Modern geological oge. Gịnị bụ ugbu a oge nke

Iji ghọta ihe bụ ugbu a oge, ọ dị mkpa anya na mkpebi II nnọkọ nke International Geological Congress, ẹkenịmde ke 1881. Mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ụka banyere geological akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa anyị. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche, nke na-ewebata aghara n'ime sayensị. General votu nke ọkachamara, e kpebiri na nke ugbu a geological oge - Cenozoic. Ọ malitere 66 nde afọ gara aga na-aga n'ihu nke a ụbọchị.

Atụmatụ nke Cenozoic

N'ezie, n'oge a na geological oge - nke a abụghị ihe monolithic na-agbụ agbụ. Ọ na-ekewa atọ oge: na Paleogene, Neogene na Quaternary. N'oge a, ụwa gbanwere nke ukwuu. Ná mmalite nkebi nke Cenozoic na Earth anya nnọọ njọ, dị ka ọ dị taa, tinyere na okwu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ọtụtụ ihe mere ka a n'ihi nke a ụwa ghọrọ ihe anyị maara ya.

Ọ malitere nhazigharị ụwa usoro interconnected ebili mmiri. Ọ e mere site na-enwetụbeghị ụdị continental nwayọọ. Ya pụta bụ a sikwuoro nke okpomọkụ mgbanwe n'etiti ndị Equatorial na polar efere.

continental nwayọọ

Na Paleogene kewaa supercontinent Gondwana. Otu ihe dị mkpa merenụ na-akara nke oge a na geological oge, bụ a nkukota of India na Asia. Africa si n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ "rapaara" na Eurasia. N'ihi ya, ọ pụtara na ndịda ugwu nke Old World na Iran. Geological oge wee nwayọọ nwayọọ ma inexorably map nke Earth na-aghọ dị ka taa.

The oge ochie Tethys Ocean, kewara ndị ugwu na n'ebe ndịda Gondwana Laurasia emecha okụrede. Taa, naanị oké osimiri nọgidere nke ya (na Mediterranean, Black na Caspian). Na Southern Hemisphere nwekwara àmà dị mkpa merenụ. Antarctica kwụsịrị si Australia ma gaa n'akụkụ nke osisi, na-aghọ a ice wilderness. Isthmus nke Panama pụta na jikọrọ North na South America, akpatre kewara ndị Pacific na Atlantic oké osimiri.

paleogene

The akpa oge, nke meghere oge a geological oge - na Paleogene (66-23 nde afọ gara aga). A ọhụrụ na ogbo nke mmepe nke organic ụwa. Mesozoic na Cenozoic ókè ji a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke uka ikpochapu nke umu. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ mara nke a ọdachi site ikpochapu nke dinosaurs.

Na ebe nke a ọhụrụ akịrịkọ bịara Mesozoic bi Earth, bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ na angiosperm ahịhịa. Na mbụ geological oge na ala-adịkwaghị akpụ akpụ. Ugbu a, ha nyere ụzọ a na-eduga ọnọdụ mammals. Nke nākpu akpu ọbọhọ naanị agụ iyi, mbe, agwọ, ngwere na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ umu. Kpụrụ a oge a anya amphibians. Na ikuku, o guzobere dominance nke nnụnụ.

Neogene

Na ot usoro nke geological eras na-ekwu na nke abụọ oge ghọrọ Cainozoe Neogen, nọchiri na bu ụzọ Paleogenic Quaternary. Ọ malitere 23 nde afọ gara aga na biri 1,65 nde afọ gara aga.

Ná ngwụsị nke Neogene organic ụwa akpatre nakweere oge a atụmatụ. Osimiri ahụ malitere nwuchapu diskotsikliny, assiliny na nummulites. Ukwuu gbanwere mejupụtara nke organic ụwa na ala. Mammals nwere emegharị ndụ na mbara ọzara, n'oké ọhịa, na ọkara polustepyah otú colonizing nnukwu ebe. Ọ pụtara na Neogene proboscidians, ungulates na ndị ọzọ na-anọchite anya nke fauna ọsọ taa (hyenas, bea, martens, badgers, nkịta, enyí ọhịa, atụrụ, ehi, na na. D.). Primates we si n'ọhịa na mmadụ na-emeghe oghere. 5 nde afọ gara aga, mbụ nna nna nke mmadụ n'oge a nke ezinụlọ hominids. Ke edem edere latitudes malitere ịla etolite thermophilic osisi (myrtle, laurel, nkwụ).

Guzobe nke oge a na ugwu na oké osimiri

The Neogene iso usoro ugwu ụlọ, nke na-akọwa oge a na odida obodo nke uwa. Na America, kpụrụ Cordillera na Appalachian Ugwu Africa - Atlas. Ugwu pụtara na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia na Indian n'ógbè buru ibu. ọ bụla ihe odide n'akụkụ oké osimiri n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific (Japan na Okhotsk). The ọrụ nke dị iche iche agbọpụta ọkụ, na mmiri ahụ bilie mgbawa ugwu aak.

N'ihi na oge ụfọdụ ụwa na oké osimiri larịị n'elu ugbu a, Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ọzọ we da kwupụta ọgwụgwụ nke Neogene. Glaciation cover bụghị naanị Antarctic, kamakwa Arctic. Climate-aghọ ndị ọzọ na-ejighị n'aka na iche, nke bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka ọzọ Quaternary.

fauna Mbugharị

Na Neogene oge, ókèala ndị Northern Hemisphere akpatre n'otu a holistic ohere. E a Mediterranean ụzọ n'etiti Africa na Europe. Na West Siberia Plain okụrede turgai oké osimiri. Ọ na-ekewa Europe si Asia. Mgbe ọ dries facilitated Mbugharị n'etiti dị iche iche akụkụ nke ụwa. Si America wee herbivorous ịnyịnya, na site na Asia - ele na ehi. Proboscidians agbasa na mpụga nke Africa. Nwamba na ha nọ ná mmalite saber-toothed ma biri na America, jupụta Eurasia.

4 nde afọ gara aga, Isthmus nke Panama bilie. E a ala njikọ dị n'etiti abụọ Amerika, nke mere ka a siburu enwetụbeghị ụdị anụmanụ Mbugharị. South fauna ofụri Cenozoic bụ na a ala nke iche, n'ezie bi na nnukwu agwaetiti. Ugbu a, ọzọ ọ bụla ọzọ na umu-abịa n'ime kọntaktị. Fauna mix. Na n'ebe ugwu, gosiri elu armadillos, sloths na marsupials. Inyinya, tapirs, hamsters, ezi, ele, camelids (llamas) nwere colonized South America. North fauna mma. Ma, e nwere ezigbo ihe okuku na South America. N'ihi na nke ọhụrụ asọmpi na ihu nke ungulates na anụ ghọrọ nwuchapu ọtụtụ òké na marsupials. Ndị a na-emegiderịta ihe a bịara mara dị ka ndị Great American mgbanwe.

quaternary

O were ọtụtụ ijeri afọ ọtụtụ geological eras na oge n'ọnọdu ọ bụla ọzọ, na n'ikpeazụ wee a ebe a ọkara nde afọ gara aga, malitere Quaternary oge nke Cenozoic. Ọ gara n'ihu, a ụbọchị, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike na-ewere oge a.

All oge na eras nke geologic akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ iche iche onye ọ bụla ọzọ pụrụ iche atụmatụ. Quaternary-akpọ anthropogenic, dị ka ọ bụ ihe a oge nwere mmepe na guzobe nke onye. Ya mbụ nna nna pụtara na East Africa. Mgbe ahụ, ha biri na Eurasia, na site na dịkọrọ ndụ Chukotka wee America. Ndị mmadụ na-arahụ site na ọtụtụ nkebi nke development. Ikpeazụ (ezi uche) mere 40 puku afọ gara aga.

N'otu oge ahụ pụrụ iche na ya Quaternary Ihu Igwe ịtụnanya. N'elu ikpeazụ nde afọ nwere oge na-aga site ọtụtụ ice afọ, Okpomoku m on. Climate ahụhụ emewo ka ikpochapu nke ọtụtụ ụdị thermophilic ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. Okụrede na anụmanụ na-emegharị ka ndụ na Ice Age (mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, saber-toothed tiger).

Holocene

Azịza nke ajụjụ ahụ, gịnị bụ ugbu a oge, esesịn a hụrụ (Cenozoic). N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu taa n'okpuru Quaternary oge. Ọ na-ekewa akụkụ. Modern ngalaba Quaternary oge - na Holocene epoch. Ọ malitere 12,000 afọ gara aga. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ ya interglacial. Nke ahụ bụ a oge mgbe ọkpụrụkpụ n'iyi.

N'otu oge ahụ oge a ndi mmadu ka jisiri enwetaghị a ole na ole obere ice afọ. Climate mgbanwe bụ njirimara onye Quaternary oge, ke akpatre 12 puku afọ cycles na-ugboro ugboro ugboro ugboro. N'otu oge ọnụ ọgụgụ na-anọgide obere na ọ bụghị otú ahụ dị ịrịba ama. Climatologists ekwu Little Ice Age, nke bịara na 1450-1850 biennium. Winter okpomọkụ na Europe ama esịn, nke mere ka Ugboro akuku ọdịda na ihe ịtụnanya na-akọ ugbo na aku na uba. Little Ice Age e kpọkwasịwo na Atlantic kacha (900-1300 gg.). N'oge a, ndị ihu igwe dị ukwuu milder, na kpụkọrọ budata belata. Anyị kwesịrị icheta na Vikings onye chọpụtara Greenland na Middle Ages, na ọ na-akpọ "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na obodo", ọ bụ ezie na taa ọ bụghị "green."