu usoro (si mesodamụ). Ọzọkwa, ruo oge nke nwa, ndị a na usoro na-mepụtara na mma.

post-amalite amalite development

Oge a na-amalite site mụrụ mmalite nke-eto eto. Dabere na larịị nke nzukọ nke ntule, e nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị nke na-amalite amalite na mmepe.

1. Direct development. Na nke a, na nwa nke mpụga na esịtidem atụmatụ yiri nne na nna ha. The iche iche na-na size na underdevelopment nke ụfọdụ akụkụ. Ọ bụ ihe e ji mara maka nnụnụ na mammals, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ.
2. Anọ development. Ke ụdị mmepe, na nwa (nwa ahuhu) nwere ọtụtụ iche na ndị mụrụ ha. Characteristically maka awọ na ụmụ ahụhụ.

Zaigọtụ - a cell duplicating genotype nne na nna. Ma na usoro nke na mmepe nke sel nke ẹmbrayo na-amalite iche na Ọdịdị na ịrụ ọrụ dịgasị iche iche. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ụdị ụfọdụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-arụ ọrụ na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ, ebe ndị ọzọ n'ebe ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ahụ ahụ bụ a mgbagwoju bughi usoro, nke dabeere na zaigọtụ.